The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the...

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The three major categories of rocks

Transcript of The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the...

Page 1: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

The three major categories of rocks

Page 2: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

The Rock Forming minerals

• The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:-

• Quartz

• Feldspar

• Mica

• Pyroxene

Page 3: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Igneous Rocks

• Formed by the cooling and solidification of melted rock (molten silicate liquid) called magma or lava.

Page 4: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 5: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 6: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 7: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Classification of igneous rocks

Texture – crystal size

All large crystals

- Produced by relatively slow cooling deep underground.

- Found in intrusive igneous rocks.

Page 8: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Classification of igneous rocks

Crystal size

- Small crystals and/or glass

- Produced by rapid cooling, usually at or near the earth’s surface.

Typical of extrusive rocks.

Occasionally in intrusive rocks close to the surface.

Page 9: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 10: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Classification of igneous rocks

Other texturesBubbleswhich are trapped in igneous rocks are

called vesicles. E.g Pumice.Broken fragmentsIf there is enough gas, expanding bubbles

cause lava to break into fragments explosively. E.g. volcanic ash and pumice.

Page 11: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 12: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 13: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Sediments and Sedimentary rock

There are different types of sediment

1. Clastic sediments (also called detrital sediment).

2. Chemical sediment

3. Biochemical sediment

Page 14: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Some examples

Page 15: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Textures of Sedimentary rock

Clastic sediment

Maximum grain size – fine, medium and coarse.

Grain shape – angular and rounded.

Sorting – well or poorly sorted.

Page 16: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Well and poorly sorted sediment

Page 17: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Clastic rocks

By texture

• Course and rounded – conglomerate

• Course and angular – breccia

• Medium - sandstone

• Fine – siltstone, mudstone, claystone or shale.

Page 18: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 19: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Sandstone by composition

• Pure quartz sand – quartz sandstone

• Sand and fine matrix – graywacke sandstone.

• Sand with 20% rock fragments – lithic sandstone.

Page 20: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 21: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Chemical and biochemical Sedimentary Rocks

Calcite – Limestone

Plant remains – Coal or peat

Silica – Chert

Halite – Rock Salt

Gypsum – Rock Gypsum

Page 22: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 23: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 24: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Sedimentary structures

• Layering

• Ripples

• Cross-bedding

• Mud craks

• Burrows and tracks (fossils)

Page 25: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 26: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 27: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 28: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Metamorphism

• Includes process which change the minerals and texture of rock without melting it

Page 29: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Causes of metamorphism

Pressure

Different minerals are stable at different pressures.

Changing the pressure can change the types of minerals in rocks.

Page 30: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Causes of metamorphism

Temperature

Different minerals are stable at different temperatures.

Changing the temperature can cause the types of minerals present in the rock to change.

Page 31: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Causes of metamorphism

Hydorthermal fluids

Usually water and/or CO2 plus dissolved materials.

Can change the chemical composition of rocks by adding or removing materials.

Many important ore deposits have been formed by metamorphic deposits.

Page 32: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 33: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Other types of metamorphism

• Deformation – along fault lines

• Hydrothermal – associated with igneous intrusions along ocean ridges

• Burial – caused by deep burial.

• Shock – caused by sudden high pressures caused during impacts

Page 34: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 35: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Metamorphic rocks

Composition and texture are used to decribe these rocks, just like the previous ones.

Page 36: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Metamorphic rocks

Texture

Foliated rocks and this refers to the preferred orientation of the mineral grains in rocks as a result of directed pressure.

Non-foliated rocks have no mineral orientation.

Page 37: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 38: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Foliated metamorphic rocks

Slate

Schist

Gneiss

Phyllite

Page 39: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 40: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 41: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Non-foliated metamorphic rocks

• Quartzite

• Marble

• Skarn

• Hornfels

Page 42: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 43: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 44: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 45: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Sedimentary Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks

The Rock Cycle

Sediments

Magma

Page 46: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Sediments

SedimentaryRock

Metamorphic Rock

IgneousRock

Magma

Cooling

Melting

Heat and pressure

Uplift

UpliftUplift

Heat and pressure

Burial andlithification

Deposition in oceans andon continents

Weathering and erosion

Page 47: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 48: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Minerals

Make up the lithosphere, mantle and the core.

