The Icons of the United Kingdom The Icons of the United Kingdom.
THE UNITED KINGDOM
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Transcript of THE UNITED KINGDOM
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THE UNITED KINGDOM
SIZE: 245,000 sq. km(About the size of California)
POPULATION: 61 million
GDP per capita: $31,800
ETHNIC: 92% White, 8% Other83% English9% Scottish5% Welsh3% Northern Irish
RELIGION: 72% Christian (Anglican: official religion), 3% Muslim, 25% Other or N/A
HEAD OF STATE: Queen Elizabeth IIHEAD OF GOVT: Prime Minister
David Cameron
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Gradualism in British Political Evolution
Democratization occurred over a very long period of time.
Why is this important?Compared with other states,
the time span for democratic evolution is immense.
Allows for a stable transition to democracy.
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Growth of Parliamentary Power
1215: Magna Carta
No absolute monarch
Consent of nobility to tax and spend.
1660 Restoration
Ended Civil War Monarchy
restored Expanded role of
Parliament
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Growth of Parliamentary Power
1688 Glorious Revolution
King would be Anglican.
Parliament Supreme
1911 Reform of Lords
House of Lords power is stripped.
House of Commons is supreme.
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Democratization1832 Great Reform
Act
Expanded the male vote
1867 Reform Act
All male householders could vote.
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Democratization1918 Representation
of the People Act
All men and women over 30 could vote.
1928 Equal Franchise Act
All women can vote.
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Collectivist Consensus (1945-1979)
Consensus between parties on major policies. Greater economic equality. Full employment. Government control of major industries. Creation of a WELFARE STATE.
State provides a wide variety of social services.
MIXED ECONOMY Government nationalizes major industry. Continues to allow other principles of capitalism
(i.e., private property)
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Beveridge Report (1942) Social Insurance Program for all
Health careUnemployment insurancePensions
National Health Service (NHS), 1948
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Reasons for Collectivist Consensus
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End of Consensus: Economic Crisis of 1970s
Inflation Stagnating Economy Declining Industrial
Competitiveness OPEC quadrupled oil
prices Government
mismanagement of industry
Strikes by laborers in major industries
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Margaret Thatcher “The Iron Lady”
End of consensus PRIVATIZATION
Selling state-owned companies
NEOLIBERAL Revival of liberal
ideas Lower taxes, govt.
regulation, & welfare spending.
Protect property rights.
Prime Minister: 1979-1990
(Conservative Party)
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Thatcher’s Record Privatization:
25 state-owned sold
Unemployment: 1979: 5% 1987: 10% 1990: 5.5%
Inflation: 1980: 21% 1986 2.5 %
Economic Growth 1.9% in 1980s
Taxes Lowered Income Tax Raised Consumption
Tax (Value-Added Tax) 8% to 15%
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Tony Blair“The Third Way”
Prime Minister: 1997-2007
(Labour Party)
“New Labour Party” Combine socialism
and market economy. Kept Thatcher’s
major privatization reforms.
Increased welfare assistance. Welfare-to-work Pensions NHS Education
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David CameronBritish Economic
Woes Blair’s increase in
welfare assistance.
2008 Global Recession and bailout.
UK debt as % of GDP
2010: 76.1%(U.S. 2010: 62.3%)
Prime Minister: 2010-?(Conservative Party)
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UK’s Austerity MeasuresCUTS
Department budgets by 19%.
Public jobs (1/2 million).
Police spending. Grants to local
govt. Royal household Unemployment Retirement benefits
Raising pension age
Raising VAT 17.5% to 20%
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Cameron’s “Big Society” Volunteerism Empowering
individuals and local communities.
Power shiftWhitehall
British people
Concern Funds for volunteer
agencies and local communities.
DEVOLUTION: Delegating
decision-making to local public bodies.
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University FeesKEY FACTS
Fees in England to rise to a maximum of £9,000 a year Universities charging more than £6,000 will have to
meet requirements designed to help poorer students Graduates will begin paying back loans covering their
fees once they are earning at least £21,000 a year They will pay back 9% of their earnings above this level No tuition fees in Scotland, but universities there are
calling for 'graduate contributions' Fees in Wales are to rise in line with those in England -
but Welsh students will be subsidised wherever they study in the UK so will pay no more than the current fees of £3,290 a year
A review of the system in Northern Ireland is under way