The Three P’s of High Temperature Plastic Pipe

Steve SandstrumBorealis

April 16-17, 2019

1

The Three P’s: An Overview

• The Market for Plastic Pipe• Global Market• North American Market

• The Three P’s• PEX• PERT• PP

• Some Case Studies• Questions & Answers• Concluding Remarks

2 |

Global Demand for Plastic Pipe

3

Global Demand for Plastic Pipe

• Industry sources project a healthy demand for plastic pipe through 2023• Freedonia, AMI, PPI, Private client studies

• Plastic pipe demand (all plastics) is projected to rise at a rate of 6.5-6.7% per year on a global basis.

• Global construction is the key driver for continuing growth in demand for plastic pipe

• PVC is still expected to remain the dominant plastic pipe material with an annual growth rate of approximately 6.0-6.3% per year.

• HDPE (all types) is expected to gain market share from PVC with an annualize growth rate of approximately 7.2-7.4% per year.

• Combined, PVC and HDPE hold approximately 90-92% of the overall plastic pipe market on a global basis.

4 |

Global Demand for Plastic Pipe

• Key drivers for continued growth in plastics piping

• Extremely attractive strength-to-weight ratio• Chemical/corrosion resistance• Ease of installation• Long-term durability• Joining techniques• Cost-effectiveness across various end-uses

• Above average growth rates (> 6.7% per year) expected for newer market entrants

• Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX)• Polypropylene (PP)• Polyethylene with raised temperature resistance

(PERT)• Engineering resins (PVDF, etc)• Others

5 |

Global Demand for Plastic Pipe

6 |

World Plastic Pipe Demand by Resin(in ktons and pounds)

YearMaterial 2009 2014 2019 2024

PVC (metric ktons) 13060 17620 23950 31450PVC (million pounds) 28732 38764 52690 69190HDPE (metric ktons) 7070 10920 15550 21190HDPE (million pounds) 15554 24024 34210 46618Other (metric ktons) 1670 2320 3250 4360Other (million pounds) 3674 5104 7150 9592

Total Plastic pipe (metric ktons) 21800 30860 42750 57000Total Plastic pipe (million pounds) 47960 67892 94050 125400

PVC % of total 59.9 57.1 56.0 55.2HDPE % of total 32.4 35.4 36.4 37.2Other % of total 7.7 7.5 7.6 7.6

Source: Fredonia Group

North American for Plastic Pipe

7 |

North American Plastic Pipe Demand by Resin(in kton and pounds)

YearMaterial 2009 2014 2019 2024

PVC (metric ktons) 2713 2887 3969 4935PVC (million pounds) 5968.6 6351.4 8731.8 10857HDPE (metric ktons) 1176 1666 2369 2936HDPE (million pounds) 2587.2 3665.2 5211.8 6459.2Other (metric ktons) 236 277 352 434Other (million pounds) 519.2 609.4 774.4 954.8

Total Plastic pipe (metric ktons) 4125 4830 6690 8305Total Plastic pipe (million pounds) 9075 10626 14718 18271

PVC % of total 65.8 59.8 59.3 59.4HDPE % of total 28.5 34.5 35.4 35.4Other % of total 5.7 5.7 5.3 5.2

• North American market still largely dominated by PVC pipe according to independent sources• PVC CAGR over 2019-2023 projection period = ~ 4.0%• PE CAGR over 2019-2023 projection period = ~ 5.3%

Source: Freedonia Group

North American Demand for Plastic Pipe

• Health of North American Market for plastic pipe is borne out by both independent resources and PPI Statistics

• Fredonia• AMI• Private client studies

• PPI statistical reports:• Offer more accurate insight into HDPE pipe sales within North America• Focus in on HDPE pipe grades (all types, including PEX) HDPE pipe

shipments going back to 1975• PEX was first incorporated into these reports in 2000• Can strip out non-pressure rated corrugated or drainage grades to focus

on pressure-rated HDPE grades

8 |

North American Demand for HDPE Pipe

9 |

Note: Total HDPE market projection includes PEX but does not include non-pressure or corrugated HDPE pipe shipments

Source: PPI Statistics Reports

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The “New” Players in the Plastic Pipe Market

10

The “New” Players in the Plastic Pipe Market• The North American market for plastic

pipe • Marked by numerous ups and down

based on various market factors• Material substitutions in gas and

water• Oil and gas production economics• Tech bubble • 2008/2009 economic impact

• Despite the market gyrations, the overall trend is clearly positive

• Historically, the trend has been driven by more familiar plastic piping grades, PVC and HDPE

11 |

The “New” Players in the Plastic Pipe Market

• More recently, “new” plastic piping materials have become more of a factor in the market for plastic pipe

