THE TURBULENT SIXTIES America: Past and Present Chapter 30.
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Transcript of THE TURBULENT SIXTIES America: Past and Present Chapter 30.
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THE TURBULENT SIXTIESTHE TURBULENT SIXTIES
America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present
Chapter 30Chapter 30
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Kennedy Intensifies the Cold WarKennedy Intensifies the Cold War
• John F. Kennedy a "Cold Warrior"John F. Kennedy a "Cold Warrior"
• Kennedy advisors support U.S. hard Kennedy advisors support U.S. hard line against Russialine against Russia
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Flexible ResponseFlexible Response
• Arms buildupArms buildup• conventional armed forcesconventional armed forces• the nuclear arsenalthe nuclear arsenal• Special Forces Special Forces
• U.S. strength tempts new administration U.S. strength tempts new administration to challenge U.S.S.R. to challenge U.S.S.R.
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Crisis over BerlinCrisis over Berlin
• 1961--Khrushchev renews threat again 1961--Khrushchev renews threat again to give Berlin to East Germanyto give Berlin to East Germany
• Kennedy’s responseKennedy’s response• announce crisis on nationwide televisionannounce crisis on nationwide television• call up the National Guardcall up the National Guard
• Soviets retreatSoviets retreat
• Berlin Wall built Berlin Wall built
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Containment in Southeast AsiaContainment in Southeast Asia
• Kennedy sees Southeast Asia as focus Kennedy sees Southeast Asia as focus of U.S.-Soviet rivalry of U.S.-Soviet rivalry • support Saigon’s Diem regimesupport Saigon’s Diem regime• sends 16,000 American military "advisors" sends 16,000 American military "advisors"
• November, 1963--coup against Diem November, 1963--coup against Diem • Kennedy acceptsKennedy accepts• coup further destabilizes South Vietnamcoup further destabilizes South Vietnam
• U.S. involvement in Vietnam deepenedU.S. involvement in Vietnam deepened
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Containing Castro:The Bay of Pigs FiascoContaining Castro:The Bay of Pigs Fiasco
• Kennedy supports “anti-Castro forces in Kennedy supports “anti-Castro forces in exile”exile”
• Bay of Pigs invasion a part of 1960 CIA Bay of Pigs invasion a part of 1960 CIA plan under Eisenhower plan under Eisenhower
• April, 17 1961—InvasionApril, 17 1961—Invasion• 1,400 Cuban exiles land without expected 1,400 Cuban exiles land without expected
U.S. military supportU.S. military support• Defeated within 48 hoursDefeated within 48 hours
• Kennedy takes responsibility in defiant Kennedy takes responsibility in defiant speech against “communist penetration”speech against “communist penetration”
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Containing Castro:The Cuban Missile CrisisContaining Castro:The Cuban Missile Crisis
• October, 1962--Soviet nuclear missiles October, 1962--Soviet nuclear missiles confirmed in Cubaconfirmed in Cuba
• Plan to blockade, invade CubaPlan to blockade, invade Cuba
• October 22--Kennedy informs October 22--Kennedy informs Americans of Cuban Missile CrisisAmericans of Cuban Missile Crisis
• October 28--Khrushchev agrees to October 28--Khrushchev agrees to remove missilesremove missiles
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Containing Castro:The Cuban Missile Crisis (2)
Containing Castro:The Cuban Missile Crisis (2)
• PoliticalPolitical• Kennedy’s popularity soarsKennedy’s popularity soars• Democrats gain in Congressional electionsDemocrats gain in Congressional elections
• Diplomatic effectsDiplomatic effects• moderation of the Cold Warmoderation of the Cold War• Russians begin naval, nuclear buildupRussians begin naval, nuclear buildup
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The New Frontier at HomeThe New Frontier at Home
• Kennedy staff competent, activist Kennedy staff competent, activist
• Seeks legislative and economic reform Seeks legislative and economic reform
• JFK the administration's greatest assetJFK the administration's greatest asset
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The Congressional ObstacleThe Congressional Obstacle
• Congress controlled by Southern Congress controlled by Southern Democrat-Republican coalitionDemocrat-Republican coalition
• Coalition blocks far-reaching reformCoalition blocks far-reaching reform
• Kennedy does not challenge CongressKennedy does not challenge Congress
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Economic AdvanceEconomic Advance
• Economic stimulationEconomic stimulation• increased space, defense spending increased space, defense spending • informal wage and price guidelines informal wage and price guidelines
• 1962--U.S. Steel forced to lower prices1962--U.S. Steel forced to lower prices
• 1963--tax cut spurs one of the longest 1963--tax cut spurs one of the longest sustained advances in U.S. historysustained advances in U.S. history
• Kennedy's economic policies double Kennedy's economic policies double growth, cut unemployment growth, cut unemployment
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Moving Slowly on Civil RightsMoving Slowly on Civil Rights
• Downplay civil rights legislation to avoid Downplay civil rights legislation to avoid alienating Southern Democrats alienating Southern Democrats
