What is the Caliphate?Caliphate basically means, a state of entire Muslim nation, which is recognized by the Islam. It doesn’t mean only for Muslim, but also non-Muslims can also have citizenship of the Caliphate. It is the symbol of spiritual, political, economical and military unity.

There was many other empire claimed to be the Caliphate, but this three empire was well recognized by the entire Muslim nation, though they didn’t control over entire Muslim nation all along.

At first we’ll have some talk about the Umayyad Caliphate!

The Umayyad CaliphateThis caliphate started when the grandson of the Prophet, Hassan Ibn Abi Talib (661), handed over his position of caliph to the brother-in-law of the Prophet, Muawiyyah Ibn Abi Sufian (661-80) of Umayyad clan in 661 AC, and its remain until 750 AC, when they were over thrown from power by the Abbasid. The third Caliph of the Muslims, the son-in-law of the Prophet, Uthman Ibn Affan (644-56) was also from Umayyad clan.

Expansion of the Umayyad The Umayyads ruled until 750 CE providing the

next 14 caliphs Once the Umayyads had control they began to

conquer new lands The empire spanned parts of three continents:

Africa, Asia, and Europe in less than 100 yrs. Its Caliphate covered 15 million km2 (5.79  million

square miles) 62 million people, almost 30% of the world's

population at that time, making it the fifth largest empire in history in both area and proportion of the world's population

Expansion of the Umayyad By 710 they controlled North Africa from the Nile to the Iberian Peninsula

By 711 they moved North across the Mediterranean Sea and into the Iberian Peninsula or al-Andalus of Europe, modern day’s Spain & Protugal in the west

In the year 712, they conquered both the Sindh and the Punjab regions along the Indus river, modern day’s Pakistan in the east

Map of the Umayyad Caliphate

Umayyad Government In order to control the vast territory the Umayyad

patterened their government on the bureaucracy used in the lands they won from the Byzantine Empire

The bureaucracy allowed the Umayyad to control the entire empire from the capital, Damascus

The caliphs appointed Emirs, or governors, to rule the outlying provinces

Allowed their people to bring their problems to them and consulted advisers about their policies

Had a postal service Developed Arab

coinage called the Dinar (gold) or Diraham (silver)

Decline of Umayyad By 750 the combined forces under the

Abbasid took the Caliphate from them in Damascus

Only Spain was controlled by the Umayyad as an Emirate till 750-929

The Umayyad again claimed a Caliphate in Spain in 929, that known Caliphate of Cordoba

After the fall of Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031, Spain ruled by many independent rulers

By 1492 the Muslims were completely overthrown from power in Spain

The Abbasid Caliphate Abbasids relocated capital of caliphate

from Damascus to Baghdad

Move to Baghdad beginning of end of Arab domination of Muslim world

Abbasids adopted Persian style of government

Caliph hidden behind screen in throne room, could not be seen, Rulers cut off from people

Used Persian officials; vizier, deputy, oversaw affairs of state

Map of the Abbasid Caliphate

They only included western Africa and Anatolia under the Muslim rule

After 850 Abbasid Caliphate became weak and many Dynasty emerged within the Caliphate

The Fatimid Dynasty based on Egypt took whole North Africa and claimed to be the Caliphate in 909

The Umayyad in Spain also claimed a Caliphate in 929, but it didn’t expend out of Spain

Also in Eastern part of Caliphate, Seljuk Dynasty emerged, but didn’t claim caliphate

\Timeline of the Abbasid

Caliphate became a shadow Caliphate and the role of Caliph was just in name

Power was in the hand of governor, and groups of military leaders

1055, Turkish Seljuks rose to power, took control of Baghdad and supported by Abbasid caliph

1099, Jerusalem invaded by the European Crusaders

\Timeline of the Abbasid

Salah Deen Ayubi a governor of Abbasid Caliphate retook Egypt in 1171 from Fatimid

Salah Deen Ayubi reconquered Jerusalem from Crusaders in 1187

1258, Mongols destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid caliph

Mamluks army from Egypt defeated Mongols in 1260 in the Battle of Ain Jalut in the south-eastern Galilee, in the Jezreel Valley, (Israel-Palestain)

\Timeline of the Abbasid

\Decline of the Abbasid

Mamluks restored the Caliphate, but didn’t claim

They elected a caliph from the Abbasid and kept him to them in their capital Cairo

Until 1517, the Abbasid caliphs were in Cairo under Mamluks

Then the Ottoman took the Caliph from the Mamluks to their capital and later claimed to be the Caliphate

The Ottoman Caliphate

In 1299 Ottoman Empire started in Anatolia

It replaced the Byzantine Empire (former Eastern Roman Empire) as the major power in the Eastern Mediterranean

It claimed the Caliphate, when Sultan Selim I (1517-20) captured the Abbasid Caliph from the Mamluk in 1517

Ottoman Expansion In 1352 the Ottoman sultans able to cross

over into Europe

1453, the Ottoman conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) under Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih from the Byzantine empire, thus ending the Roman Empire

1517, Ottomans had control of Egypt & extended control to most of North African coast

Map of the Ottoman Caliphate

Timeline of the Ottoman Peak of power during rule of Suleiman

(1520-66) (“The Magnificent”)

The Ottoman Empire under the banner of Caliphate continued till 19th century

At 18th century they started losing ground to the Europeans in north and west

France and British Empire invaded the North Africa and Russian Empire invaded Crimea and some part of Bolkan (Eastern Europe)

At world war I, the Ottoman allied with the German

The Emir of Makka & Madina under the Ottoman Caliphate secretly allied with the Great Britain

1917, British army took Jerusalem and other teritory was invaded by the allied forces

1922, the Ottoman Caliphate was officially abolished and Modern Turky forms

Decline of the Ottoman