• PEX• PERT• PP

• These “new” materials potentially expand the market for plastic pipe by bridging the gap between the historically recognized plastic pipe materials and engineered plastics

• Consider the following example taken from the PPI statistics

12 |

PEX Pipe in North America

13 |

Notes:

1) Source PPI Statistics. Years 1975 through 2017 are historical data

2) Projections for years 2019 through 2023 are regression of historical trend lines

a) PE:1975-2018 (shown in blue), 2.32% CAGR (shown in red)

b) PEX: 2000- 2018 (shown in green), 3.43% CAGR (shown in orange)

Total HDPE Pipe Market

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Total HDPE Pipe Market

Total PEX Pipe Market

PEX Pipe in North America

14 |

Notes:

1) Source PPI Statistics

2) Years 2018 through 2023 are regression adjusted and superimposed on historical trend lines

a) PE:1975-2018 (shown in blue), 4% CAGR (shown in red)

b) PEX: 2000- 2018 (shown in green), 9% CAGR for 2019 though 2023 (shown in orange)

3) Accelerated growth rate augmented by housing outlook and expansion in larger diameter industrial segments

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Total PE Pipe Market

Total PEX Pipe Market

PEX Pipe in North America

15 |

Notes:

1) Source PPI Statistics

2) Years 2019 through 2023 are regression adjusted to 9% and superimposed on historical trend line

3) Industry sources suggest PEX growth rate over projection period in 10-18% AGR range

4) Accelerated growth rate augmented by housing outlook and expansion into larger diameter industrial segments

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Most Likely

Best Case

Conservative

The “New” Players in the Plastic Pipe Market

• As “new” piping materials are introduced, the potential for confusion regarding their capabilities and targeted market segments increases

• This presentation provides a basic overview of these “new” players in the North American plastic pipe market

• PEX• PERT• PP

16 |

What is PEX Pipe?

17

What is PEX?

18 |

Basics of PE help us understand PEX

• ASTM F412 definition of PE

• A less cryptic definition of PEPolyethylene plastic is a semi-crystalline polymer consisting of lamellar and amorphous regions. The lamellar regions are comprised of largely homopolymer or higher density molecules. The amorphous regions are comprised of largely copolymer of lower density molecules.

The performance properties of PE result from the relative proportion of the two types of regions, the degree of entanglement between molecules within and across the two types of regions and the interaction of the two regions in response to stress

What is PEX?

19 |

The Lustiger Model of PE

What is PEX?

20 |

So, what is PEX?

• ASTM F412 definition of PEX

• A less cryptic definition of PEXCrosslinked polyethylene (PEX) is a form of polyethylene that has undergone a secondary chemical process that actually links the individual molecules in the polymer matrix.

The performance properties of PEX are dependent on the base polymer from which the PEX is produced and the degree to which the individual molecules in the matrix are connected or linked.

What is PEX?

21

Ethylene

Short ethylene molecules without any branching not x-linked

Polyethylene

Long polyethylene chains with side branches, not x-linked

Polyethylene X-linked

Simplified Presentation of CrosslinkedPolyethylene

PEX Pipe Production

22

Crosslinking of PE

Chemical crosslinking

PEX-a peroxidecrosslinkingDegree x-linkingat least 75 %

PEX-b silanecrosslinkingDegree x-linking atleast 65 %

PEX-d Azo-cross-linkingdegree x-linkingat least 60 %

PEX-c electron beam crosslinkingDegree x-linkingat least 60 %

Process ENGELProcess PAMProcess DAOPLAST

Process SIOPLASProcess MONOSIL

Process LUBONYL

Physical crosslinking

PEX and the Change of Properties

23

Properties of Polyethylene (PE) Change of properties after cross linking of polyethylene (PEX)

Melt index Decrease

Density No change/decrease

Molecular weight Significantly increased

Tensile strength No changes/slightly increase

Elongation at break Decrease

Impact resistance Significantly improved

Abrasion resistance Greatly improved

Stress crack resistance Greatly improved

Pressure resistance Greatly improved

Elastic properties Greatly improved

Resistance to slow crack growth Increase

Chemical resistance Improved

Kink resistance improved

Temperature resistance Greatly improved

Environmental stress crack resistance Increase

What is PEX Pipe?PEX Pipe – A lightweight, flexible plastic pipe offering superior chemical, corrosion and temperature resistance to traditional HDPE pipe

24 |

Benefits of PEX Pipe• Lightweight, flexible• Ease of installation• Corrosion/scaling resistance• Chemical/chlorine resistance• Elevated temperature Resistance • Exceptional resistance to SCG• Durability• Energy efficient• Environmentally sound • Cost effective solution

What is PEX Pipe?

