The tendency of word usage in the modern Russian and ...names of prominent historical figures:...

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The tendency of word usage in the modern Russian and Kazakhstan

media

Zhanar Kiynova – Sandugash Sansyzbaeva – Ainash Ahmetzhanova – Dariga

Kapasova – Indira Muratbayeva

DOI: 10.18355/XL.2018.11.02.54

Abstract

The article discusses the features of the use of modern language Slavonic words in

newspapers. On the material, collected from the newspaper subcorpus of Russian

National Corpus, active language describes the processes that are most clearly

reflected in the media. On the basis of the analyzed context, the author draws

conclusions about the main trends of the modern use of somatic Slavonic words and

stylistically marked verbs describing the same type of situation. There are given the

examples of figurative rethinking of biblical terms as a result of various associations,

reflecting the value ideas of a modern democratic society.

Key words: modern Russian and Kazakhstan media, Slavonic words, stylistically

labeled archaic words, Biblicisms, Russian national corpus

Introduction

Anthropocentric paradigms of scientific knowledge have led to the need for greater

attention to communication, which is especially important for linguistics that studies

the language of human positions, producing information and perceiving it.

Architectonics of contemporary Russian discourse is characterized by new forms of

communication and new genres in everyday, public, professional and business

communication, as well as a shift to the periphery of the artistic discourse.

In modern life, the means of mass media (hereinafter - the media) play a dominant

role, as they reflect the interests and tastes of the most diverse languages of social

groups and have a strong and all-encompassing influence on the society and its

institutions. The language of the media is dynamic, agile, and closely linked to the

extra-linguistic situation in the country, and therefore is always in the field of

research. It is known that at all times, the leading the media function of the media is

informational, but the democratization of the newspaper discourse in a dynamically

changing reality leads to the use of its other functions, such as creative function and

function of cultural memory. Newspaper as the most dynamic form of print media

reflects the socio-political and socio-cultural situation in the country in its entirety;

journalistic style is used in the newspaper, with all the variety of newspaper genres,

includes elements of virtually all other functional styles of modern Russian language;

journalistic style before other functional styles captures the language / speech

changes, i.e. reflects active processes in the modern language at all levels.

The modern newspaper text is characterized by the polemical, high degree of

evaluativity and persuasiveness. The researchers also noted increased informative

start, activation of personal tendencies, approval of dialogueness as the fundamental

quality of newspaper speech. All this suggests that in the newspaper text is

implemented the function of impacting. The title is not only an active means of

attracting the reader's attention but also influences him by means of expressive

language and speech. Therefore, the impact of the function causes an acute need of

publicistics in the expressive-evaluative tools, which are borrowed from the literary

language. First of all, publicistics is used to express the assessment of the existing,

ready-made material: phraseological units dating back to the biblical texts, slogans of

old and new rhetoric: “Vozlyubi blizhnego svoego” (Love your neighbor); “Da ne

oskudeet ruka dayuschego” (Let not scanty the hand of the giver); ‘Mne vozmezdie - i

XLinguae, Volume 11, Issue 2, April 2018, ISSN 1337-8384, eISSN 2453-711X

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az vozdam” (I will receive retribution - and I shall repay);“Parlament rabotaet na

iznos” (The Parliament is working on the wear and tear); “Mostyi sozhzhenyi i

komanda – tolko vpered i ni shagu nazad” (Bridges are burned, and the crew keep

only forward and not a step back); “Proletarii vseh stran, soedinyaytes!” (Workers of

all countries, unite!).

Imagery system, clear expression and a profound moral content of biblical

phraseology and Slavonic words composed of stable combinations can serve as a

powerful impact potential. The analysis of modern language newspapers shows that

Slavonic words are most often used in the headline as it stands out from the

informative text and draws the readers' attention.

Literature Review

"High", book, or traditional poetic vocabulary, that reflects the moral and spiritual

values and traditions of the people (агнец [agnets] (lamb), внимать [vnimat] (hear),

вещать [veschat] (tell), вопиять [vopiyat] (understand), грядущий [gryaduschii]

(future), врата [vrata] (gates), страж [strazh] (guardian), таинство [tainstvo]

(mystery), стезя [stezya] (way), глава [glava] (head), грясти [gryasti] (approach),

деяние [deyanie] (deed), шествовать [shestvovat] (parade) and etc.), has been

widely involved in the newspaper usage. "Modern reality creates a wide variety of

situations in which the use of stylistic Slavonic words seems communicatively caused

not only in the spiritual language, but in different functional styles of language"

(Nefedieva, 2014).

The trend of the use of passive vocabulary fund is observed since the end of the XX

century and is related to these extra-linguistic factors such as the democratization of

society, the spiritual "rebirth" of the society, which meant a return to religious sources

and as a result, updating of moral principles. Analyzing the originality of language

newspaper in the post-Soviet period E.V. Kahorina (2000) writes that "... in

accordance with the tradition of an old stable journalistic vocabulary is widely used

not in a denotative, but in an expressive function. Compare expressive compliance

with the new category of "president": царь Борис (tsar Boris), царь Бориска (tasr

Boriska), Борис кровавый (Bloody Boris), мученик (martyr). State high-level

officials today are called dignitaries, rallies, and strikes - turmoil and nation-wide

council, official correspondence - petitions. Particularly, press, newspapers are

characterized by the use of words with national, patriotic orientation" (Kahorina,

2000).