• May, 1961--federal marshals sent to May, 1961--federal marshals sent to protect Birmingham freedom ridersprotect Birmingham freedom riders
• 1962--federal marshals, National Guard 1962--federal marshals, National Guard to U. of Mississippito U. of Mississippi
• 1963--deputy attorney general faces 1963--deputy attorney general faces down George Wallace at U. of Alabamadown George Wallace at U. of Alabama
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"I Have a Dream""I Have a Dream"
• May, 1963--violent police suppression May, 1963--violent police suppression of nonviolent protestors in Birminghamof nonviolent protestors in Birmingham• Kennedy intervenes on side of blacksKennedy intervenes on side of blacks• Congress asked for civil-rights lawsCongress asked for civil-rights laws
• August, 1963--MLK leads March on August, 1963--MLK leads March on WashingtonWashington
• Kennedy record disappointing to Kennedy record disappointing to supporters, ultimately effectivesupporters, ultimately effective
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The Supreme Court and ReformThe Supreme Court and Reform
• Defendants’ rights in criminal casesDefendants’ rights in criminal cases
• Legislative reapportionment of statesLegislative reapportionment of states
• 1962--1962--Baker v. CarrBaker v. Carr establishes "one establishes "one man, one vote" man, one vote"
• Greater social justice achievedGreater social justice achieved• rights of the underprivileged protectedrights of the underprivileged protected• dissent and free expression protecteddissent and free expression protected
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"Let Us Continue""Let Us Continue"
• November 22, 1963--JFK assassinated November 22, 1963--JFK assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald by Lee Harvey Oswald
• Lyndon Johnson promises to continue Lyndon Johnson promises to continue Kennedy's programsKennedy's programs
• Johnson ultimately exceeds Kennedy’s Johnson ultimately exceeds Kennedy’s record on economic, racial equalityrecord on economic, racial equality
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Johnson in ActionJohnson in Action
• Poor image on television Poor image on television
• Effective manager of CongressEffective manager of Congress
• Spring, 1964--Kennedy's tax cut passedSpring, 1964--Kennedy's tax cut passed
• July 2-- Civil Rights Act July 2-- Civil Rights Act • bans public segregationbans public segregation• protects voting rightsprotects voting rights
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The Election of 1964The Election of 1964
• 1964--Johnson launches “war on 1964--Johnson launches “war on poverty” topoverty” to• encourage self-help encourage self-help • reduce poverty reduce poverty
• Johnson wins landslide election against Johnson wins landslide election against Republican Barry GoldwaterRepublican Barry Goldwater
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The Triumph of ReformThe Triumph of Reform
• 1965 Great Society legislation advances 1965 Great Society legislation advances beyond New Dealbeyond New Deal
• Medicare Medicare
• Medicaid Medicaid
• Elementary and Secondary Education Elementary and Secondary Education ActAct
• Voting Rights ActVoting Rights Act
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African American Voter Registration Before and After Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1964
African American Voter Registration Before and After Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1964
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The Second Great Migration:A Theoretical ExampleThe Second Great Migration:A Theoretical Example
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Johnson Escalates the Vietnam WarJohnson Escalates the Vietnam War
• Hawkish foreign policy continuedHawkish foreign policy continued
• 1965--troops sent to Dominican 1965--troops sent to Dominican RepublicRepublic
• Determined not to "lose" Vietnam to the Determined not to "lose" Vietnam to the CommunistsCommunists
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The Vietnam DilemmaThe Vietnam Dilemma
• 1964--Saigon on the verge of collapse1964--Saigon on the verge of collapse
• Johnson’s initial responseJohnson’s initial response• refuse to send American combat forcesrefuse to send American combat forces• economic aideconomic aid• military advisersmilitary advisers• covert actionscovert actions
• August 1964--Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionAugust 1964--Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
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Southeast Asia and the Vietnam WarSoutheast Asia and the Vietnam War
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EscalationEscalation
• Johnson seeks to avoid diverting Johnson seeks to avoid diverting resource from Great Society to Vietnamresource from Great Society to Vietnam
• U.S. effort intended to bring Hanoi into U.S. effort intended to bring Hanoi into peace negotiationspeace negotiations
• Policy of secrecy and deceit to assure Policy of secrecy and deceit to assure Americans of Vietnam’s insignificanceAmericans of Vietnam’s insignificance
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StalemateStalemate
• 1968--500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam 1968--500,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam
