Adrian Smith, Alison Stenning, Katie Willis Soci(Bookos.org) neoliberalism
The Tatton Estate, 31 October 2017 Alison Smith ... · Tools for assessing the benefits of Natural...
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Tools for assessing the benefits of Natural Capital
The Tatton Estate, 31 October 2017Alison Smith, University of Oxford
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We need your feedback
This is a new area for research
Tools are emerging but most are still in development
We want to learn how to tailor them to meet your needs
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How to assess natural capital benefits
Scoping – what natural benefits can your land provide?
Mapping – where are the benefits provided and received?
Valuing – making the business case
Opportunities to protect and enhance the value and resilience of your natural capital
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What tools can help?
Looked for tools that are:• Suitable for detailed analysis of a single estate• Focus on rural services• Simple to use, or fully supported• Suitable for the UK
Reviewed 144 tools Scoping: checklist Mapping: Viridian, NaturETrade and SENCE Valuing: tool outputs can feed into valuation
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Wildlife habitat• Intrinsic & existence value• Pollination, pest predators
Cultural services• Landscape, local identity• Recreation, education
Regulating services• Flood control• Erosion control• Water quality• Air quality• Carbon storage • Local climate• Noise regulation
Provisioning services• Food: crops,
livestock, fish• Timber• Biofuels • Fresh water supply
Scoping: What services can your land provide?
Natural capitalSoil, water, plants,
animals
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Wildlife habitat• Pollination, pest predators• Intrinsic & existence value
Cultural services• Landscape, local identity• Recreation, education
Regulating services• Flood control• Erosion control• Water quality• Air quality• Carbon storage • Local climate• Noise regulation
Provisioning services• Food: crops,
livestock, fish• Timber• Biofuels • Fresh water supply
Interactions between services
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Global
Catchment
Estate owner
Local people
Wildlife habitat• Pollination, pest predators• Intrinsic & existence value
Cultural services• Landscape, local identity• Recreation, education
Regulating services• Flood control• Erosion control• Water quality• Air quality• Carbon storage • Local climate• Noise regulation
Provisioning services• Food: crops,
livestock, fish• Timber• Biofuels • Fresh water supply
Who benefits?
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Scoping
Need to know:• Supply: What habitats can supply each service?• Condition: How does habitat condition affect
the service?• Demand: Who can benefit from the service?
Opportunities: Could natural capital be enhanced?Threats: Can you improve the resilience of your natural capital?
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Scoping: a simple checklist
Regulating Services
Habitat for supply Condition Demand
Water quality Forest, shrub, wetland, riparian vegetation(Arable and improved grassland – can be negative)
Ground coverInfiltration
Location – between source and streamWater quality vulnerable zone
Flood control Trees, shrub, wetland, floodplain
InfiltrationSize &age of trees
Location - upstream of a flood zonePopulation affected
Erosion control
Trees, shrubs, permanent grassland, buffer strips, contour planting, terraces(Arable – can be negative)
Ground cover
SlopeRainfallSoil erodibilityPosition on slope
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Scoping: a simple checklist
Cultural Services
Habitat for supply
Condition Demand
Aesthetic landscape
Trees, water, semi-natural habitats, flowering plants
Landscape diversity, species diversity, water quality
Accessibility / view
Recreation Accessible green space and water
Footpath access, signposting, facilities, wildness
Distance to populationDeprivation index
Education Semi-natural habitats
Access, information boards, facilities
Distance to schoolsDeprivation index
Sense of place Locally characteristic habitats
Accessibility / view
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Scoping: data sourceshttp://data.gov.uk/
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Scoping: MAGIC datahttp://magic.defra.gov.uk/
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Scoping: MAGIC datahttp://magic.defra.gov.uk/
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Mapping: basic land-cover map
ArableImproved grasslandSemi-natural grasslandWoodlandScrubBuildingsQuarry
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HABITAT
Recreation
Aesthetic
Spiritual
Intellectual
Sense of Place
Wildness
Pollination
Pest Control
Habitat
Global Clim
ate
Air Quality
Flood Protection
Water Q
uality
Soil Erosion
Local Climate
Noise
Crops
Urban Food
Livestock
Water Supply