Typical Applications• Hot and cold water system

• Single family, multi-family residential• Municipal water distribution• Hydronic heating systems• Snow and ice removal systems• Fire suppression systems• Water treatment and reuse systems• Industrial systems

• Mining slurry• Oil and gas production

• Other

25 |

PEX Pipe – A “New” Player?Standard Title Initial Publication

ASTM F876 Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing 1984

ASTM F877 Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Hot – and Cold-Water Distribution Systems

1984

ASTM F1281 Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene/Aluminum/Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX-AL-PEX) Pressure Pipe

1990

ASTM F2788 Standard Specification for Metric and Inch-Sized Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe 2009

ASTM F2818 Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Material Gas Pressure Pipe and Tubing

2010

ASTM F2829 Standard Specification for Metric- and Inch-Sized Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe Systems 2010

ASTM F2905 Standard Specification for Black Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Line Pipe, Fittings and Joints for Oil and Gas Producing Applications

2013

ASTM F2929 Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing of 0.070 in Wall and Fittings for Radiant Heating Systems up to 75 psig

2013

ASTM F2968 Standard Specification for Black Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe, Fittings and Joints for Gas Distribution Applications

2014

AWWA C904 Cross-Linked Polyethylene (PEX) Pressure Pipe, ½ In (12mm) Through 3 In. (76 mm) for Water Service

2006

ISO 15875 Plastics Piping Systems for hot and cold water installations – Crosslinked polyethylene (PE-X) 2003

ISO 15494 Plastics piping systems for industrial applications – Polybutene (PB), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene or raised temperature (PE-RT), crosslinked polyethylene (PE-X), polypropylene (PP) – Metric series for specifications for components and system

2003

ISO 14531 Plastics pipes and fittings – Crosslinked polyethylene (PE0X) pie systems for conveyance of gaseous fuels – Metric Series – Specifications

2002

26 |

PEX Pipe

Size Range and Pressure Capability• Diameter range:

• Hot and cold water (HCW) - 1/8” to 6” tubing sizes

• Industrial - < 1,000 mm• Pressure capability

• Full range of DR’s possible in smaller diameters. However, majority of HCW is DR 9.

• Larger diameters are continuing to develop with greater selection of DR’s

27 |

PEX Pipe

Size Range and Pressure Capability• ASTM Material designations - Similar in format to HDPE

28 |

PEX Pipe

Size Range and Pressure Capability• Difference lies in HDB recommendations within PPI-HSB

program……

29 |

Temp°F ( °C)

PEX5006 PE4710

HDB(psi)

HDS(psi)

HDB(psi)

HDS(psi)

73.4 (23) 1250 625 1600 1000

140 (60) -NA- -NA- 1000 600 (1)

180 (82.2) 800 400* -NA- -NA-

200 (93.3) 630 315* -NA- -NA-

(1) Based on application of 0.60 temperature re-rating factor applied to 73° F HDS

PEX Pipe

Size Range and Pressure Capability• ….and the resulting pressure/temperature ratings

30 |

Comparative Pressure/Temperature Ratings for DR 9

Temp°F ( °C)

PEX5006(psi)

PE4710(psi)

73.4 (23) 160 (1) 250 (2)

140 (60) -- 150 (2)

180 (82.2) 100 (1) --

200 (93.3) 80 (1) --

(1) PEX pressure ratings published in ASTM F876(2) Pressure ratings determined using PPI Website Calculator

PEX Pipe

A Variety of Joining Technologies….

• Cold expansion rings• Copper crimp rings• Crimp sleeves• Push-fit connections• Electrofusion• Flanged joints• Butt/socket fusion (new

technology)

31 |

Source: PPI PEX Design Guide, 2nd Edition

What is PE-RT Pipe?

32

What is PE-RT Pipe?• ASTM F412 definition

• Basics of PE help us understand PE-RT• Historically, PE pressure pipe

compounds have been stress-rated at two temperatures, 73° and 140° F

• PE-RT pressure pipe compounds have been engineered to be stress rated at a temperatures above 140° F. That is to say, a higher temperature PE compound.

• Tie-chain molecules• Additives enhancement

33 |

What is PE-RT Pipe?PE-RT Pipe – A lightweight, flexible plastic pipe offering superior chemical, corrosion and temperature resistance to traditional HDPE pipe

34 |

Benefits of PE-RT Pipe• Lightweight, flexible• Ease of installation• Corrosion/scaling resistance• Chemical/chlorine resistance• Elevated temperature Resistance • Exceptional resistance to SCG• Durability• Fusion joining• Large diameter production

What is PE-RT Pipe?