Slavonic words in the modern Russian language constitute a vast reservoir of archaic

vocabulary, therefore are preserved in the composition of set expressions. For

example, the word "преткновение" [pretknovenie] (stumble, obstacle) is derived

from a verb "претъкнутися" [pretknutisya] meaning "to stumble", survived only as

part of a set expression "камень преткновения", meaning "obstacle, difficulty, which

is faced by everyone". " As part of such combinations as глас вопиющего в пустыне,

древо познания добра и зла, власти предержащие (voice of one crying in the

wilderness, the tree of knowledge of good and evil, the powers that be), there are also

Slavonic words which went out of use. All these combinations have arisen when the

words преткновение [pretknovenie] (stumble), глас [glas] (voice), древо [drevo]

(tree), предержати [prederzhati] (to stumble) and etc. were not yet been out-dated,

but combining them with other words, as a result of frequent repetition, have

entrenched in the language. Such combinations in the modern language are used

primarily for styling the biblical language. The use of biblical words projecting the

idea of holiness, sacredness of everything that has a connection to the Bible and the

religious cult. This opens up the possibility for influencing theo native speakers

through an appeal to the authority of the Bible and the biblical word. For example, in

modern Russian and Kazakh newspapers there are such titles as Ne zhdat mannyi

nebesnoy” (Do not wait for manna from heaven); “Solomonovo reshenie”

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(Solomonic solution), “Rabotayut denno i noschno” (working day and night); “Glas

naroda’ (voice of the People) and others. However, they can occur not only in the

culturally significant contexts for native speakers, but also in a variety of newspaper

articles, in which cultural and religious content may be absent. For example, in the

context zaznaystvo bludnogo syina (conceit of the Prodigal Son). This is related to

different types of cases and transformations (semantic, lexical, syntactic,

contamination, paronomasia phraseological and stylistic confusions) traditional set

expressions. For example, the idiom-biblicism “Ne hlebom edinyim” (Not by bread

alone) was subjected to different lexical transformations: “Ne syirom edinyim” (Not

by cheese alone), “Ne hlopkom edinyim” (Not by cotton alone), “Ne boykotom

edinyim” (Not by boycott alone), “Ne neftyu edinoy” (Not by oil alone), etc. In this

way, the transformation of the sublime content into the subjective-personal, low

content.

Research Methodology Slavonic words as book words, having sublime and solemn color, brighter realize

their emotional and expressive potential in the language of contemporary newspapers,

mainly in the headlines - the main structural elements of newspaper texts, realizing

their basic function - affecting. In our view, the use of Slavonic words in headlines of

newspaper articles due to its actual content: “Flagman vyisshey shkolyi – na puti v

gryaduschee”– "The flagship of high school – on the way to the future"

(Kazahstanskaya Pravda, 2009).

Here the reader's attention is drawn to the book word грядущее [gryadushee] (future)

with a solemn color, which in modern everyday life speech is an alternative

designation of the future. Apparently, the content of the article itself, which sets out

the prospects for the development of the main university of the country, motivated the

use of stylistically marked Slavism грядущее [gryadushee] (future), semantic

evolution is determined by its close connection with biblical themes. Thus, analyzing

the cases of the use of the canonical use of the words гряду, грядущий [gryadushii]

(future) into the biblical texts, it can be assumed that it originally called the action

taking place now, right in front of your eyes, but the modern consciousness interprets

this action as the approaching future. "The gradual temporal rethinking of the future is

influenced by idiomatization - regular correlation of the word with a certain type of

situations and based on the ideas: a) "movement" (prototypical lexical semantics), and

b) the "real" (prototypical grammatical semantics), allows this word to ask special

insight into the future - as a "movement now," as a time of active, intruding into the

present, carrying with them significant events "(Yakovleva, 1998, p. 60). This dual

interpretation is associated with a particular subject area description: the modern

consciousness, the word грядет is clearly contrasted is as "future", "present". In our

view, the header title reflects the content of the article itself, as the word грядущий

[gryadushii] (future), above all, means coming, having at the same time some

important event-and hence the space-time semantics. On the contrary, future in the

modern language may be used with respect to subject names: my future husband, our

future flat.

A particular interest comprise the headlines with the word градъ [grad] (town)

(lacking full vocalism, such as градъ [grad] (town), злато [zlato] (gold), древо

[drevo] (tree), брег [breg] (shore), врата [vrata] (gates) and etc., which finally

came out of active use rather late - in the second half of the XIX century. However,

the roots of these words remained as a part of the derivatives and compound words:

Волгоград, безбрежный, обезглавить, древесина (Volgograd, boundless,

decapitate, wood). They, unlike their Russianisms-synonyms, are characterized by a

developed system of mobile metaphoric and symbolic meanings, so have large

expressive possibilities. As such headlines of newspaper articles as: “Krasuysya, grad


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Petra” – Shine, city of Peter" (AiF, 2003); “Grad vozdvignet zodchiy” – "A town will

be build by an architect" (Kazakhstanskaya Pravda, 2005).

They are coloured by special solemnity and sublimity. Firstly, the stylistic markedness

of the words with lack of full vocalism in the pair град-город, the city makes it

commonly used in the "high" contexts imbued with an aura of greatness and

limitations. For example, in the name of the central and most important from a

political point of view, cities that, one way or another, have been associated with the

names of prominent historical figures: Петроград, Ленинград, Сталинград,

Целиноград (Petrograd, Leningrad, Stalingrad, Teslinograd).

