The Universe 8 th Grade Science Modern Calendar -Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun....
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![Page 1: The Universe 8 th Grade Science Modern Calendar -Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun. -Month – time for moon to orbit once around Earth. -Day.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/56649e8f5503460f94b935f6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Universe8th Grade Science
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Modern Calendar
-Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun.
-Month – time for moon to orbit once around Earth.
-Day – time for Earth to rotate once on axis.
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Early Astronomers
Ptolemy-Greek
-140 CE
-Earth-centered solar system
-Incorrect, but believed for over 1500 years
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Early Astronomers
Copernicus
-Polish
-1543
-Sun-centered solar system
-Afraid to publish theory
-Copernican Revolution
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Early Astronomers
Brahe-Danish
-Late 1500’s
-Most detailed observations so far
-Earth-centered Solar system – but different…
-Sun & moon orbit Earth
-Rest of planets orbit Sun
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Early Astronomers
Kepler-German
-Brahe’s assistant
-Disagreed with Brahe’s idea of solar system, but realized value of his data
-Sun-centered solar system
-Planets – elliptical orbits
-3 laws of planetary motion
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Early Astronomers
Galileo-Italian
-1609
-One of the 1st people to use telescope
-Discoveries:
-craters & mts. on Luna
-4 moons of Jupiter
-sunspots on Sun
-phases of Venus
-House arrest
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Early Astronomers
Newton-English
-early 1700’s
-Apple myth
-Gravity
-Explained why planets orbit Sun
-Laws of Motion
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Modern Astronomy
Hubble-American
-1920’s
-Galaxies beyond Milky Way
-Universe expanding
-Space telescope named in his honor
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Modern Astronomy
Chandrasekhar-Indian-born American
-1930’s-40’s
-structure & evolution
of stars
-Chandrasekhar limit
-White dwarfs
-Nobel Prize in Physics
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Modern Astronomy
Sagan
-American
-1960’s-70’s
-lead search for “et” (SETI)
-Contact
-missions to Mars & other outer planets
-coined term “nuclear winter”
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Modern Astronomy
Hawking
-British
-1980’s-current
-black holes emit radiation
-universe infinite, theory of everything
-ALS
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Electromagnetic Spectrum-Wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
-James Clerk Maxwell, Scottish (whoo-hoo),1852
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Tools of AstronomyOptical telescopes
-gather & focus VISIBLE LIGHT
-reflecting (lenses)vs. refracting (curved mirrors)
-on Earth – dirty windshield
-in Space – MUCH better
-Hubble ST
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Tools of Astronomy Nonoptical Telescopes
-Radio telescopes–radio waves (VLA)
-UV Telescopes
-X-ray Telescopes
-most in space due to atmosphere blocking.
-all very powerful!
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Sun in Different Wavelengths
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Constellations
-Regions of sky with recognizable star patterns
-Navigation & track of time
-Different cultures = different names/stories
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Measuring Distance in Space-Astronomical Unit (AU) – distance between Earth & Sun
(1AU)
-about 150 million km (93 million miles)
-distance in solar system only!
-Light-year- distance light travels in 1 year.
-about 9.46 trillion kilometers!
-distance in galaxies or between
-Parsec – 3.26 light years
-about the distance to the closest star.
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Doppler Effect-Occurs with sound & light waves
-Sound – train passing by
-Light
-Redshift – object moving away, light looks redder
-Blueshift – object moving toward, light looks bluer
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Moons
-Satellite – natural or artificial – orbit around larger bodies.
-moon- natural satellite.
-All planets (except Mercury & Venus) have moons.
-Luna – Earth’s moon.
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Formation of Luna
-Composition similar to Earth’s mantle.
-moon rocks from Apollo mission analyzed.
~4.6 bya, Mars-sized object hit Earth.
-blasted part of mantle into orbit.
-debris revolved, joined to form Luna.
-Figure 2, page 111
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Earth & Luna
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Moon Phases
-Moon appears different due to changing positions.
-waxing – sunlit area we see is getting bigger.
-waning – sunlit area we see is getting smaller.
-We always see same side of moon.
-moon’s period of rotation=its period of revolution.
-Figure 3, page 112
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Solar Eclipse
-Moon comes b/t Earth & Sun.
-shadow of moon falls on part of Earth.
-pg. 113
-Annular – moon farther from Earth.
-disk of moon doesn’t completely cover Sun.
-Total – moon closer to Earth.
-disk of moon completely covers Sun.
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Lunar Eclipse
-Earth comes b/t Sun & moon.
-shadow of Earth falls on moon.
-pg. 114
-Why don’t we see one every month?
-moon’s orbit tilted about 5o.
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Comets
-Ice, dust, rock particles
-”dirty snowballs”
-Formed in outer solar system.
-”leftovers” from formation of solar system.
-Oort Cloud – past Pluto
-Kuiper Belt – past Neptune
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Asteroids
-Rocky objects – orbit Sun
-few km – more than 900 km!
-Most orbit in asteroid belt
-between Mars & Jupiter
-Larger than 10 km in diameter = catastrophic global effects.
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Meteoroids, ors, ites
-Small, rocky bodies – orbit Sun.
-probably pieces of asteroids.
-OIDS – In Space
-ORS – Bright streak as it enters Earth’s atmosphere.
-ITES – If it strikes the ground.
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Impacts
-Planets/Moons with no atmosphere = not as many impacts……..why????
-atmosphere slows down/burns up meteoroids.
-Why are there not many impact craters on Earth?