Typical Applications• Hot and cold water system

• Single family, multi-family residential

• Municipal water distribution• Hydronic heating systems• Snow and ice removal systems• District heating• Industrial systems

• High temperature applications• Mining slurry• Oil and gas production

• Other

35 |

What is PE-RT Pipe? Size Range and Pressure Capability

• Size range:• Hot and cold water (HCW) - similar

to that of PEX per ASTM F2623 or F2735, 1/8” to 6” tubing sizes

• Industrial – size range based on ASTM F714 or D3035

• Pressure capability• Full range of DR’s possible in

smaller diameters. However, majority of HCW is DR 9.

• Larger diameters are continuing to develop with greater selection of DR’s based on ASTM F714 or ASTM D3035

PE-RT Pipe – A “New” Player?

Standard Title Initial PublicationASTM F2623 Standard Specification for Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) SDR 9 Tubing 2007

ASTM F2735 Standard Specification for Plastic Insert Fittings for SDR 9 Cross-linked Polyethylene (PEX) and Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) Tubing

2008

ASTM F2769 Standard Specification for Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) Plastic Hot and Cold-Water Tubing and Distribution Systems

2009

ASTM F2159 Standard Specification for Plastic Insert Fittings Utilizing a Copper Crimp Ring for SDR 9 Cross-linked Polyethylene (PEX) and SDR 9 Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) Tubing

2001

ASTM F1807 Standard Specification for Metal Insert Fittings Utilizing a Copper Crimp Ring for SDR 9 Cross-linked Polyethylene (PEX) and SDR 9 Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) Tubing

1997

ASTM F2080 Standard Specification for Cold-Expansion with Metal Compression Sleeves for Cross-linked Polyethylene (PEX) and SDR 9 Polyethylene of Raised Temperature (PE-RT) Tubing

2001

CSA B137.18 Polyethylene of raised temperature (PE-RT) tubing systems for pressure applications 2013

ISO 22391 Plastic piping systems for hot and cold water installations – Polyethylene of raised temperature resistance (PE-RT)

2007

37 |

What is PE-RT Pipe?Size Range and Pressure Capability

• Difference lies in HDB recommendations within PPI listing program….

38 |

Temp°F ( °C)

PE-RT per ASTMF2623

PE-RT per ASTM F2769

TraditionalPE4710

PE4710PE-RT

Per ASTM F714HDB (1)

(psi)HDS(psi)

HDB(psi)

HDS (2)(psi)

HDB(psi)

HDS(psi)

HDB(psi)

HDS(psi)

73.4 (23) 1250 630 1250 640 1600 1000 1600 1000

140 (60) 800 400 -NA- -NA- 1000 600 (3) -NA- -NA-

180 (82.2) 630 (3) 315 800 400 -NA- -NA- 800 500 (4)

(1) HDB listings taken from ASTM F2623 are required minimums(2) HDS listings taken from ASTM F2769 are required minimums(3) Based on application of 0.60 temperature re-rating factor applied to 73° F HDB(4) Based on application of 0.63 design factor to 180 F HDB

What is PE-RT Pipe?

Size Range and Pressure Capability• …..and the resulting pressure/temperature ratings

39 |

Comparative Pressure/Temperature Ratings for DR 9 Pipe or Tubing (psi)

Temp°C (°F) PE-RT per ASTM F

2623 (1)PE-RT per ASTM

F2769 (2)

TraditionalPE4710 per

ASTM F714 (3)

PE4710PERT per

ASTM F71473.4 (23) 160 160 250 250

140 (60) 100 -NA- 188 158

180 (82.2) 80 100 -NA- 125

(1) Pressure ratings published in ASTM F2623(2) Pressure ratings published in ASTM F2769(3) Pressure ratings determined using PPI Website Calculator

PE-RT Pipe

A Variety of Joining Technologies….

• Copper crimp rings• Crimp sleeves• Push-fit connections• Butt fusion• Electrofusion• Flanged joints

40 |

What is PP Pipe?

41

What is PP Pipe?• ASTM F412 definition

• Polypropylene (PP) pipe is a thermoplastic pipe produced by extrusion or injection molding of polypropylene feedstock resin

• In reality PP pipe has been in the global market place for decades. History suggests yet another evolution in technical performance

• Progression from PP-H to the more recent PP-RCT holds the potential for further expansion in the market for thermoplastic piping

42 |

What is PP Pipe?

• Standard HDPE pipe extrusion equipment with only minor modifications

• PP-RCT pipe available in full diameter and pressure range

• 20 mm (1/2”) thru 630 mm (~24”)• Typical DR’s – 7.4, 9, 11 and 17

• Multiple colors• Green• Light Grey• Steel Grey

• Monolayer or glass-fiber reinforced

What is PP Pipe?

Size Range and Pressure Capability• Difference lies in MRS/CRS recommendations within

ISO/ASTM….