Second, even in the ancient language of the values of these words are clearly

differentiated: град [grad] (town) had the meaning of ‘крепость, кремль,

укрепление’ (castle, citadel, fortification), and the word город (city) – had the

meaning ‘поселение людей’ (the settlement of people). Third, attention was paid to its

compatibility with the verb "воздвигнуть" [vozdvignut] (to build) (which also has

Slavic origin, where the prefix -воз has inceptiveness meaning). This is quite natural,

because stylistically marked the word град cannot be used with a neutral verb

строить, the use of which is justified in the context type to build a house, build a

shed, and etc. In modern Russian the verb воздвигать / воздвигнуть [vozdvigat,

vozdvignut] has the meaning – ‘соорудить, построить’ (to build). Meanwhile, the

modern dictionaries distinguish the word воздвигать [vozdvigat] as a special

semantic component, pointing to the qualitative characteristics of action and object of

the action ‘строить что-либо высокое, большое; сооружать, созидать,

возводить’ (to build something tall, large; to build, to create, to erect) (Big academy

dictionary of russian, 2005, p. 54). In the Old Russian language the word воздвигать

had more complex semantic structure, and it had a value, designated as the specific

actions and abstract. Dictionary of Russian XI-XVII centuries notes the initial values,

denoting physical properties of ‘поднять вверх, придать более высокое

положение’; ‘помочь встать, поднять на ноги (лежавшего, упавшего)’;

‘соорудить, построить’; ‘восстановить, воссоздать’ ('to lift up, to give a higher

position'; 'to help to stand up, to get to on feet (lying, fallen)'; 'to construct, to build';

'to restore, to recreate') (Dictionary of russian of the 11-17 th centuries, 1975, p. 282–

283).

In the newspaper context the word воздвигать describes not only the same type of

situation, combining with the words: памятник, монумент, постамент, храм,

статуя (monument, pedestal, temple, statue):

Table 1: Contextual use of the word "to erect"

Russian English

«Вчера под вечер информационные

агентства ошарашили

общественность: ко Дню Победы на

Поклонной горе якобы планируется

воздвигнуть памятник Сталину»

(Rodkin, 2005);

«По мнению экспертов, намерение

воздвигнуть статую Галилея в

самом сердце Ватикана является

попыткой Святого Престола

примириться с научным

сообществом».

(Zorina, 2008).

"Yesterday evening the news agencies

have stunned the public: to Victory

Day at Poklonnaya Hill was allegedly

planned erecting a monument to

Stalin"

(Rodkin, 2005);

"According to experts, the intention to

erect a statue of Galileo in the heart

of the Vatican is an attempt of Holy

Seeto to reconcile with the scientific

community."

(Zorina, 2008).

(Direct translation into English)

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This expressiveness is achieved by combining a diverse vocabulary, resulting in the

formation unusual combination of high words with neutral or stylistically reduced, so

conscious stylistic errors are in the newspaper text norm:

Table 2: Contextual use of the word "to build "

Russian English

«Да и на омском стадионе «Красная

звезда», если закончить реконструкцию

и воздвигнуть трибуны-времянки,

можно собрать солидную аудиторию»

(Lysenkov, 2011);

«Заместитель мэра в ответном письме

подтвердил, что земельный участок, на

котором собираются воздвигнуть

гараж и здание, оформлен на среднюю

общеобразовательную школу № 591 и

по договору безвозмездного срочного

пользования эксплуатировать школу и

прилегающую территорию можно

только в учебно-воспитательных

целях»

(Romashova, 2005).

"In case the reconstruction will be

completed and will be erected a

makeshift grandstand at Omsk

stadium "Red Star", it is possible to

assemble a solid audience"

(Lysenkov, 2011);

"The deputy mayor in his reply

confirmed that the land on which he

is going to build the garage and

building, is registered on the

secondary school № 591 and the

contract for gratuitous use to operate

the school and the surrounding area

only in educational purposes"

(Romashova, 2005).


The verb ‘зреть’ [zryet] (to see) in its primordial, archaic meaning of ‘see, look’ in

the language of today's newspaper obtains emotional-evaluative and ironic tone:

Table 3: Contextual use of the word "look"

Russian English

«Алексей Леонидович мыслит

стратегически, он давно уже зрит на

десятилетия вперед»

(Pavlov, 2007);

«Село Гиши хаотично разметалось

домами на плоскогорьях. Красота,

коли зреть с вершин, неописуемая!

Подошел пьяненький мужичок:

«Сфотографируй меня,

корреспондент».

(Varsegov, 2003).

"Alexei Leonidovich thinks

strategically, he is already looking to

the decades ahead"

(Pavlov, 2007);

"The village Gishi has randomly

scattered houses on the plateau. If you

look from the mountain top, the

beauty is indescribable! A drunk man

came by: "Would you take a picture of

me, reporter."

(Varsegov, 2003).


Slavonic word ‘глас’ [glas] (voice) was one of the most common and prevalent in the

use of quantitative Russism голос. This is due to the fact that the word ‘глас’ [glas]

(voice) has several meanings portable ‘внушение, зов, веление какого-либо

внутреннего чувства, инстинкт, побуждения’ (suggestion, call, call of any of the

internal sense, instinct, motivation), for example, глас долга, истины, дружбы,

души, страстей (call of duty, truth, friendship, soul, passion) etc., ‘звучание

музыкальных инструментов’ (sounding musical instrument), for example, глас

свирели (the voice of the flute). Set expression ‘глас народа’ ('voice of the people')

becomes relevant in the period of perestroika, publicity, and democracy, so actively

used in the meaning ‘мнение, суждение, призыв’ (opinion, judgment, appeal) not

only in the headlines, «Глас народа» («Завтра», 15.08.2008), but also in contexts

describing the political events:


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Table 4: Contextual use of the word "voice"

Russian English

«Глас народа Кого выбирают

украинцы.

