The United States of America Country Update

Geothermal Resources Council Annual MeetingReno, Nevada 25-28 September 2005

John W. Lund, R. Gordon Bloomquist, Tonya L. Boyd, Joel Renner

INTRODUCTION Geothermal resources capable of supporting

electrical generation and/or direct use projects are found primarily in the Western United States.

OR

CA

NMOKTX

MN

IA

MO

AR

LA

WI

IL IN

TN

MS

MI

OH

AL GASC

NC

VA

WVMD

DE

NJ

NYVT

NHMACT

RI

ME

Temperature Above 100oC (212oF)

Temperature Below 100oC (212oF)

AZ

ID

WA

CO

ND

SD

NE

KS

WY PANV

UT

MT

FL

Geopressured Resources

Geothermal heat pumps extend the utilization to all 50 states.

USA GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL

• Identified potential estimate by USGS in 1978: 22,990 MW

• CA and NV recent evaluation: 6,200 MW– Nearly triple the existing capacity

• Achieving the electrical potential depends on a number of state & federal factors:– Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS)– Production Tax Credit (PTC)

USDOE R&D SUPPORT• United States Department of Energy – ongoing

efforts in support of R&D– Enhanced geothermal systems– Downhole diagnostics– Enhanced evaporative

cooling– Mixed binary working

fluids– Corrosion resistant

coatings– Co-production of

minerals

GEOPOWERING THE WEST

• USDOE continues to provide through the GPW program:– Technical assistance for:

• Direct-use projects• Small-scale electrical projects• Geothermal heat pump projects

– For developers and users in 16 western states

• Geo-Heat Center and Washington State University providing technical assistance

INSTALLED GEOTHEMAL ELECTRICAL CAPACITY• US continues to lead the world in installed

electrical capacity: 2534 MWe• And leads in installed geothermal heat

pumps: 7,200 MWt (600,000 + units)• However, remains a small contributor:

– In 2004 – only 0.27% of total US capacity

• On the state level – geothermal electrical is a major contributor in CA and NV – In CA – if provides about 6% of state’s energy

ELECTRICAL ADDITIONS

• From 2000 t0 2004– Approximately 70 MWe capacity added in US– Reduction at The Geysers to about 1,421 MWe

of which only 1,000 MWe currently operating.– The Lake County, CA waste water pipeline has

allowed over 77 MWe to be added at The Geysers

– The Santa Rosa pipeline, on-line in 2004 – will add additional capacity at The Geysers

PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY: ALL SOURCES

• Operable electric production capacity and power generation in the United States from all sources for 1999-2003 stands at 2534 MWe providing 17,840 GWh/y.

POWER PLANTS IN THE USA

• California– The Geysers: 23 units @ 1421 MWe– Imperial Valley: 97 units @ 500 MWe– Honey Lake Valley: 5 units @ 4 MWe– Coso: 9 units @ 274 MWe– Casa Diablo: 4 units @ 40 MWe

– TOTAL: 403 units @ 2,239 MWe

100 miles

200 km0

0

Major cities

Geothermal Plants SitesHEBER

San Diego

Los Angeles

EASTMESA

SALTON SEA

COSO

THE GEYSERS

San Francisco

HONEY LAKEVALLEY

SURPRISEVALLEY *

GLASS MOUNTAIN *

* Proposed

C A L I F O R N I A

CASA DIABLO

POWER PLANTS IN THE USA

• Nevada: 50 units @ 239 MWe

• Utah: 1 unit @ 26 MWe

• Hawaii: 20 units @ 30 MWe

TOTAL USA: 474 units @ 2,534 MWe

50 miles

100 km0

0

Major cities

Geothermal Power Plants

HAWAII

BIG ISLAND

HONOLULU

OAHU

HILO

PGV

ROOSEVELT HOT SPRINGS

50 miles

100 km0

0

Major cities

Geothermal Power Plants

COVE FORT -SULPHURDALERICHFIELD

SALT LAKE CITY

PROVO

U T A H

50 miles

100 km0

0

Major cities

Geothermal Power Plants

LAS VEGAS

STEAMBOAT HILLSWABUSKA

SODA LAKESTILLWATER

DESERT PEAKDIXIE VALLEYBRADY H.S.