• War of attrition increases American War of attrition increases American losses, enrages South Vietnameselosses, enrages South Vietnamese
• Johnson’s tactics fail to win the warJohnson’s tactics fail to win the war
• Americans gradually turn against the Americans gradually turn against the warwar
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U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam (as of Dec. 31 each year)
U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam (as of Dec. 31 each year)
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Years of TurmoilYears of Turmoil
• Exceptional unrest at home Exceptional unrest at home
• Continued escalation of Vietnam war Continued escalation of Vietnam war
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The Student RevoltThe Student Revolt
• 1964--student protest movement 1964--student protest movement launched at Berkeleylaunched at Berkeley
• Challenge older generation’s Challenge older generation’s materialismmaterialism
• Vietnam War targetedVietnam War targeted
• Widespread cultural uprisingWidespread cultural uprising
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Protesting the Vietnam WarProtesting the Vietnam War
• October, 1967--100,000 protesters October, 1967--100,000 protesters besiege the Pentagonbesiege the Pentagon
• Demonstrations suppressed by a Demonstrations suppressed by a combination of force, concessionscombination of force, concessions
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The Cultural RevolutionThe Cultural Revolution
• Rejection of older values throughRejection of older values through• sexual expressionsexual expression• clothingclothing• drugsdrugs• musicmusic
• Some extremism provokes outrageSome extremism provokes outrage
• Serious challenge to hypocrisy of Serious challenge to hypocrisy of American societyAmerican society
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"Black Power""Black Power"
• 1964-1967--riots in northern cities1964-1967--riots in northern cities• Rise of militant leadersRise of militant leaders
• black separatism black separatism • armed strugglearmed struggle
• MLK leads anti-poverty crusadeMLK leads anti-poverty crusade• April, 1968--MLK assassinatedApril, 1968--MLK assassinated• Militancy increases African American Militancy increases African American
pridepride
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Ethnic NationalismEthnic Nationalism
• Multiple groups emulate African Multiple groups emulate African American movement American movement
• 1965--C1965--Céésar Chsar Cháávez organizes National vez organizes National Farm Workers' Association Farm Workers' Association
• Chicanos win federal mandate for Chicanos win federal mandate for bilingual educationbilingual education
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Women's LiberationWomen's Liberation
• 1963--Friedan's 1963--Friedan's The Feminine MystiqueThe Feminine Mystique
• New feminist activismNew feminist activism• 1964 Civil Rights Act used to attack 1964 Civil Rights Act used to attack
inequality in employmentinequality in employment• pro-choice advocacy on abortion pro-choice advocacy on abortion • seek to toughen enforcement of rape lawsseek to toughen enforcement of rape laws
• 1972--Congress sends Equal Rights 1972--Congress sends Equal Rights Amendment to the statesAmendment to the states
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The Return of Richard NixonThe Return of Richard Nixon
• 1968 a year of turmoil1968 a year of turmoil• presidential electionpresidential election• turning point in the Vietnam War turning point in the Vietnam War • massive protests in the streetsmassive protests in the streets
• Richard Nixon election demonstrates Richard Nixon election demonstrates desire for national reconciliationdesire for national reconciliation
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Vietnam Undermines Lyndon JohnsonVietnam Undermines Lyndon Johnson
• 1968--Tet Offensive leads to conclusion 1968--Tet Offensive leads to conclusion that Vietnam war cannot be wonthat Vietnam war cannot be won
• March--Johnson announces he will not March--Johnson announces he will not seek another term as presidentseek another term as president
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The Democrats DivideThe Democrats Divide
• RivalsRivals• Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy • Robert Kennedy Robert Kennedy • party leaders favor Hubert Humphreyparty leaders favor Hubert Humphrey
• Kennedy assassinated during campaignKennedy assassinated during campaign
• 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago 1968 Democratic convention in Chicago besieged by antiwar protestorsbesieged by antiwar protestors
• Democrats wounded in public opinionDemocrats wounded in public opinion
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The Republican ResurgenceThe Republican Resurgence
• Republicans unite on Richard NixonRepublicans unite on Richard Nixon
• George Wallace’s third party candidacy George Wallace’s third party candidacy draws Democratic votesdraws Democratic votes
• Nixon wins narrow victoryNixon wins narrow victory
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The End of an EraThe End of an Era
• Election of 1968 ends thirty-year era of Election of 1968 ends thirty-year era of liberal reform, activist foreign policyliberal reform, activist foreign policy
• Americans seek less intrusive Americans seek less intrusive governmentgovernment