44 |

Temp°C ( °F)

PP-R PP-RCT PE4710MRS/CRS

(MPa)HDS

(MPa)MRS/CRS

(MPa)HDS

(MPa)HDB(psi)

HDS(psi)

20 (68) 10 8.0 11.2 8.96 1600 1000

60 (140) 1000 600 (1)

70 (158) 3.15 2.52 5.0 4.0 -NA- -NA-

82 (180) -NA- -NA-

(1) Based on application of 0.60 temperature re-rating factor applied to 73° F HDS

What is PP Pipe?

Size Range and Pressure Capability• …..and the resulting pressure/temperature ratings

45 |

Comparative Pressure/Temperature Ratings for DR 7.4 (psi)

Temp°F (°C) PP-R (1) PP-RCT (1) PE4710 (2)

73.4 (23) 290 330 315

140 (60) 145 185 188

158 (70) 114 180 -NA-

180 (3) (82.2) 100 125 -NA-

(1) Pressure ratings published in ASTM F2389(2) Pressure ratings determined using PPI Website Calculator(3) Based on Application Class 5 per ISO 15874

What is PP Pipe?PP Pipe – A lightweight, flexible plastic pipe offering superior chemical, corrosion and temperature resistance to traditional HDPE pipe

46 |

Benefits of PP Pipe• Lightweight & flexible• Corrosion/scaling resistance• Chemical/chlorine resistance

Exceptional SCG resistance Durability• Fusion joined • Dimensional stability (GF versions)• Fusion joining• Large diameter production• Cost effective alternative to metallics

What is PP Pipe?Unique performance capabilities of PP-RCT expanding the envelope for thermoplastic piping products

• Higher temperature capability• Higher pressure capability• Fusion joining• Fiber-reinforcement for dimensional stability• Chemical and corrosion resistance

Typical Applications:• Hot and cold potable water• District heating• Riser applications for high-rise residential &

commercial applications• Heat exchanger/chiller systems• Industrial systems

• High temperature process system• Various technical applications

• Other

47 |

PP Pipe – A “New” Player?

Standard Title Initial PublicationDIN 8078 Pipes of PP (Polypropylene); general quality requirements, test methods 1984

ISO 15874 Plastics piping systems for hot and cold water installations -- Polypropylene (PP) 2003

ISO 3213 Polypropylene (PP) pipes -- Effect of time and temperature on the expected strength 1975

CSA B137.11 Polypropylene (PP-R) pipe and fittings for pressure applications 1993

AENOR RP 001.78 AENOR Certificate of Conformity Specific Rules for polypropylene random with modified crystal structure (PP-RCT) and fiber glass (FV) piping systems for hot and cold water installations inside buildings

2013

GP 18742-2016 Polypropylene piping systems for hot and cold water installation 2002

ASTM F2389 Standard Specification for Pressure-rated Polypropylene (PP) Piping Systems 2004

ASTM F2764 Standard Specification for 6 to 60 in. (150-1500 mm) Polypropylene (PP) Corrugated Double and Trip Wall Pipe and Fittings for Non-Pressure Sanitary Sewer Applications

2010

ASTM F2736 Standard Specification for 6 to 30 in (152 to 762 mm) Polypropylene (PP) Corrugated Single Wall Pipe and Double Wall Pipe

2010

ASTM F2418 Standard Specification for Polypropylene (PP) Corrugated Stormwater Collection Chambers 2004

ASTM F2881 Standard Specification for 12 to 60 in (300 to 1500 mm) Polypropylene (PP) Dual Wall Pipe and Fittings for Non-pressure Storm Sewer Applications

2011

48 |

PP Pipe – A Evolutionary Process• In 1954 G. Natta created the basis for industrial

mass production of constant structured PP.

• Early PP grades were not designed for long-term, stress-rated applications such as pressure pipe.

• PP can be engineered to meet specific performance capabilities:• Innovative catalyst technology• Refinement/improvement of the polymerization

process • Optimization of additives utilization

• Molecular architecture is vital to create a balance between temperature resistance, impact resistance, stiffness and pressure resistance performance.