RENO

STEAMBOAT SPGS.BEOWAWE

EMPIRE

WINNEMUCCA

ELKO

N E V A D A

REINJECTION AT THE GEYSERS

• Geothermal power production has stayed nearly constant from 2000-2004 with the steep decline

at The Geysers slowed by waste water injection and plant expansion elsewhere.

EFFECT OF SEGEP INJECTION ON SE GEYSERS GENERATION

321

291

270

339

359

376367

396

422

367

251

337

313

230

250

270

290

310

330

350

370

390

410

430

Jul-

95

Jan

-96

Jul-

96

Jan

-97

Jul-

97

Jan

-98

Jul-

98

Jan

-99

Jul-

99

Jan

-00

Jul-

00

Jan

-01

Jul-

01

Jan

-02

Jul-

02

Jan

-03

Jul-

03

Jan

-04

Jul-

04

AN

NU

AL

AV

E.

GE

NE

RA

TIO

N R

AT

E (

MW

G)

+39MW

+54MW

Calpine Power Plant Units 13, 16, 18 and NCPA Plants 1 & 2

+68MW

+69MW

+70MW

Exponential

OUTLOOK AND CONCLUSIONS – ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION

• Planned new capacity over the next five years would increase by 632 MWe and total capacity could reach 3160 MWe, growth rate well above that of the past 5 years (18%).

• Most growth in the states of California, Nevada, Utah, and Idaho

• How the industry fares will to a large extent depend upon the success of renewable portfolio standards (RPS) and the impact of the production tax credit (PTC) that provides for a 1.8¢ credit for every kWh produced.

• When the present excess capacity in the western states begins to disappear, and as the price of fossil fuel—particularly natural gas—continues to rise, geothermal energy can be expected to resume its once strong growth.

DIRECT-USE IN THE USA

• Installed capacity and annual use:– Direct-utilization: 617 MWt & 9,024 TJ/yr– Heat pumps: 7,200 MWt & 22,214 TJ/yr

• Growth since 2000:– Direct-utilization: 2.6%/yr– Heat pumps: 11.0%/yr– Combined total: 8.0%/yr

DIRECT-USE ADDITIONS

• Direct-use (other than heat pumps) has had a small growth <3%/yr

• Geothermal heat pumps have had a large growth, around 11%/yr – mainly in the east and midwest states

• A small district heating system has come on-line: I’SOT at Canby in northern CA

• Competition from low natural gas has been a deterrent to new projects

Space Heating (23.7 )

Drying (5.8 )

Industrial (0.3 )Snow Melting (0.3 )

Bathing / Swimming (18.2 )

District Heating (13.6 )

Greenhouse (15.7 )

Aquaculutre (22.4 )

US Installed Capacity (%)

Cooling (0.2 )

District Heating (8.7 )

Space Heating (14.8 )

Bathing / Swimming (28.2 )

Greenhouse (8.5 )

Aquaculutre (33.4 )

Snow Melting (0.2 )Industrial (0.5 )

Drying (5.5 )

US Annual Energy Use (%)

Geothermal heat pumps:

92% of capacity

71% of annual use

SPACE HEATING

• Mainly concentrated in Klamath Falls, OR– 600 wells supplying homes, apartment,

schools and businesses since 1930s– Use downhole heat exchanger – only heat

removed from the resource – no water

• Reno, Nevada – Moana area

• 146 MWt and 1,335 TJ/yr – C.F. 0.29

Cement grout

Perforations

Casing

3/4" pipe

2 1/2" pipe

3/4" pipe

Water level

Perforations

Geothermalaquifer

Domestichot water

Citywater

Convectorradiators

Expansion tank

Thermostat

Building lines

Similar toother side

Pressurerelief valve

Pressurereducing valve

Manuallycontrolled

valveMotorized valve

Unionconnectors

Open space

Manuallycontrolled

valve

T

Cover plate

DOWNHOLE HEAT EXCHANGER IN

KLAMATH FALLS

DISTRICT HEATING

• 20 systems in the US – one added• Using 59oC to 100oC @ 5 to 250 L/s• Installed capacity: 0.1 to 31 MWt• Annual energy use: 0.7 to 94 TJ/yr• Total: 84 MWt and 788 TJ/yr• Development small due to