Последний социологический опрос

населения Украины на тему выборов

провел киевский центр «Третий

сектор».

(Petrushov, 2009);

«Оказалось, прокуратура услышала

глас народа, а чиновники – нет».

(Patrusheva, 2010);

«Но глас народный был услышан

лишь в наступившем году»

(Kochugov, 2011).

"The voice of the people. Whom

Ukrainians choose.

The last opinion poll of the Ukrainian

population on elections was held by

Kiev Center "Third sector".

(Petrushov, 2009);

"It turned out the prosecutor's office

heard the voice of the people, while

officials did not."

(Patrusheva, 2010);

"But people's voice was heard only in

the coming year"

(Kochugov, 2011).


The semantic and stylistic originality of the expression глас народа is manifested in

its pathos, expression, enhancing the stylistic tone, expression of civil position, which

makes this combination commonly used in the context of social-political content

mainly in the opposition press and national newspapers of patriotic orientation:

Table 5: Contextual use of the expression "voice of the people"

Russian English

«Комиссия создана для того, чтобы

чиновники слышали глас народа и

информировали общественность о

проделанной работе».

(Yanchenkova, 2008);

«Вы ссылаетесь на мнение народа,

которому якобы опротивел Союз

кинематографистов. Но откуда вам

известен глас народа? Численное

преимущество пока у старого союза».

(Zaozerskaya & Hermann, 2010).

"The Commission was established in

order to hear the voice of the people,

and inform the public about the work

done."

(Yanchenkova, 2008);

"You refer to the opinion of the people

who supposedly loathed the Union of

Cinematographers. But how do you

know the opinion of the people? The

numerical advantage has the old

Union".

(Zaozerskaya & Hermann, 2010).


Speaking about the functioning of the high bookish vocabulary in newspaper texts,

E.V. Kahorina (2000) notes that "they are being used in a new stylistic background.

Inflow of this vocabulary is opposed to the more powerful, the power of the language

of the modern newspaper stream vernacular language environment, forming pointed

reduced stylistic background language of newspaper ... The word ‘держава’

[derzhava] (power) is not simple, and superior to the word ‘государство’ (state) as

gives it the shade of силы, славы, могущества, величия. This is an old Slavonic term

is able to excite in a man exalted feelings and emotions. Once in the newspaper text,

the word держава loses its high stylistic status. Neutral and lower contexts give rise

to a new compatibility, derivatives and synonymy: угробить державу,

слаборазвитая сверхдержава, хилая держава, талонная держава, державка

(ruin power, undeveloped superpower, frail power, talon power, small power). Thus,

in a series of synonyms империя – сверхдержава – держава – государство –

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страна (superpower - power - state – country) the word ‘держава’ aims to take the

place of a neutral member of the series "(Kahorina, 2000, p. 71).

The modern newspaper and journalistic speech is characterized by a peculiar

combination of the spoken words with high or bookish words, due to a combination of

the informative standard and expression, as well as the openness of media for the

penetration of foreign style elements, particularly conversational ones. At the same

time, these words are no longer opposed to each other in terms of stylistic distinction,

the priority here obtains expressive-evaluative element of their semantics. Slavonic

words getting into the newspaper text, not only lost their high stylistic status but also

are mixed with stylistically contrasted, spoken words. Compare:

Table 6: Contextual use of the the words expressing parts of a body of the person

Russian English

«Он, мурлыча какой-то

диатонический мукам, втыкал иголки

в самые различные места моего

анемичного тела: в живот, в уши, в

ланиты, в перси, в чресла и лядвеи»

(Meshkov & Snegirev, 2007).

"He, humming about some diatonic

sufferings, and was stucking needles

into various places of anemicmy body:

in the abdomen, in the ears, in the

cheeks, to the breast, to the loins and

thigh"

(Meshkov & Snegirev, 2007).


This combination of different by style elements in the language of today's newspapers

should also be attributed to semantic processes taking place in the lexicon of modern

times. Of course, marked by high archaisms очи [ochi] (eyes), уста [usta] (mouth),

чело [chelo] (forehead), чрево [chrevo] (womb) and etc., in the newspaper texts are

combined with reduced stylistically neutral words, resulting in losing high marker

within the text, but not in the language.

"The expansion of the presentation on the newspapers pages problems are created

conditions for the interpenetration of styles, which contributed to the movement of

lexical resources from one style to another. In connection with a new drection of

journalists on "live voice element of society", rather than the construction of a special

political language, as it was in the past, the modern press incorporates a variety of

forms of verbal communication and reflects the speech practices of many social

groups, collectives, leading to coexistence and active cooperation in the language of

modern media is extremely diverse language resources, gravitating as well as "high,

but also a reduced" stylistic poles. It defines a relatively high 'mutual' permittivity of

different, including "distant" language subsystems and high speed turnover of

linguistic resources circulating in the media" (Monina 2009).

Results and Discussions

As the material, retrieved from of the Russian National Corpus (hereinafter - RNC),

shows trends in contemporary usage, as well as evolutionary and dynamic processes

taking place in the modern Russian language are most clearly reflected in the case of

newspaper texts. Our observations on the material of the newspaper texts of RNC

show that Slavonic words used in modern language newspapers are characterized by

two trends: first, the frequency in the context of a typical, well-established

combinability of words; secondly, the use of non-traditional combinations of words in

order of ironic, contrasting and metaphorical description of objects and phenomena.