• Over 4000 are known.

• Minerals are used

extensively by humans.

• Minerals record information about the

processes that formed them.

Page 49: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 50: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 51: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Minerals the building blocks of rocks

• Definition of a mineral.Homogenous (uniform throughout)

Naturally occurring (no synthetics)

Inorganic (no biological stuff)

Solid (no liquid or gas)

Ordered internal molecular structure

Definite chemical composition

Page 52: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Rocks

• An aggregate of minerals

• Most rocks have

more than one

Mineral.

• Some rocks are mono mineralic

Page 53: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Granite is an igneous rock made up of several minerals

Quartz FeldsparHornblende

Page 54: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Crystals

• A single continuous mineral with crystal faces.

• The faces indicate growth inan open space.• Crystals of the same mineralshave similar faces, which reflectthe ordered atomicarrangement.

Page 55: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Polymorphs

These are minerals with the same chemical composition.

But different crystalline structures

Diamond and graphite are polymorphs of (C).

Page 56: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 57: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.
Page 58: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Mineral Physical Properties

The characteristics determined by your 5 senses.

• Used to ID minerals• Depend upon…

Chemical Composition

Crystal Structure

Page 59: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Physical Properties

• Crystal Form• Crystal Habit• Luster• Color• Streak• Hardness• Cleavage• Fracture• Specific Gravity

Page 60: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Crystal Form

• Ideal shape displayed by crystal faces. These are variable and depend on the chemicals involved.

Page 61: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Crystal Form

• Minerals may exhibit a range

of crystal face development• Euhedral – Well-developed• Anhedral – No visible crystal faces.

Usually from growth in a confined space.• Subhedral – Between the two.

Page 62: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Crystal Form

Crystals need an open space to grow, or they take on a different form.

Quartz crystals from an open and closed space.

Page 63: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Luster

Appearance in reflected light.Two categories

MetallicNon-metallic

Vitreous (glassy)SilkyResinousEarthy (dull)Adamantine (brilliant)

Page 64: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Colour

• Often unreliable for mineral ID.

• May vary due to impurity elements.

• Many gemstones are brightly colored.

Page 65: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Streak

Color of a mineral when scratched (crushed) on an unglazed porcelain plate.

Page 66: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Hardness

• Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching.

• All minerals are compared to a standard scale

• called the Mohs scale of hardness.

Page 67: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Moh’s scale of hardness10 Diamond

9 Corundum

8 Topaz

7 Quartz

6 Feldspar

5 Apatite Glass

4 Flourite

3 Calcite Coin

2 Gypsum Fingernail

1 Talc

Hardest

Softest

Page 68: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Cleavage

• Tendency to break along planes of lattice weakness.

• Cleavage produces flat, shiny surfaces.• Described by resulting geometric shapes.• Number of planes• Angles between adjacent planes• Be careful to discriminate from crystal form

Page 69: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Cleavage

• Cleavage in one direction

Page 70: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

More Cleavage

• 2 directions at 90º

• 2 directions NOT at 90º

• Example: Amphibole Example: Amphibole

• Example: Potassium Feldspar Example: Potassium Feldspar

• Cleavage

•

Page 71: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

More Cleavage

• 3 directions at 90º

• 2 directions NOT at 90º

Page 72: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Conchoidal Fracture

• Some minerals lack planes of weakness.

• Molecular bonds are equally strong in all directions. They don’t cleave; they fracture.

Conchoidal fracture - curved surfaces, sharp edges.

Page 73: The three major categories of rocks. The Rock Forming minerals The most abundant minerals in the earth’s crust and the most common in rocks are:- Quartz.

Specific Gravity

• Ratio of the weight of a mineral to the weight

of an equal volume of water• Average crustal value is 2.7 (quartz)• Average mantle value is 3.3 (olivine)

SG is reflected in “heft” – how heavy the mineral feels.• Galena – Heavy Feldspar - Light


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