Broad-leaved semi-natural woodland 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 2.0 0.5 2.0Broad-leaved plantation 4.5 4.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.0Coniferous plantation 3.0 2.5 1.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 2.5 3.5 5.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5Dense/continuous scrub 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 4.5 3.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 1.0Unimproved acidic grassland 3.5 4.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 3.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.5Unimproved neutral grassland 4.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 3.0 4.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.5Unimproved calcareous grassland 3.5 4.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.5 4.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 2.5Improved grassland 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.5 1.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 5.0 1.5Marsh/marshy grassland 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.5 5.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 3.0Tall ruderal 1.5 2.0 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.5Dry heath/acid grassland mosaic 3.0 4.5 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 3.5 5.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.0Standing water 4.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.0 5.0 2.5 1.0 1.5 3.5 0.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 5.0Arable 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 1.0 1.0Amenity grassland 3.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 3.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0Bare ground 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0Urban - hard surfaces 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Scores
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Habitat for wildlifeES Score
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Food production ES Score
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S1 S2 S3 …
Hab 1 5 5 3 …
Hab 2 3 2 1 …
… … … …
S1 S2 S3 …
Before 525 600 300 …
After 1 200 270 120 …
After 2 … … …
Habitat map
Adjust scores for quality, condition, and
location
Sum of (Score x area)
Matrix of scores
Total scores for each service
Assessing Net Gain
ES1
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Natural Capital Planning Tool
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Natural Capital Planning Tool
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Natural Capital Standard for Green Infrastructure (Prototype)
Score BonusStand of 10+ trees / woodland retained HBV 1 yesRetained native hedgerow (≥ 3 native species) 1 yes Retained native hedgerow (≤ 2 species) 0.8 yesStand of 10+ trees / woodland retained LBV 0.8Retained species rich meadow 0.8 yesRetained non-native hedgerow 0.8Retained native tree 0.8 yes SuDS HBV 0.8 YesCommunity growing area/allotment 0.8Rain garden HBV 0.8 Yes Retained non-native tree 0.8Shrub bed HBV 0.8 yesStand of 10+ trees / woodland planted HBV 0.8 yesGreen roof HBV 0.8 yesEstablished wildflower meadow 0.8 yesVertical greening HBV 0.6
Score BonusStand of 10+ trees / woodland planted LBV 0.6Water feature (e.g. pond), HBV 0.6 YesAmenity grassland with bulbs / naturalised grassland 0.6Shrub bed LBV 0.4SuDS LBV 0.4Amenity grassland 0.4Green roof LBV 0.4Rain garden LBV 0.4Planted native tree 0.4Planted native hedgerow (≥ 3 native species) 0.4Planted native hedgerow (≤ 2 species) 0.3Vertical greening LBV 0.3Planted non-native hedgerow 0.3Planted non-native tree 0.3Naturalised play area 0.3Permeable paving/gravel/ with green element 0.2Herbaceous flower bed border 0.2Permeable paving / gravel / partially porous surface 0.2Water feature LBV 0.2Sealed areas e.g. tarmac, concrete 0
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Natural England maps based on scores
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Mapping: datasets
Carbon stored in soil and vegetation, t/ha (CEH)
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Mapping: datasets
Carbon stored in soil and vegetation, t/ha (CEH)
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• Models flow of water down slope• Models how vegetation slows the flow and
traps sediment
Mapping tools: flow models
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Mapping: hotspots
Eco-Serv-GIS modelRun by Natural Capital Solutions
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Mapping: opportunitiesFlood protection
ES Score
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Mapping: opportunitiesAir quality
Benefits depend on:
• Vegetation type
leaf area index
pollution removal rate
• Distance from roads
pollution levels
• Population living close to roads (e.g. 100m)
• Health deprivation levels
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Mapping: opportunities
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Scorese.g. 0 to 5
Process modelse.g. runoff
Datasetse.g. soil carbon t/ha
Mapping
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Scorese.g. 0 to 5
Process modelse.g. runoff
Datasetse.g. soil carbon t/ha
Mapping
Local knowledgeParticipatory maps
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Valuing: some challenges
What is the value of a view?