49 |

PP Pipe – An Evolutionary Process

50 |

Homopolymer PP-H

Block-Copolymer PP-B

PP-H Matrix Ethylene-Propylene-Rubber

Random-Copolymer PP-R

PP Pipe – An Evolutionary Process

PP TypeYear (1)

Structure (2)Typical Density

(3)

Typical MFR (3) Typical TG

(3)Typical MRS

(3)

Typical CRS158°F, 50 years(70°C, 50 years)

(3)

PP-H 1963 Homopolymer 905kg/m³ MFR(230°C/2.16 kg)0,3g/10min

≈4°C(≈39°F)

MRS 10 N/a

PP-B 1972 Block Copolymer 905kg/m³ MFR(230°C/2.16 kg)0,3g/10min

≈0°C and -50°C(≈32°F and -58°F)Block A+B

MRS 8 N/a

PP-R 1980 Random Copolymer, α Spherulite

905kg/m³ MFR(230°C/2.16 kg)0,3g/10min

≈-2°C(≈28°F)

MRS 10 CRS 3,15

PP-RCT 2002 Random Copolymer, β nucleation

905kg/m³ MFR(230°C/2.16 kg)0,25g/10min

≈-2°C(≈28°F)

MRS 11,2 CRS 5

PP-H1963

PP-B1972

PP-R1980

PP-RCT2002

(1) Approximate year of market introduction, (2) Typical molecular structure, (3) Generally considered as typical representative values

51 |

PP Pipe – An Industry in Transition• In recent years, industry developed a step change material and the PP-

RCT was born. • PP-RCT refers to a material classification created by the industry. PP-RCT

is a standardized acronym that stands for Polypropylene- Random copolymer, Crystalline, Temperature.

• In more familiar terms a polypropylene-random-copolymer with a special crystallinity which exhibits an improved pressure resistance, especially at elevated temperatures.

52 |

PP Pipe – An Industry in Transition

• The change in crystallinity provides in PP-RCT a higher technical performance compared to PP-R especially at higher temperature.

• MRS classification (20°C (68°F) for 50 years) is important • PP-R MRS 10 • PP-RCT MRS 11,2

• However, for the applications targeted the elevated temperature performance is more meaningful. For this we typically use the Categorized Required Strength (CRS) at 70°C (158°F) for 50 years

• Calculations based on the reference curves gives and CRS values at 70°C (158°F) • PP-R CRS 70°C, 50 years = 3,15 MPa (457psi), where • PP-RCT CRS 70°C, 50 years = 5.0 MPa (725psi). • This offers an improvement in hydrostatic strength of ~ 40%.

53 |

PP-RCT ISO 15874 Reference Curves

• PP-RCT materials are required to fulfill the reference lines of PP-RCT as specified in ISO 15874 and the ISO 3213

• Reference curves of PP-RCT do not exhibit a knee, which is indicative of a sustained hydrostatic performance over time (no brittle failures)

20°C

70°C

95°C

110°C

54 |

PP Pipe – An Industry in Transition

0

5

10

15

20

25

20°C - 50a 40°C - 50a 60°C - 50a 70°C - 50a 80°C - 25a 95°C - 5a

Ope

ratin

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essu

re [b

ar]

PP-H

PP-B

PP-R

PP-RCT

55 |

Operating pressures (in bar) for various grades of DR 7.4 PP pipe

Data

Comparison of operating pressure

Pipe dimension SDR 7,4

PP-HPP-BPP-RPP-RCT

20°C - 50a18.618.320.424.3

40°C - 50a1312.214.518

60°C - 50a8.75.510.112.9

70°C - 50a5.63.86.710.8

80°C - 25a4.33.25.19.1

95°C - 5a3.5347.1

Safety factor1.71.51.51.5

Operating Pressure

20°C - 50a20°C - 50a20°C - 50a20°C - 50a

40°C - 50a40°C - 50a40°C - 50a40°C - 50a

60°C - 50a60°C - 50a60°C - 50a60°C - 50a

70°C - 50a70°C - 50a70°C - 50a70°C - 50a

80°C - 25a80°C - 25a80°C - 25a80°C - 25a

95°C - 5a95°C - 5a95°C - 5a95°C - 5a

PP-H

PP-B

PP-R

PP-RCT

Operating Pressure [bar]

18.6

18.3

20.4

24.3

13

12.2

14.5

18

8.7

5.5

10.1

12.9

5.6

3.8

6.7

10.8

4.3

3.2

5.1

9.1

3.5

3

4

7.1

Wall thicknessreduction

•Higher hydraulic capacity

• Average 22% weightsavings

Pipes withhigher

pressure

•Up to 48% improvementpossible (at same dimensioning)

Pipe outerdiameter reduction

•Design or installation possiblewith smaller pipes

•Allowing for benefits in installation & handling

Graphics are for illustration purpose only, not to scale

PP Pipe – An Industry in Transition

56 |

Application Class

Operating pressure8 bar (116PSI)

Operating pressure10 bar (145PSI)