Indeed, examples of the traditional use of Slavonic words are scarce in the language

of modern newspapers, on the other hand, there is observed the use of non-traditional

combinations, formed on the basis of structural and semantic transformation of an

established combination карающая рука (punishing hand). Figurative and


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metaphorical reinterpretation of Slavonic word ‘длань’ creates its new, not typical

compatibility with a variety of words that actualizes its use for irony, sarcasm, and

allegory:

Table 7: Figurative use of a word “hand”

Russian English

«Когда он стал представлять

правоохранительные органы как

карающую длань сил добра, это еще

больше насторожила»

(Mikheyev, 2006);

«Пусть эта спасающая длань растает в

воздухе, как улыбка чеширского кота,

но главное сделано – прожит еще один

день»

(How astrology was born? 2002);

«Хорошо бы все это перенести в наш

день, а в прошлом оставить длинные

очереди, руководящую длань обкома,

выборы одного депутата из одного

кандидата» (Zhuravlev, 2000).

«Стоило школам научиться

зарабатывать деньги, как немедленно

длань казначейства была наложена на

эти скромные средства»

(Yamburg, 2005);

«Посмотрите опросы общественного

мнения в западных странах, куда не

простерлась длань КПСС, – и там

политические партии замыкают список

общественных институтов, которым

доверяют население»

(Ignatov, 2005).

"When he began to represent the law

enforcement agencies as a hand of

vengeance of good forces, it became

even more alarming"

(Mikheyev, 2006);

"Let this saving hand meltin the air

like the Cheshire cat's smile, but the

main thing is done - another day is

gone"

(How astrology was born? 2002);

"It would be good to move it all in

our day, and to leave in the past the

long queues, guiding hand of the

regional committee, the election of

one deputy from one of the

candidate"

(Zhuravlev, 2000).

"As soon as schools have learnt to

make money, hand of the Treasury

has been immediately imposed on

these modest funds"

(Yamburg, 2005);

"Look to opinion polls in Western

countries, where the hand of the

Communist Party did not reach,

there political parties close the list of

public institutions that are trusted by

the population"

(Ignatov, 2005).


These contexts are related to the spiritual sphere of human life, that is, we are talking

about "high" moral matters and public foundations. Meanwhile, in the newspaper sub-

corpus of RNC are more frequent contexts based on stylistic contrast: Such

collaboration and the combination of stylistically diverse vocabulary enhance the

expressive-evaluative element in the language of the media, due to the tendency to

subjectivity of the stated information. The use of Slavonic word ‘длань’ in another

expressive function is due to the description of social phenomena in modern society

The following examples from the newspaper corpus of RNC show that such somatic

Slavonic words, as очи [ochi] (eyes), уста [usta] (mouth), ланиты [lanity] (cheeks),

чело [chelo] (forehead), etc. are preferably used to express ironically mocking lines:

Table 8: Figurative use of the the words expressing parts of a body of the person

Russian English

«На поле полдня поработаешь – очи

набухнут и слипаются»

"When you work on the field for half a

day - the eyes swell and stick together"

694

(Lvova, 2006);

«Полюби меня, раба Божьего (имя),

очи мои, руки мои, кудри мои,

поступь борзую, лицо белое, сердце

смелое»

(Kuzina, 2006);

«Вставляя в уста того или иного

героя матерное слово, я не

стремлюсь шокировать публику, это

всего лишь изобразительное

средство»

(Egorsheva, 2006);

«Вот он склонился, умыл чело,

зачерпнул воду, понес домой,

наплевав на упреждения здешних

экологов, что на «Маяке» опять что-

то лопнуло и радиация в Тече опять

зашкаливает!»

(Varsegov, 2006);

(Lvova, 2006);

"Love me, servant of God (name), my

eyes, my hands, my curls, impudent

walk, white face, courageous heart"

(Kuzina, 2006);

"Inserting a swearword into the

mouth of a hero, I'm not trying to

shock the audience, it's just a visual

tool"

(Egorsheva, 2006);

"He has bent, washed his forehead,

scooped up water, and carried it home,

spitting on preemption of local

environmentalists that on "Mayak" has

again snapped something and radiation

at the Tech had increased again!"

(Varsegov, 2006);


Stylistically marked archaisms ‘очи’, ‘уста’, ‘чело’, etc., combined in a newspaper

with neutral contexts and stylistically reduced words, losing its high stylistic status, as

a result of which there is a new compatibility of words like: очи набухнут, умыл

чело, вставляя в уста (eyes swell, washed his forehead, inserting into the mouth)

and etc. Meanwhile, the "stylistic colouring of the archaisms ‘очи’ and ‘чело’ in the

system of modern literary language is defined and constant, although it can be used in

a speech for different purposes; the ability of these words give the statement a satirical

coloring, which is caused by their stylistic properties as their ability to colour it in

high rhetorical tone. ... Thus, for the emergence of ironic, humorous tone of speech to

express satire mocking attitude to the subject of the speech with words ‘очи’, ‘чело’,

there is needed a "clash" of archaisms with other by stylistic nature words, for

example, with conversational or colloquial vocabulary. And to create a "high"

rhetorical color combination should be the same with the same type of archaisms,

high lexis. But it does not mean, that we change the stylistic coloring of the archaisms

every time" (Kozhin, Krylova & Odintsov, 1982).

