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The United Nations System And Third World Development A presentation at the Dept. of Political Science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ota Ogun State. By Oluseyi Soremekun National Information Officer/ Officer-in-Charge United Nations Information Centre (UNIC), Lagos Email: soremekun@un.org Email: soremekun@un.org Tel.: 0803 402 2085 Web: www.lagos.sites.unicnetwork.org

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The United Nations (UN) An Introduction Special organisation of independent countries formed after the end of the Second World War in 1945. Officially opened on 24 th of October 1945. Created to save succeeding generations from war, protect human rights, establish conditions for justice, help stabilize international relations, give peace a more secure foundation, help the less developed countries, promote social progress and better standards of life. The UN emblem shows the world held in the olive branches of peace.

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The United Nations (UN) An Intro (Contd.) The UN represents the countries and peoples of the world but it is not a world government. The UN is a place where people from around the world can come and work together to make the world a better and safer place. The UN Headquarters is in New York in the USA. The UN is guided by a set of rules called the UN Charter.

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The United Nations (UN) An Intro (Contd.) Organs of the UN The UN Charter recognises the following as organs of the UN: The General Assembly The Security Council The Economic and Social Council The Trusteeship Council The International Court of Justice The Secretariat

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Understanding the UN system The United Nations System covers a wide variety of organizational units (centres, agencies, organizations, commissions, pro-grammes, etc.) with different institutional and functional structures. The United Nations System consists of the United Nations, its subsidiary organs (including the separately- administered funds and programmes, research and training institutes, and other subsidiary entities), the specialized agencies, and affiliated organizations.United Nations specialized agencies The organizations within the United Nations system also vary considerably both in size and as regards their activities. Member organs of the United Nations reporting annually to the General Assembly and, as appropriate, through the Security Council or the Economic and Social Council, include: UN - United Nations Secretariat UN UNICEF - United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF UNCTAD - United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNCTAD UNDP - United Nations Development Programme UNDP UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme UNEP UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund UNFPA UNRWA - United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine UNRWA UNU - United Nations University UNU WFP - World Food Programme WFP UNHCR - United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR UNCHS(Habitat) - United Nations Centre for Human Settlements UNCHS(Habitat) OCHA - Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OCHA ITC - International Trade Centre ITC

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Understanding the UN system The specialized agencies, a term first used in the United Nations Charter which provides for international action to promote economic and social progress, re-port to the Economic and Social Council. These specialized agencies work in the economic, social, scientific and tech- nical fields and possess their own legislative and executive bodies, their own secretariats and their own budgets. These include: ILO - International Labour Organization ILO FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organization UNESCO ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO WHO - World Health Organization WHO WB - World Bank Group WB IMF - International Monetary Fund IMF UPU - Universal Postal Union UPU ITU - International Telecommunication Union ITU WMO - World Meteorological Organization WMO IMO - International Maritime Organization IMO WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO WTO - World Tourism Organization WTO

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UN and Third World Development Noted for peace keeping It does more than peacekeeping and being a forum for conflict resolution. Over these seven decades, new challenges have emerged International terrorism; Child survival and development; Environmental protection; Human rights; Health and medical research; Alleviation of poverty and economic development; Agricultural development and fisheries; Education; Advancement of women; Emergency and disaster relief; Air and sea travel; Peaceful uses of atomic energy; Workers rights; etc. These global problems can never be resolved by any one country acting alone As the worlds only truly universal institution, the United Nations offers the bestif not the only forum to galvanize global action to meet the challenges ahead.

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UN and Third World Development Promoting self-determination and independence When the UN was established in 1945, 750 million people almost a third of the world population lived in Non- Selfgoverning territories dependent on colonial Powers. The UN played a role in bringing about independence in more than 80 countries that are now sovereign nations Strengthening international law Over 500 multilateral treaties on human rights, terrorism, international crime, refugees, disarmament, commodities and the oceans have been enacted through the efforts of the United Nations However, one of the most robust frameworks that addresses third world development to date is the UN-led Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

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Millennium Development Goals (MDG) Following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration in 2000, All 189 United Nations member states at the time (there are 193 currently), promised to free people from extreme poverty and multiple deprivations. This pledge turned into the eight Millennium Development GoalsUnited Nations Millennium DeclarationUnited Nations member states

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Millennium Development Goals (MDG) The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the world's time-bound and quantified targets for addressing extreme poverty in its many dimensions-income poverty, hunger, disease, lack of adequate shelter, and exclusion-while promoting gender equality, education, and environmental sustainability. They are also basic human rights - the rights of each person on the planet to health, education, shelter, and security. MDGs support national governments, local authorities and citizen organizations in their efforts to tackle poverty and inequality. As at 2014 700 million people have been lifted from extreme poverty More than 170 million people no longer suffer from hunger 17,000 children saved everyday 6.6 million lives saved by access and use of antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected people

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Poverty target was met Achieved Proportion of people living on less than US$1.25 a day Target: Halve extreme poverty rate between 1990 and 2015

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Hunger target is within close reach The hunger reduction target is within close reach but requires immediate additional efforts. Target :Halve hunger rate between 1990 and 2015 The proportion of undernourished people decreased from 24% in 1990-1992 to 14% in 2011-2013.