What is the value of a species?
What is the value of a life?
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Measuring value
Quality• Description, score, or high / medium / low Quantity• Physical units e.g. carbon stored (t/ha), avoided
erosion (tonnes of soil / ha), abundance of pollinators, visitor numbers
Monetary value• £, e.g. value of goods or services produced,
avoided damage
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Example: flood protection
Quality• Flood regulation potential (e.g. forests=5, urban=1) Quantity• Run-off avoided (cubic metres/year during storms)• Reduction in peak river levels (cm)• Number of houses not floodedMonetary value• Avoided damage from flooding• Replacement cost of flood defences
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Example: landscape beauty
Quality• Aesthetic beauty (e.g. forests=5, urban=1) Quantity• Visitor numbers per year• Number of Flickr photosMonetary value • Travel time costs• House prices• Willingness to pay (surveys)
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Valuing: tools
• NaturETrade – value depends on market • Viridian – estimates reduction in flooding and
water pollution; can derive values with extra data (avoided water treatment costs and flood damage)
• InVEST – includes valuation but needs expertise• iTree – value of trees for carbon, air quality and
amenity
Most studies use a bespoke approach
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UK Natural Capital Accounts for Farmland (2014)
Service Physical measure
Annual value Asset value£ million
Crops and grazed biomass
Million t £1330 M/y £38,157 M
Water abstraction Cubic metres £5.7 M/y £161 M
Solar power GWh
Pollution removed
Thousand t £189 M/y £5690 M
Recreation Time spent £312 M/y £6560 M
Education Visits £2.3 M/y £54 MTotal £50,623 M
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UK Natural Capital Accounts for Woodland (2015)
Service Physical measurement
Annual value£ million / y
Asset value£ million
Timber Total timber removals
£227 M/y £6,583 M
Carbon sequestration
Million tonnes CO2
£1045 M/y £42,857 M
Air quality Tonnes pollution removed
£767 M/y £24,951 M
Recreation Time spent at habitat
£291 M/y £13,193 M
Total £87,585 M
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Selected toolsTool Flow
model ?Hotspots? Opportunity
maps?Valuation?
Viridianconsultancy
Y Y Y (Y)
NaturETradeweb map
Y Y (Y)
SENCEconsultancy
Y Y
InVESTFree - need expert
Y Y Y Y
EcoServ-GISFree - need expert
Y Y
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Thank you
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Scoping: a simple checklist
Provisioning Services
Habitat for supply
Condition Demand
Crops, livestock
Cropland, pasture Agricultural land class
Fishing Freshwater Water qualityTimber Production forestBiofuels Biofuel crops;
forestWater supply Grassland
(infiltration)Wetland (storage)(Forest – can be negative)
Soil compaction
Population served by catchment or aquiferWater scarcity
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Scoping: a simple checklist
Regulating Services
Habitat for supply Condition Demand
Air quality Trees, hedges, shrubs Leaf area and structure
AQMA, busy road or built up areaPopulationHealth deprivation
Carbon storage
Trees, shrub, peat soil (bog, wetland)
Size / age of trees
Local climate Trees Close to buildingsHigh summer temperatures
Noise regulation
Trees, shrubs Between busy road and buildings
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Scoping: a simple checklist
Biodiversity Habitat for supply
Condition Demand
Wildlife habitat
Semi-natural habitat
Water qualityBiodiversityConnectivityPatch sizeNoise, light, human disturbance
Conservation status
Pollination, Pest predators
Semi-natural habitat
Species diversityStructural diversityFlowering plants, long grass, beetle banks, dead wood, log piles
Close to crops (requiring pollination)
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• Scoring– Natural Capital Planning Tool (testing)– Natural England Eco-metric (in development)– Natural Capital Standard for GI (prototype)
• Modelling– Free DIY tools: InVEST, ARIES, EcoServ-GIS– Proprietary tools: Viridian, SENCE, LUCI– Web maps: Co$ting Nature, NaturETrade
• Valuing– DIY Spreadsheets: GI-Val, BEST SuDS Tool– Specialist: iTree-Eco (trees); Orval (recreation)– Bespoke / consultancy
Tools