In our view, the orientation of modern journalists "for live speech element of society"

has led to the interaction of heterogeneous language means - as "high" or "reduced",

while "spiritually marked words" may occur in a completely neutral, moreover,

stylistically reduced contexts. Compare:

Table 9: Contextual use of the word "face"

Russian English

«В.В. Жириновский, заместитель

председателя Государственной думы

Читатель – общественному деятелю

или всех – или никого. Развеселый

лик помощника президента Игоря

Шувалова и кошмарный смысл его

заявления просто ошарашивают»

(Example of worthy leaving, 2007).

"V. Zhirinovsky, Deputy Chairman of

the State Duma. Reader - a public

figure of all or none. Merry face of

presidential assistant Igor Shuvalov

and horrible sense of his statements

just baffle"

(Example of worthy leaving, 2007).


Here the compatibility of words is damaged: лик [lik] (face) - "high" word originally

signifying the images of saints on the icons, and later - poeticism, is used mainly in

the elevated, ceremonial contexts, and cannot be combined with the adjective


695

развеселый (cheerful). The stylistic dissonance or a mixture of styles - a phenomenon

typical of the modern newspaper language, "high" words lose their stylistic status,

resulting in enhanced expressive-evaluative element and realize the function of

affecting the readers.

It is quite logical that the fact that in the language of newspapers are most vividly and

adequately traced all the dynamic processes taking place in the modern language, as

in a mirror, is reflected the "life" of modern society, dictating priorities in the use of

language means. Word ‘чрево’ meaning 'womb' is used in various figurative

meanings. Compare:

Table 10: Contextual use of the word "belly"

Russian English

«Иными словами, если владелец

терминала является агентом

поставщика услуг, например,

телефонной компании, тогда ему

переводить ей деньги не нужно: они

юридически попадают в кассу этой

телефонной компании в тот момент,

когда мы опускаем их в чрево

автомата» ("Agency" nobody cancels

the scheme, 2007);

«Алёше не надо ни дух переводить,

ни охорашиваться, он сразу проходит

в чрево события с накрытыми

столами, замершее в ожидании, в

котором гулко цокают каблуки

пробегающих официанток и

пузырятся от сквозняка на высоких

окнах тяжёлые, ещё зимние, голубые

атласные шторы»

(Rasputin, 1998);

«С костылями (с ними вcё-таки было

привычнее) заглядывала в чёрное

чрево духовки, совала туда какой-то

пирог…»

(Grekova, 2012).

"In other words, if the terminal owner

is an agent of the service provider,

such as a telephone company, then he

transfer him money is not necessary:

they legally get to the cashier of the

telephone company at the time when

we drop them in the bottom of the

machine"

("Agency" nobody cancels the scheme,

2007);

"For Alesha is not necessary to take a

breath or plume, it immediately goes

into the heart of the event with set

tables, frozen in anticipation, in which

loudly clatter heels of running

waitresses and on the high windows

tremble from wind heavy, winter, blue

satin curtains"

(Rasputin, 1998);

«On crutches (with them it was more

habitual) looked into the black bottom

of the oven, popped back some cake

..."

(Grekova, 2012).


As can be seen from the above examples, somatic Slavonic word чрево [chrevo]

(womb), which was used in the ancient language only in relation to man and

associated with life (жена его чревата, чревная болезнь, etc..), in the modern

language is attached to objects, concepts and events and describes what is inside, in

the very center of something.

The most informative picture of the functioning of words with lack of full vocalism

древо in the modern language is represented in the corpus of newspaper texts of

RNC. So, modern and unconventional use of the word древо [drevo] (tree) is widely

found in news contexts, due to social value of language means in journalism and use

of occasional formations. Thus, the functioning of the word ‘древо’ within the

meaning of ‘genealogy, family tree’ is connected with the individual author use to

refer to specific entities, realities, and events:

696

Table 11: Contextual use of the word "tree"

Russian English

«Один из них – «Древо Тихоцких»,

повествует о генеалогии славного

рода Тихоцких, чей дом (ныне музей)

и принял у себя 5-ю Всероссийскую

генеалогическую выставку»

(Ponamarev, 2007);

«Я считаю, что наше древо Дуровых

своими ветвями переплетается», –

сказал нам Лев Константинович»

(Khrustalyova, 2007);

«И тут впору рисовать

генеалогическое древо чемпионов

первого полусреднего веса»

(Korobotov, 2007);

«Впрочем, древо получилось все

равно впечатляющее: тут и брат с

сестрой, и сын с женой, и

племянники, и, конечно, родители»

(Kotseruba, 2007);

"One of them - "The family tree of

Tihotsky" tells the story of a glorious

Tihotsky genealogy, whose house (now

a museum) has hosted the 5th All-

Russian genealogical exhibition"

(Ponamarev, 2007);

"I believe that our tree of Durovs is

intertwined by its branches," - told us,

Lev Konstantinovich".

(Khrustalyova, 2007);

"Here it is suitable to draw a

genealogic tree of champions of first

welterweight".

(Korobotov, 2007);

"However, the tree still turned out to

be impressive: there are brother and

sister, son and his wife, nephews, and,

of course, the parents'

(Kotseruba, 2007);


The explication of word with the lack of vocalism ‘древо’ does not correspond with

the biblical content and is not associated with the designation of branch ancestry.

