The United NationsThe United NationsWorld Water DevelopmentWorld Water Development

Junko KaitoJunko Kaito Kevin LoKevin Lo

Megumi MakisakaMegumi MakisakaPaul YooPaul Yoo

What is Sustainable Development?What is Sustainable Development?

Definition: development which meets the Definition: development which meets the needs of the present without needs of the present without compromising the ability of future compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs generations to meet their own needs (Source: (Source: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)Development, 1987)

““We cannot live without water. We cannot live without water. It is essential to every aspect of living.” It is essential to every aspect of living.”

“ “It is crucial to understand that freshwater is It is crucial to understand that freshwater is an essential element of life on earth. Clean an essential element of life on earth. Clean water can also be strategically used as a water can also be strategically used as a tool to improve standards of living, tool to improve standards of living, especially in rural areas. A well managed especially in rural areas. A well managed supply of clean water supports crops, supply of clean water supports crops, sustains livelihoods, reduces disease and sustains livelihoods, reduces disease and ensures that ecosystems are safeguarded ensures that ecosystems are safeguarded for the future.”for the future.”

Source:Kofi Annan, Source:Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the United NationsSecretary-General of the United Nations

Source:Nitin Desai, Secretary-General of the World Summit

on Sustainable Development

The UN Sustainable DevelopmentThe UN Sustainable DevelopmentWorld Water Assessment ProgramWorld Water Assessment Program

The World Water Development ReportThe World Water Development Report: : part of an ongoing assessment project to part of an ongoing assessment project to measure progress towards achieving the goal measure progress towards achieving the goal of sustainable development formulated at Rio of sustainable development formulated at Rio in 1992, and the targets set down in the UN in 1992, and the targets set down in the UN Millennium Declaration of 2000. The Millennium Declaration of 2000. The international community pledged:international community pledged:• to halve by 2015 the proportion of people who are to halve by 2015 the proportion of people who are

unable to reach, or to afford, safe drinking water; unable to reach, or to afford, safe drinking water; andand

• to stop the unsustainable exploitation of water to stop the unsustainable exploitation of water resources, by developing water management resources, by developing water management strategies at the regional, national and local levels, strategies at the regional, national and local levels, which promote both equitable access and adequate which promote both equitable access and adequate supplies.supplies.

Case Study 1: Case Study 1: Integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Integrated Rural Water Supply and Sanitation ProgrammeProgramme

The Blair (ventilated improved pit or VIP) LatrineThe Blair (ventilated improved pit or VIP) Latrine Where: Zimbabwe, Where: Zimbabwe,

AfricaAfrica When:1985-PresentWhen:1985-Present Organizations: The Organizations: The

United Nations and United Nations and The World BankThe World Bank

Purpose of the Purpose of the Program: Program: to build a to build a toilet (ventilated toilet (ventilated improved pit or VIP) in improved pit or VIP) in rural areas as a part of rural areas as a part of sanitation and hygiene sanitation and hygiene education education

Design of the VIP LatrineDesign of the VIP Latrine• Removing Odors from the Latrine: It causes air to flow down into the latrine pit through the latrine squat hole and up out of the ventilation pipe

• Fly Control: Flies are attracted to the top of the vent-pipe rather than to the latrine squat hole. They are prevented from entering the vent-pipe by a fly screen fixed across the top of it.

Case Study 2: Case Study 2: Chakaria Community Health ProjectChakaria Community Health Project

Where: Chakaria, Where: Chakaria, BangladeshBangladesh

When:1999-2000When:1999-2000 Organizations: Organizations:

ICDDR,B, Mohakali ICDDR,B, Mohakali Cholera Hospital, Cholera Hospital, World BankWorld Bank

Purpose of the Purpose of the Program: Assess status Program: Assess status and treatment of and treatment of water-borne illnesses water-borne illnesses in rural Bangladeshin rural Bangladesh

Poverty and HealthPoverty and Health

Understand relationship between poverty Understand relationship between poverty and cholera (diarrheal disease)and cholera (diarrheal disease)

Aims to look specifically at barriers to Aims to look specifically at barriers to healthcare access: clean water, water healthcare access: clean water, water purification, educationpurification, education

Develop methodologies for assessing the Develop methodologies for assessing the prevalence and incidence of cholera prevalence and incidence of cholera

Assess needs of rural communities with Assess needs of rural communities with respect to waterrespect to water

Goals of the ProjectGoals of the Project Establish ties with rural areas to Establish ties with rural areas to

disseminate care and educationdisseminate care and education Establish ICDDR,B as effective resource Establish ICDDR,B as effective resource

and training center for treatment of and training center for treatment of cholera cholera

Allow villages to have continued access to Allow villages to have continued access to care and help VHP’s to become care and help VHP’s to become sustainablesustainable

Empower women to become educators in Empower women to become educators in their communities: Water purification, their communities: Water purification, water retrieval, hygiene, demystify water retrieval, hygiene, demystify choleracholera

What did We Learn from the Local Innovations?What did We Learn from the Local Innovations?

VIP Latrines in Zimbabwe:VIP Latrines in Zimbabwe:Good planning and staff training are Good planning and staff training are

importantimportantPeople identify with home-grown People identify with home-grown

technologiestechnologiesDifferent people want different latrinesDifferent people want different latrinesHygiene promotion is essentialHygiene promotion is essentialSanitation subsidies need to be carefully Sanitation subsidies need to be carefully

designeddesigned

What did We Learn from the Local Innovations?What did We Learn from the Local Innovations?

Chakaria Community Health Project Chakaria Community Health Project in Bangladeshin BangladeshPoor communication between rural and Poor communication between rural and

urban areas, poor oversight urban areas, poor oversight Bureaucratic/hierarchical strifeBureaucratic/hierarchical strifeCultural sensitivityCultural sensitivityLocal field workers Local field workers Inadequate evaluations Inadequate evaluations

RecommendationsRecommendations

Sound planning from the outsetSound planning from the outset Training and evaluations of project and Training and evaluations of project and

staff staff Local field workers: manifold benefits due Local field workers: manifold benefits due

to sustainable community development to sustainable community development and cultural sensitivity and cultural sensitivity

Understanding local bureaucracyUnderstanding local bureaucracy Good communicationGood communication

ReferencesReferences UN/WWAP (United Nations/World Water Assessment Programme). UN/WWAP (United Nations/World Water Assessment Programme).

2003. 2003. UN World Water Development Report: Water for People, UN World Water Development Report: Water for People, Water for Life.Water for Life. Paris, New York and Oxford, UNESCO (United Paris, New York and Oxford, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) and Berghahn Books. Berghahn Books.

VIP Latrines in Zimbabwe: From Local Innovation to Global VIP Latrines in Zimbabwe: From Local Innovation to Global Sanitation Solution. (2002, August). Sanitation Solution. (2002, August). Water and Sanitation Water and Sanitation Program-Africa Region (WSP-AF).Program-Africa Region (WSP-AF). Nairobi, Kenya, the World Bank. Nairobi, Kenya, the World Bank.