PP-R PP-RCT WeightSavings [%] PP-R PP-RCTWeight

Savings [%]Application class 1

60°C (140°F) Hot water supply

SDR 7,4 SDR 9 15,2 – 17,4 SDR 6 SDR 7,4 13,9 – 15,5

Application class 270°C (158°F) Hot water

supplySDR 6 SDR 9 27,9 – 28,8 SDR 5 SDR 7,4 25,9 – 27,6

Application class 4Under-floor heating and low

temperature radiators SDR 7,4 SDR 9 15,2 – 17,4 SDR 7,4 SDR 7,4 0

Application class 5High temperature radiators SDR 5 SDR 7,4 25,9 – 27,6 ——— SDR 6

Application for PP- R not possible

PP Pipe – An Industry in Transition

57 |

ISO15874 pressure classes and dimensions for different application classes

PP Pipe• PP Pipe can be joined using a variety of

technologies• Fusion joining per DVS 2207-11• Project initiated to develop a PP-specific

fusion joining procedure• Molded fittings for mechanical joining,

similar to HDPE

58 |

Case Studies

59

Denver Zoo Turns to PEX Radiant Heating for Major Expansion

Reference project Creating an Asian Tropics environment as a major zoo expansion while maintaining environmental efficiency and cost effectiveness

Challenge o Environmental control system for 10 acre Asian Tropics exhibit at Denver Zoo must:o Fit with Zoo‘s commitment to

sustainabilityo Provide consistent and reliable

environmental control for animal health and visitor comfort and safety

o Provide long-term energy-efficiency and cost-effectiveness

Solution o Radiant heating system consisting of 31,000 feet of ½” and 5/8” PEX pipe installed for environmental control of Asian Tropic exhibit

o Additional 3000 feet of 5” diameter pre-insulated PEX pipe for various water features, mud bogs and hot tubs for animal exhibits

o Zoo waste is now fed to on-site boiler plants resulting in $150,000/year savings in energy costs and waste hauling and 1.5 million pound/year in reduced landfill burden

60 |

Source: Plastics Pipe Institute, 2012

Canfor Prince George Pulp & Paper Mill, Prince George, BC, Canada

Reference project Canfor Prince George Pulp & Paper Mill, Original FRP process effluent line failures jeopardizing plant operation and environment

Challenge o Bleach plant effluent system, chemically aggressive effluent

o Operating temperatures: 50-60 C with excursions to 70-75C

o Existing 760 mm (30 inch) FRP deteriorating

o Extensive repairs are recurring due to FRP delamination and joint failures

Solution o Replacement of FRP with 975 mtrs (3200 ft) of 760 mm (30”) PE-RT pipe produced by Performance Pipe

o Butt fused using standard ASTM F2620 fusion procedure

o Flexibility of PE-RT pipe allowed for minimization of fabricated fittings

61 |

Source: Proceedings of PP XVIII, Berlin, Sept, 2016

Penn State Medical Center - Hershey, PAReference project A well-established, highly acclaimed facility

offering state-of-the-art medical care to broad geographic region facing growing demand for consistent operation of chilled water system (2019)

Challenge o Central chiller plant upgradeo Original design for construction with steelo Corrosion/leakage/deterioration of existing

metallic systemo Operational as quickly as possible

Solution o Leak-free PP-RCT with improved chemical & corrosion resistance over steel and dimensional stability.

o Large underground pipe replacement project:

• Direct burial of 1040’ 24” (500 mm) sat 8-10’depth

• Fiber reinforced PP-RCT pipes per ASTM F2389

• Fusion joined using DVS 2207, 6 fusion joints pre 8-hour day

o Operating conditions:• 48-60⁰ F, 80-100 psi

o Contractor: Sponaugle

62 |

Richter Precision, Inc. - Lancaster, PAReference project Precision Machining – a private enterprise

specializing in high precision machining, molding and coatings facing rapid growth in automotive and government contract areas (2019)

Challenge o Upgrade industrial process water system to facilitate expansion of production capacity

o Minimal disruption of current productiono Consistent and reliable temperature

control of process waterSolution o Lightweight PP-RCT with improved

chemical & corrosion resistance over steel and dimensional stability.

o Complex project involving range of diameters, 3” -12” GF reinforced PP-RCT per ASTM F2389

o Over 60 “spools” or prefabricated assemblies

o EF and butt fusion per DVS 2207o Operating conditions

• 60-80⁰ F• 45-60 psi

o Contractor: HB McClure

63 |

South Dakota State University, USAReference project Founded in 1881, a vibrant and growing

university of 13,000 students, managing growing energy demand using unique and resourceful approaches. (2016)

Challenge o North Chiller Plant (NCP) expansion for 400,000 ft2 (37,160 m2)

o Engineering company originally designed for construction with steel

o Time pressure to be operational for fall semester 2016.