Sustainable use of the traditions of Old Slavonic origin verbs associated with the

development of mobile value in their semantics. Thus, the verb воспрянуть

[vospryanut] (rise up) was initially used only in the literal meaning of ‘вспрыгиваю,

вскакиваю’ (jump up, jump out). Figurative meaning to ‘оживиться, пробудиться к

деятельности, ободриться’ (to revive, to awaken to the activities, to cheer up) this

word gains due to abstract metaphorical thinking and in this meaning of the verb

воспрянуть was used in the poetic language of XVIII-XIX centuries. The

metaphorical interpretation of the verb rise, defined in Lomonosov's poetry, will be

further developed in the linguistic practice of poets and writers of the next decades.

And perhaps that is a metaphor used by Lomonosov goes in figurative interpretation

of the verb воспрянуть in poetry of A.S. Pushkin, and in particular in his poem «К

Чаадаеву» – «Россия вспрянет ото сна»... ("To Chaadaev" - "Russia will rise from

sleep" ...) The metaphorical interpretation of the verb воспрянуть, preserving a high

stylistic coloration of Lomonosov's usage, became a tradition for the poetic language

of the XIX century. In modern Russian language the verb воспрянуть has a special

lexical-semantic variant and describes the same type of situation, so combined with

the same word, for example: воспрянуть духом (to cheer up, to respire). Due to the

fact that the Slavonic word ‘воспрянуть’ gets in a figurative meaning the expression

of citizenship, which expresses a distinct socio-political orientation, it is combined

with the words народ, нация (people, nation) and etc.

If we pay attention to sources of examples of using the verb ‘воспрянуть’ in the

language of modern newspapers, most of them are retrieved from the newspaper

"Soviet Sport" or columns about sports and sports news in the central Russian media:


697

Table 12: Contextual use of the verb "respir"

Russian English

Может ли народ воспрянуть духом

после испытаний, что выпали на его

долю?»

(Roslyakov, 2000);

«После ошибок Князева и дважды

Сергеева мы смогли воспрянуть

духом и вырвали ничью»

(Belyakov, 2007);

"Can people cheer up after the

hardships that have fallen to its share?"

(Roslyakov, 2000);

"After Knyazev's and Sergeev's

mistakes we could perk up and

snatched a draw"

(Belyakov, 2007);


These examples demonstrate the modern usage of the verb ‘воспрянуть’ in the

meaning of ‘приободриться’, ‘оживиться’, ‘подаваться вперед’ ('to cheer up', 'to

revive', 'to fed forward') to describe similar situations in life mainly in sports, in which

the spirit of competition is growing, and people, overcoming fatigue and fear, gather

all his strength and will in a fist. Description of similar situations also gives rise to the

same type of contextual use of the word (Ulukhanov, 2012, p.45) which leads to its

stability, i.e., phaseologization.

Some verbs of Old Slavic origin contain in their semantics, and negative emotional:

ввергать, влачить, содеять, попирать, посягать (to plunge, to drag, to commit, to

trample, to infringe) etc. According to the V.J. Golub (1983), "high vocabulary -

words, stylistic coloring which is traditionally assigned to specific contexts and

situations, is to create elation, pathos in the speech; pathos is connected not only with

solemn, laudatory tone of the speech, but also an expression of grief, anger,

indignation, etc. This understanding allows high vocabulary to recognize that high

tokens may include with its semantics both positive and negative assessment" (Golub

1983, p. 83). So, some synonymous words are contrasted by rows of emotional-

evaluative color in accordance with the stylistic scale: positive / negative with the

same subject-logical content. For example, свершить – совершить – содеять (to

make - to perform - to commit) and despite the fact that the verb содеять in modern

dictionaries is stylistically marked as a word referring to a high vocabulary, it

expresses a negative emotional coloring. In the language of contemporary newspapers

frequently found typical contexts of the verb ввергнуть in a negative meaning

‘привести к чему-либо, втянуть’ (to cause anything, to draw down) in such actions

and deeds, which would have negative consequences:

Table 13: Contextual use of the verb "plunge"

Russian English

«И они (эти силы) пре попытку

разжечь пожар межнациональной

розни, прекрасно осознавая, что

подобные конфликты на многие

десятилетия могут ввергнуть страну в

полосу хаоса, трагедии, кровополития»

(Snegirev, 2010).

"And they (the forces) were the

attempt to ignite the fire of ethnic

hatred, knowing well that such

conflicts for many decades could

plunge the country into chaos,

band, and tragedy of massacre"

(Snegirev, 2010).


As a rule, the verb ‘ввергнуть’ [vvergnut] (to plunge) is used in the context of socio-

political content and, accordingly, in conjunction with the words of the страна, мир,

народ, человечество (country, world, nation, humanity) and others. According to

some observations, the word ‘ввергнуть’ [vvergnut] (to plunge) was recovered in the

Russian language from the outdated language in the Great Patriotic War and served as

698

a means to create a solemn, pathetic tone (ввергнуть в пучину войны - to plunge into

the abyss of war)» (Golub, 1983, p. 84). Multiple contexts of the newspaper texts

indicate that the modern use of the word is associated with the creation of a raised

tone of speech.

The combination of the verb to overthrow the words with the socio-political semantics

президент, законная власть, система, правительство, диктатор, правящий

режим (pesident, legitimate power, system, government, dictator, regime) and others

due to its traditional context use. However, one of the means of expression of the

subjectivity of the journalist in the media today is the use of non-traditional

combinations of words in order to individualization of style information message and

gain expressive qualities of speech evaluation:

Table 14: Contextual use of the verb "respir"

Russian English

«Дешевый маленький кроссовер с

непритязательным дизайном

обязательно должен был свергнуть

японца с пьедестала»

(Badalova, 2008);

«А по-настоящему серьезные

последствия, способные «свергнуть»

доллар с его позиции лидирующей

мировой валюты, возможны только в

случае перехода всего нефтяного

рынка на евро»

(Popov, 2004).