-weathering, erosion, plate tectonics
-
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Earth Impacts
-Impact - global catastrophe – every few hundred thousand years.
-Impact – natural disaster – every few thousand years.
-Meteor Crater, Arizona
-1 mile across
-550 ft. deep
-formed 50,000 yrs. ago
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Torino Scale
-Rates hazard level of space objects moving toward Earth.
-numbered 0 – 10
-0 being no worries – 10 being worst case
-also color coded
-Developed by NASA
http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/torino_scale.html
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Journey Out of Our Solar System
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Stars
-Composition – gases, mainly H & He.
-Star’s Color tells us Temperature:
-blue = hotter
-red = cooler
-Classified by how hot they are.
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-Orion Constellation
-Betelgeuse:
Red Supergiant
-Rigel:
Blue Supergiant
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Classifying Stars
-Oh, Be A Fine Girl (Guy), Kiss Me!
-pg. 35 – what does this mean???
-Which class stars are hottest?
-Which class stars are coolest?
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“Life Cycle” of Stars
-A Star is Born:
-Stellar nursery(nebula) - huge cloud of gas & dust..
-Material compresses & heats up…
-Begins to glow with radiation…
-Temps in core reach 18 billion degrees F...
-Begins nuclear fusion!!!
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Rosette Nebula
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Adulthood – Main Sequence
-Longest lasting stage
-Stable existence – no real turmoil
-Core continues nuclear fusion
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-Our Sun
Main
Sequence
Star
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Crisis – Old Age
-How long a star live depends on its mass
-smaller stars burn fuel less quickly = longer life.
-bigger stars burn fuel more rapidly = shorter life.
-All eventually run out & move along the cycle…
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Death Begins…
-Outer layers “grow” & turn reddish in color
-can get as large as the orbits of Mars or Jupiter
-Called red giants or red supergiants
-Remainder of death can go one of 3 ways…
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-Betelgeuse
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3 Directions of Death…
1. Release of Outer layers – Sun
2. Nova – Stars bigger than Sun – explosion
3. Supernova – Most massive stars – Chuck Norris of explosions.
-can be as bright as an entire galaxy
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In the Graveyard…1. White dwarf – small, hot leftover center
-stars the size of Sun or smaller
2. Neutron star – collapses under gravity – all particles are neutrons – extremely dense
-stars 5-20 times mass of Sun
-Pulsar – spinning Neutron star
3. Black Hole – gravity so immense that nothing can escape – not even light
-stars 20 times or more massive than Sun
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Galaxies
-Large groups of stars, gas & dust.
-variety of shapes & sizes
-largest contain more than a trillion stars!
-billions of galaxies in known universe
-Classified by shape.
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Spiral Galaxies
-Central bulge & spiral arms
-arms made of gas, dust & newer stars
-Barred spirals – bar-shaped bulge
-Milky Way, Andromeda
-Sagittarius arm, Orion spur
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-Milky
Way
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-Arms of
Milky Way
-Side view
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Elliptical Galaxies
-Massive blobs of stars – look sphere or oval-like
-VERY bright centers
-very little gas & dust
-Contain mostly OLD stars
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Irregular Galaxies
-”Leftovers” – don’t fit into the other groups
-shape sometimes distorted by nearby large galaxies
![Page 63: The Universe 8 th Grade Science Modern Calendar -Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun. -Month – time for moon to orbit once around Earth. -Day.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/56649e8f5503460f94b935f6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
![Page 64: The Universe 8 th Grade Science Modern Calendar -Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun. -Month – time for moon to orbit once around Earth. -Day.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/56649e8f5503460f94b935f6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Gas Clouds
-Nebula – cloud of gas & dust
-Found mostly in spiral galaxies
-some reflect starlight, some absorb
![Page 65: The Universe 8 th Grade Science Modern Calendar -Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun. -Month – time for moon to orbit once around Earth. -Day.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/56649e8f5503460f94b935f6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Part of the Eagle Nebula
![Page 66: The Universe 8 th Grade Science Modern Calendar -Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun. -Month – time for moon to orbit once around Earth. -Day.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/56649e8f5503460f94b935f6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Horse head Nebula
![Page 67: The Universe 8 th Grade Science Modern Calendar -Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun. -Month – time for moon to orbit once around Earth. -Day.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/56649e8f5503460f94b935f6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Cat’s Eye Nebula
![Page 68: The Universe 8 th Grade Science Modern Calendar -Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun. -Month – time for moon to orbit once around Earth. -Day.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/56649e8f5503460f94b935f6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Star Clusters
-Globular Cluster – older stars.
-may contain up to a million stars
-located in halo that surrounds galaxies
-Open Cluster – closely grouped, younger stars
-contain many bright, blue stars
-a few hundred to a few thousand stars
-located in spiral disk
![Page 69: The Universe 8 th Grade Science Modern Calendar -Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun. -Month – time for moon to orbit once around Earth. -Day.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/56649e8f5503460f94b935f6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
-Globular
Cluster
Omega
Centauri
![Page 70: The Universe 8 th Grade Science Modern Calendar -Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun. -Month – time for moon to orbit once around Earth. -Day.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/56649e8f5503460f94b935f6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Open Cluster - The Pleiades
![Page 71: The Universe 8 th Grade Science Modern Calendar -Year – time for Earth to orbit once around Sun. -Month – time for moon to orbit once around Earth. -Day.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081520/56649e8f5503460f94b935f6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Quasars
-Star-like sources of light – extremely far away
-most powerful energy sources in universe
-may be caused by super massive black holes in cores of some galaxies.
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