– Competition with cheap natural gas– Low heat load density in the West

Oregon Inst itute o f TechnologyCity of Klamath Falls

Kla mat h Falls

Susanville

Litchfield

City of Susanville Litchfield

Co rrect ional Center

SanBernardi no

City of San Bernardino

Reno

Warren E statesWarren Propert ies

El ko

City of ElkoElko County School District

La s Cruce s

New MexicoState Universi ty

Pagosa Springs

City of Philip

Philip

Ket chumBoi se

City of BoiseIdaho Capito l MallFo rt Boise Veteran’s HospitalWarm Springs Water District

Ci ty of Ketchum

Town of Pagosa Springs

City of Midland

Midland

GEOTHERMAL DISTRICT HEATING IN THE USA

FISH FARMING

• 49 sites in 11 states

• Largest operations:– Imperial Valley of southern California

• 3.7 million kg of Tilapia, catfish, and bass/yr

– Snake River Plain of southern Idaho• 1.0 million kg of Tilapia and catfish/yr

• Alligators are raised at two locations– 2 m in length and 200 kg

• TOTAL: 138 MWt and 3,012 TJ/yr

Idaho

Colorado

GREENHOUSE HEATING

• 43 operation in 9 states

• Main products– Potted plants and cut flowers for local market– Tree seedlings and some vegetables– Vegetables not competitive with Mexico– Roses facing competition from S. America

• TOTAL: 97 MWt and 766 TJ/yr

IFA NURSERY – 1.6 HECTARS – KLAMATH FALLS

AGRICULTURAL DRYING

• Two large operations in Nevada– Onion and garlic dehydration– 136 tonnes of raw product/day– Producing 23 tonnes of dried product

• One plant has suspended operation due to competition with garlic from China

• The other has added a second process line

• TOTAL: 36 MWt and 500 TJ/yr

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING

• Gold and Silver extraction in Nevada– 17% increase in recovery– Extended operating season

• Zinc extraction in Imperial Valley, CA– Used electricity from power plant– Zinc from 8 power plant water @ 600 ppm– 30,000 tonnes/yr - $30 million/yr

• All now closed due to economics

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMPS

• 600,000+ installed units• 60,000 units/yr @ 12 KW equivalent size• In all 50 states• Mostly in East and Midwest states• 7,200 MWt and 22,214 TJ/yr @ COP = 3.5• Most designed for cooling mode• 1,200 full-load hours/yr• 44% vertical closed-loop, 36% horizontal

closed-loop and 20% open loop systems

Ground Coupled Heat Pumps (GCHP)a.k.a. closed loop heat pumps

Groundwater Heat Pumps (GWHP)a.k.a. open loop heat pumps

Surface Water Heat Pumps (SWHP)a.k.a. lake or pond loop heat pumps

vertical horizontal

slinky

two well single well

Disposal to lake,pond, river,creek, etc.

direct

pond

indirect

pond

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

An

nu

al E

ne

rgy (

TJ/y

r)

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Resort /Spa Space HeatingFish Farming Greenhouse Industrial

USA DIRECT-USE GROWTH 1975-2005

2.6%/yr direct-use, 11%/yr heat pumps

8%/yr total since 2000

CONCLUSION OF DIRECT-USE IN USA

US INVESTMENT IN GEOTHERMAL

• 2000-2004– $200 million in R&D– $200 million in field development– $300 million in utilization

• $100 million direct-use; $200 million electrical

– 80% private and 20% public

• 62 wells drilled (most for electrical)– 44 km total

• 3,000 professional person-years of effort

ENERGY SAVINGS

• Electricity– 30.3 million barrels – 4.5 million tonnes of oil/yr

• Direct-use (including heat pumps)– 17.8 million barrels – 4.2 million tonnes of oil/yr

• Total carbon savings– 7.7 million tonnes of carbon/yr– 21.7 million tonnes of CO2/yr

• TOTAL: 58.1 million barrels - 3 days 8.7 million tonnes of fuel oil/yr

THANK YOU