The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This...

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The Surge of Nationalism

Transcript of The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This...

Page 1: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language.

The Surge of Nationalism

Page 2: The Surge of Nationalism. Nationalism… A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country This feeling often develops among people who share a common language.

Nationalism…

• A strong feeling of devotion to one’s country

• This feeling often develops among people who share a common language and heritage…

• In the 19th c. nationalism manifested itself in movements for unification and self-determination.

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Nationalism changed the map of Europe created by the Congress of Vienna

• Led to the unification of the Italian-speaking and German-speaking people

• Led to the break-up of the Austrian and Ottoman empires

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The Unification of Italy…• .

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Napoleon’s rule of Italy…

• Eliminated trade barriers among the different Italian states

• Roads were built to link various regions

• The Napoleonic code created a legal system of equality and justice

• Italian states were given constitutions and representative assemblies…

• A feeling of nationalism

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• The Carbonari- secret clubs in every state drawn mainly from the middle class and army officers…

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Giuseppe Mazzini…The Soul of Italian Unification”

• As a liberal, he fought for a republic

• As a romantic, he believed a re-awakened and united Italy would usher in a new age of progress for all humanity

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Mazzini’s Young Italy

• A secret organizanization

for Italian unification and the transformation of Europe into a brotherhood of free peoples.

• His enthusiasm and charisma attracted many young people to his cause.

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Count Camillo Cavour-“The Brains of Italian Unification.”

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Count Camillo Cavour-“The Brains of Italian Unification.”

• Domestic policies• Conspiracy with

France- Victory over Austria

• Acceptance of small, Italian states

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Giuseppe Garibaldi “The Sword of Italian Unification.”

• In 1860, Garibaldi and 1,000 red-shirted patriots landed in Sicily to overthrow its Bourbon monarchy.

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Garibaldi- a true Italian patriot…

• Garibaldi captured the hearts of the poor and illiterate in southern Italy.

• His army grew as he marched north towards Rome.

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Garibaldi’s sacrifice…

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1861, The Kingdom of Italy: King Victor Emmanuel II

• Two regions remained outside the control of the new kingdom:

• Venetia (1866) • the city of Rome (1870)

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• Despite all the threats of Pope IX, the Italian government moved its headquarters from Florence to Rome on July 1, 1871. King Victor Emmanuel was very superstition and dreaded the Pope's excommunication but he overcame his fears and entered Rome on July 2, 1871.

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German unification

• The Congress of Vienna created 39 separate states

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1815: The German Confederation is formed

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Factors promoting German unity…

• Napoleon’s influence

• The Congress of Vienna

• The German intelligentsia

• The Romanticists view of the “Fatherland”

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Factors hindering unity…

• Differences among the German people

• Opposition of Austria

• Opposition of lesser German states

• Opposition of France

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• Bismarck’s strategy : “Blood and Iron”

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Three wars for unification…

• The Danish War (1864)- Prussia joined by Austria, easily defeated Denmark and took the territories of Schleswig-Holstein

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The Seven Weeks War, 1866, Bismarck created the North German Confederation

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The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

• Bismarck provoked a war with France to bring the south German states under his control.

• Napoleon III was tricked into war, quickly defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Frankfurt…(Alsace-Lorraine/war costs)

• ***The harsh terms of the treaty planted the seeds for World War I.

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The German Empire

• In 1871, Bismarck proclaimed William I as “Kaiser of the Germans,” thus creating the German Empire.

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Nationalism: a force for unity and a division

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Nationalism led to friction…

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Nationalism led to the decline of the Ottoman empire

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• On the eve of World War One (1914) Nationalistic movements had created an atmosphere of tension and suspicion among the people and their governments.

• The distrust and animosity fueled by Nationalism is regarded as one of the underlying causes of the Great War.

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