Solution o PP-RCT with improved chemical & corrosion resistance over steel and dimensional stability.

o Very large 20 inch (500 mm) DR17 fiber reinforced PP-RCT pipes per ASTM F2389 fusion joined using DVS 2207

o Prefabricated assemblies shipped to minimize fusion time on site.

64 |

Concluding Remarks

65

“New” Plastic Pipe in North America

66 |

The “New” Pipe Players

Property PEX PE-RT PP-R PP-RCTASTM standards Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple

ISO standards Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple

Diameter range ** < 36 in (1000 mm) < 36 in (1000 mm) < 24 in (630 mm) < 24 in (630 mm)

Pressure rating at 73.4° F (23° C), psi 160 (DR 9) 250 (DR 9) 290 (DR 7.4) 330 (DR 7.4)

Stress rated above 140° F (60° C) Yes Yes Yes Yes

Maximum service temperature, °F (°C) 200 (93.3) 180 (82.2) 180 (82.2) 180 (82.2)

Chemical/chlorine resistance Yes Yes Yes Yes

Mechanical joining Multiple Multiple Multiple Multiple

Fusion joining Electrofusion Butt fusionElectro fusion

Butt fusionSocket fusionElectrofusion

Butt fusionSocket fusionElectrofusion

NSF 51/14 compliance for potable water Yes Yes Yes Yes

“New” Plastic Pipe in North America

67 |

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

73 100 140 200

Expanding the “Operating Window” for Thermoplastic Pipe

Pres

sure

, psi

Temperature, °F

Traditional PE Materials

PEX, PE-RT and PP

“New” Plastic Pipe in North America• Outlook for “New” plastic pipe is very encouraging:

• Technical performance• Higher temperature capability than traditional HDPE• Exceptional resistance to SCG and effects of chlorine• Variety and integrity of joining processes

• Competitive alternative to metallics• Service history

• Robust economy• GDP• Housing/construction trends

• Standardization initiatives• ASTM• CSA• NSF

• Code acceptance• Expansion into industrial sectors

68 |

Q&A, General Discussion

69

Thank you!

The ideas or concepts documented in this presentation are the sole property of Borealis AG, and are subject to current copyright laws. Unauthorized use, reproduction in whole or in part, as well as transmission or distribution to third parties is not permitted. Borealis AG and its affiliates give no warranty and make no

representation as to the accuracy, completeness or fitness for any particular use of the information contained herein. It is the customer’s responsibility to inspect and test specified/purchased materials and

determine the technical suitability for a particular use or application.

70

The Three P’s of High Temperature Plastic PipeThe Three P’s: An OverviewGlobal Demand for Plastic PipeGlobal Demand for Plastic PipeGlobal Demand for Plastic PipeGlobal Demand for Plastic PipeNorth American for Plastic PipeNorth American Demand for Plastic PipeNorth American Demand for HDPE PipeThe “New” Players in the Plastic Pipe MarketThe “New” Players in the Plastic Pipe MarketThe “New” Players in the Plastic Pipe MarketPEX Pipe in North AmericaPEX Pipe in North AmericaPEX Pipe in North AmericaThe “New” Players in the Plastic Pipe MarketWhat is PEX Pipe?What is PEX?What is PEX?What is PEX?What is PEX?PEX Pipe ProductionPEX and the Change of PropertiesWhat is PEX Pipe?What is PEX Pipe?PEX Pipe – A “New” Player?PEX PipePEX PipePEX PipePEX PipePEX PipeWhat is PE-RT Pipe?What is PE-RT Pipe?What is PE-RT Pipe?What is PE-RT Pipe?What is PE-RT Pipe? PE-RT Pipe – A “New” Player?What is PE-RT Pipe?What is PE-RT Pipe?PE-RT PipeWhat is PP Pipe?What is PP Pipe?What is PP Pipe? What is PP Pipe?What is PP Pipe?What is PP Pipe?What is PP Pipe?PP Pipe – A “New” Player?PP Pipe – A Evolutionary ProcessPP Pipe – An Evolutionary ProcessPP Pipe – An Evolutionary ProcessPP Pipe – An Industry in TransitionPP Pipe – An Industry in TransitionPP-RCT ISO 15874 Reference CurvesPP Pipe – An Industry in TransitionPP Pipe – An Industry in TransitionPP Pipe – An Industry in TransitionPP PipeCase Studies�Denver Zoo Turns to PEX Radiant Heating for Major ExpansionCanfor Prince George Pulp & Paper Mill, Prince George, BC, CanadaPenn State Medical Center - Hershey, PARichter Precision, Inc. - Lancaster, PASouth Dakota State University, USAConcluding Remarks�“New” Plastic Pipe in North America“New” Plastic Pipe in North America“New” Plastic Pipe in North AmericaQ&A, General DiscussionThank you!