"Cheap little crossover with

unpretentious design necessarily had

to overthrow the Japanese from the

pedestal"

(Badalova, 2008);

"A really serious consequences that

can "overthrow" dollar with its

position as a leading world currency,

are possible only in case the oil

market will make transition to euro"

(Popov, 2004).


Occasional expression statement fills special semantic information, which is

manifested in a subjective vision of reality by the author, is refracted in the creative

minds in their own system of values. For example, the Biblical phraseologism ‘манна

небесная’ (manna from heaven) means 'something desirable, it is necessary, rare', and

has nothing to do with semolina. According to the biblical myth - it's the food that

God sent the Jewish people from the sky every morning, when the "sons of Israel"

went into the desert to the promised. In fact, according to botanists, ‘манна небесная’

- this is just edible lichen that grows in the deserts of Africa and Asia Minor, light

gray lumps which are raised up by the wind, and it seems that they fall from the sky.

This refers to the combination of the most modern frequency phraseology in speech

communication, not only in its original meaning" ‘что-либо желанное, крайне

необходимое, редкое’, but in occasional use as a consequence of his metaphorical

rethinking on the basis of subjective associations that are more typical for the media

language:

Table 15: Contextual use of bible expression “manna from heaven”

Russian English

«Для тех, кто проводит бессонные

ночи в борьбе с преступниками,

появление подобного свидетеля – как

манна небесная».

(Gorshkov, 2006).

"For those who spend sleepless nights

in the fight against criminals, the

appearance of this witness is like

manna from heaven."

(Gorshkov, 2006).


There idiom is used in a non-traditional sense: ‘выгодный поворот дел’ (favorable

turn of affairs). Despite the fact that occasional use violate phraseological norms

enshrined in the dictionary, "they indicate the semantic potential of biblical


699

phraseology, which provides its inclusion in the modern conditions of

communication, however, if we consider biblicisms in the aspect of mastering by the

native speakers, the deviations from the language standard are seen as evidence of the

development and exploitation of this fragment of Russian vocabulary and

phraseology" (Didkovskaya, 2007, p. 154).

Conclusion

According to our observations, in newspaper texts Slavonic words describe either a

positive or a negative situation that are associated with the formation of the moral

concepts that represent a semantic and stylistic originality in the composition of

emotional and expressive, evaluative vocabulary. For example, the Church Slavonic

vocabulary with positive emotional expressive colouring подвиг, мужество,

доблесть, благо, добродетель, благополучие, помощь, благородный, посвятить,

воскресить, благословить, воспрянуть, искупить, прозреть (feat, courage, valor,

good, virtue, prosperity, help, noble, to devote, to revive, to bless, to rise, to redeem,

to see the light) etc. has formed the conceptual sphere of high moral qualities in the

minds of the people. Vocabulary with such negative coloring as the вред, срам,

безобразие, безумие, тщеславие, брань, измена, враг, коварный, праздный,

пресмыкаться, предать, влачить (harm, shame, disgrace, madness, ambition,

abuse, betrayal, enemy, treacherous, idle, grovel, to betray, to drag) negatively

assessing those or other phenomena, has contributed, in turn, to the formation of the

negative qualities of the Russian people.

Functioning of Slavonic words in the language of modern newspapers is

characterized, on the one hand, by the actualization of the spiritual aspects of life, on

the other by the intensification of the processes of ironic reduction of stylistically

marked "high" vocabulary. The frequency of use of Slavonic words in various texts is

related to, first of all, the target setting of the writing and the style-forming factors: if

in the literary text Slavonic words act as a means of stylization, in the newspaper text

- as a means of speech influence. In our view, the trend of use of language means in

newspaper texts related to both intra-linguistic factors (mastering of the literary and

journalistic traditions, their expressive possibilities of affecting the function), and

extra linguistic factors (psychological, social, political, cultural, social and economic).

Sociocultural description of ethno-cultural realities in the process of intercultural

communication is presented in our article «Axiological characteristics of ethno

cultural realities in cross-cultural communication» (Kiynova, Sansyzbayeva &

Akhmetzhanova, 2017).

Thus, the material extracted from the newspaper of subcorpus of RNC, reveals the

peculiarities of Slavonic words in modern language newspapers it describes them with

diachronic position in synchrony of the language. It is quite logical that the fact that

the language of newspapers is most vivid and adequately traced all the dynamic

processes taking place in the language, and is reflected in the newspaper "life" of

modern society, dictating priorities in the use of language means.

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Words: 8075

Characters: 53 819 (29,90 standard pages)

Zhanar Kiynova, Prof. D.Sc.

Department of the Russian Philology and World literature

Al Farabi Kazakh National University

Almaty

Kazakhstan

[email protected]

Sandugash Sansyzbaeva, PhD



Almaty

mailto:[email protected]

702

Kazakhstan

[email protected]

Ainash Ahmetzhanova, PhD



Almaty

Kazakhstan

[email protected]

Dariga Kapasova, PhD

Department of all-university humanitarian disciplines

Nur-Mubarak Egypt University of Islamic Culture.

Almaty

Kazakhstan

[email protected]

Indira Muratbayeva, PhD

Department of Socio-Cultural Technologies

Saint-Petersburg University of the Humanities and Social Sciences (Almaty branch)

9/11 Chaikovskiy St.

050004 Almaty

Kazakhstan

[email protected]





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