The Turbulent ‘60s
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Transcript of The Turbulent ‘60s
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The Turbulent ‘60sCivil Rights & the End of Segregation
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Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “Separate but equal” does not violate the
14th Amendment
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“Jim Crow” Laws
Laws passed between 1876 & 1965 that mandated de jure segretation
What is de jure segregation?
Where did the name comefrom?
The name Jim Crow comes from a minstrel show in the ante bellum period.
The show involved a white man in black face dancing around and using exaggerated movements and voice to poke fun at African Americans. The name Jim Crow became synonymous with Arican American.
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“Jim Crow” LawsA black male could not offer his hand to a white
male, because this implied social equality.Blacks were to be introduced to whites – never
whites introduced to blacks.White motorists had the right-of-way at all
intersections.If blacks and whites were eating together, the
whites would be served first and there would be a partition splitting them.
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What U.S. organization spearheads the end of segregation?
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Thurgood Marshall & the NAACPMorgan v. Virginia
Segregated seating on buses in unconstitutional
Sweatt v. PainterState law schools must admit blacks
applicants, even if a separate black school exists
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Thurgood Marshall & the NAACPBrown v. Board of Education of
Topeka
Who was the judge that ruled in favor of Brown?
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Opposition to Brown v. Board Arkansas governor orders National Guard to
turn away the “Arkansas Nine”Leads to Eisenhower ordering U.S. paratroopers to
enforce desegregation in Little Rock
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Opposition to Brown v. Board Alabama Governor
George Wallace:“In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!”
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Rosa Parks
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Montgomery Bus Boycott1955
Following Rosa Park’s arrest, African Americans in Montgomery boycott the bus system.
Their boycott last 381 days and made a powerful point.
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This movement was led by a gregarious young preacher named….
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Martin Luther King Jr.
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Soul ForceSouthern Christian Leadership Conference
March on Birmingham – King is arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail” urging African Americans not to wait but to act nowMarch on Washington – Estimated 300,000 participantsKing gives “I Have a Dream…” speech
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Fighting for…Desegregation
Right to vote without being harassed
Labor rights
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March on BirminghamApril-May 1963
King & the SCLC organize a march on the “most segregated city in America”
King is arrested, writes “Letter from a Birmingham Jail urging African Americans not to wait but to act now
Leads Kennedy to begin supporting Civil Rights
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March on WashingtonAugust 1963
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March on WashingtonLeads to President Johnson passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964Prohibited
discrimination because of race, gender, origin, or religion
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Soul ForceStudent Non-Violent Coordinating Committee
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Greensboro Sit-In February 1960African American students
from NC A&T refuse to leave store counter after being turned away.
Movement grows until over 300 students come to sit at the lunch counter.
Instrumental in the desegregation of stores and restaurants.
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Congress of Racial Equality
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A Change in the Movement: Militancy & the African American Cause
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Freedom Summer1964 Members of the Congress
of Racial Equality & SNCC trained in nonviolent resistance go to MS to help register voters.
Activists are brutalized, including murders by KKK & police
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Race Riots
1963 – 1968 African Americans revolt in many of the large cities in the U.S. Opposite of Dr. King’s message of
peaceful protest
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The riots are spurred on by…
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Malcolm LittleAka…
MALCOLM X
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Malcolm XUpbringing:
Early Beliefs:
Later Beliefs:
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Black Power Term popularized by Stokely
CarmichaelWho was Stokely Carmichael?
First used after James Meredith is shot during his “Walk Against Fear”
Used a sign of solidarity in the black community Was MLK a fan?
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The Black Panther Partyfor Self Defense1966
Aimed to fight police brutality in the ghetto
Militant, socialist organization
Positive contributions to black America are overshadowed by their violent, anti-police tactics
Huey Newton
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And now…Walter Cronkite
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April 4, 1968While standing on his hotel balcony in
Memphis, Martin Luther King is shot by James Earl Ray.
Robert Kennedy was one of the first to announce his murder.