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Gender parity was reached in primary education All developing regions have achieved or are close to achieving gender parity in primary education Photo: Virgina Hooper The primary school enrolment ratio increased from 86 girls for 100 boys in 1990 to 97 girls in 2012 for developing regions.

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HIV treatment saved millions of lives Access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-infected people has been increasing dramatically, with a total of 9.5 million people in developing regions receiving treatment in 2012. ART has saved 6.6 million lives since 1995. Expanding its coverage can save many more. Target: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it.

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Malaria and TB target are within reach Target : Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases. Photo: UNICEF/Olivier Asselin In the past decade, 3.3 million deaths were averted due to malaria interventions. More than 700 million bed nets were delivered in sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1995 and 2012, the cumulative total of tuberculosis patients treated successfully was 56 million, saving 22 million lives.

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Drinking water target was reached In 2012, 89% of the worlds population had access to an improved water source, up from 76% in 1990. Over 2.3 billion people gained access to an improved source of drinking water between 1990 and 2012. Target: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Achieved in 2010 Photo: World Bank/Allison Kwesell

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Official development assistance reached its highest level Official development assistance (ODA) stood at $134.8 billion in 2013, the highest level recorded. 17 out of 28 Development Assistance Committee (DAC) countries recorded an increase in their allocation to ODA.

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MORE EFFORT IS NEEDED IN MANY AREAS

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Too many children suffer from undernutrition Chronic undernutrition among young children declined, but one in four children around the world show signs of stunted growth having inadequate height for their age. However, it is unacceptable that 162 million young children are still suffering from chronic undernutrition.

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Many children are still denied their right to primary education The number of children out of school decline by almost half since 2000, but still 58 million children were out of school, half of which are from conflict- affected areas. More than one in four children in developing regions entering primary school is likely to drop out.. Target: By 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. Photo; UNICEF/Ose

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Preventable diseases still kill many children Child mortality fell by 50%, from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 48 in 2012. Still 6.6 million children under age five died in 2012. Preventable diseases such as pneumonia, diarrhea and malaria, remain the main causes of under-five deaths. Target: Reduce the under-five mortality rate by two thirds between 1990 and 2015. Photo; UN Photo/Mark Garten

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Much more needs to be done to improve maternal health Maternal mortality ratio declined by 45% since 1990, but still 300,000 women died from cause related to pregnancy and child birth in in 2013. In 2012, 40 million births in developing regions were not attended by skilled health personnel. Target :Reduce the maternal mortality ratio by three quarters between 1990 and 2015. Photo; UNICEF/Khemka

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Gains in sanitation are impressive, but not good enough Over a quarter of the worlds population (almost 2 million) has gained access to an improved sanitation facility since 1990. Yet 2.5 billion do not use an improved sanitation facility and 1 billion people still resort to open defecation. Target: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

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MDG Progress Chart - NIGERIA

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Transition from MDGs to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Post-2015 development agenda is hinged on SDGs The sustainable development goals (SDGs) are a new, universal set of goals, targets and indicators that UN member states will be expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the next 15 years.sustainable development goals The SDGs follow, and expand on, the millennium development goals (MDGs), which were agreed by governments in 2000, and are due to expire at the end of this year.millennium development goals

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1) End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2) End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture 3) Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages 4) Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 5) Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 6) Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all 7) Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 8) Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all 9) Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, and foster innovation 10) Reduce inequality within and among countries 11) Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 12) Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 13) Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts (taking note of agreements made by the UNFCCC forum)UNFCCC 14) Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development 15) Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification and halt and reverse land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss 16) Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels 17) Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development

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Factsheet of UN @ 70 Provides food to 90 million people in 80 countries Vaccinates 58 per cent of the worlds children, saving 3 million lives a year Assists over 38.7 million refugees and people fleeing war, famine or persecution Works with 193 countries to combat climate change and make development sustainable UN Keeps peace with 120,000 peacekeepers in 16 operations on 4 continents Fights poverty, helping improve the health and well-being of 420 million rural poor Protects and promotes human rights on site and through some 80 treaties/declarations Mobilizes USD 22 billion in humanitarian aid to help people affected by emergencies Uses diplomacy to prevent conflict: assists some 60 countries a year with their elections Promotes maternal health, saving the lives of 30 million women a year

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UN works for you! THANK YOU

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The United Nations System And Third World Development A presentation at the Dept. of Political Science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ota Ogun State. By Oluseyi Soremekun National Information Officer/ Officer-in-Charge United Nations Information Centre (UNIC), Lagos Email: soremekun@un.org Email: soremekun@un.org Tel.: 0803 402 2085 Web: www.lagos.sites.unicnetwork.org