The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter...
-
Upload
berniece-paul -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
1
Transcript of The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter...
![Page 1: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Study of Human Development
The Development of Children (5th ed.)
Cole, Cole & Lightfoot
Chapter 1
![Page 2: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Basic Concepts
Developmental psychology A study of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial
changes that transpire throughout the course of human development
Growth years Period from
infancy through adolescence
![Page 3: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Study of Child Development
FocusPhysical changesCognitive changesPsychosocial changes
AimPromote the healthy
development of childrenAnswer important questions…
![Page 4: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Intriguing Questions
How are fetuses in the womb influenced by the events occurring in the outside world, and how do such influences shape their development?
Can changes in diet and upbringing compensate for genetic abnormalities?
In what ways is brain development affected by experience?
![Page 5: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Intriguing Questions What makes it possible for
infants to acquire their native language so rapidly with no special training?
When do children become aware that other people have thought processes of their own, and what makes this awareness possible?
What leads to the marked differences in levels and forms of aggression between boys and girls early in childhood?
![Page 6: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Intriguing Questions
Why do some children learn to read with little effort, while others require extensive help?
What causes some children to be bullies?
When do children begin to reason systematically, and what makes this form of thought possible?
Is parent-child conflict a necessary part of adolescence?
![Page 7: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Overview of the JourneyOverview of the Journey
Early Beginnings of Modern Developmental Psychology
Central Questions of Developmental Psychology
Developmental Psychologyas a Discipline
Early Beginnings of Modern Developmental Psychology
Central Questions of Developmental Psychology
Developmental Psychologyas a Discipline
![Page 8: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Early Beginnings of Modern Developmental
Psychology
Jean-Marc Itard and Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron
Industrial Revolution and Research into Child Labor Conditions
Charles Darwin’s The Origin of Species
![Page 9: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Victor, The Wild Boy
France (province of Aveyron), 1800, ~age 12 Jean-Marc Itard (physician)
To test the theory that social environment shapes a child’s development
Abandoned the experiment after 5 years Victor never learned to speak or interact normally Maybe as a result of autism or social isolation
A beginning point for developmental psychology because Itard was among first to go beyond mere speculation to conduct experiments to test his ideas
![Page 10: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Child Labor Conditions
England (1833): Factory Inquiries Committee decided that 12 hours was an acceptable workday for children Others disagreed: Believed that 10-hour workday
preferable, with remaining 2 hours devoted to religious/moral education
Research results: Children who worked in textile mills were shorter and weighed less than local nonworking children
![Page 11: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The Origin of Species (1859)
Rather than viewing children merely are imperfect adults, not to be seen or heard
Children came to be viewed as scientifically interesting because their behavior might provide clues to ways in which humans are related to other species
![Page 12: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a speciesOntogeny: Development of an individual organism over its lifetime
![Page 13: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Distinctive Differences…
Homo sapiens Develops a unique environment consisting of
artifacts (e.g., tools, clothing, words), knowledge (e.g., how to construct and use artifacts), beliefs, and values culture
Shapes and transmits culture to succeeding generations largely through language
Seeks understanding of transcendental dimensions
![Page 14: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Central Questions of Developmental
Psychology
Continuity
Sources of Development
Plasticity
Individual Differences
![Page 15: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Question of Continuity
Is the process of development gradual and continuous (primarily in the form of quantitative changes), or is it marked by abrupt, stagelike discontinuities (primarily in terms of qualitative changes)?
![Page 16: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Continuous/ Quantitative
vs.
Discontinuous/ Qualitative
Developmental StagesDevelopmental Stages
![Page 17: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Developmental Stages
1. Distinguished by qualitative changes (e.g., crawling walking)
2. Marked by simultaneous changes in many, if not all, aspects of a child’s behavior (e.g., enhanced mobility new child-caregiver relations)
3. Characterized by rapid changes (e.g., transition from crawling walking in < 90 days)
4. Behavioral and physical changes merge to form a coherent pattern (e.g., walking accompanied by pointing, ability to follow another’s gaze, first words, new child-caregiver relations)
![Page 18: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
List three ways in which the person you were at the age of 5 differed from the person you were at the age of 15.
Label those differences as either qualitative or quantitative.
List three ways in which the person you were at the age of 5 differed from the person you were at the age of 15.
Label those differences as either qualitative or quantitative.
![Page 19: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The Question of Developmental Sources
How do nature (biology) and nurture (environment) interact to produce development?
![Page 20: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Philosophical Foundations
Nature of man
John Locke: Tabula rasa (neutral)
Jean-Jacques Rousseu (Emile): Innately good
Jonathan Swift (“odious vermin”): Intrinsically evil
![Page 21: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Nature vs. Nurture
Gender and mathematics: A case in point… Nature (inherited biological predispositions)
Advise girls to take less challenging math courses, use different standards on quantitative sections of standardized tests
Nurture (influence of the social and cultural environment on the individual)Encourage girls to take more challenging math courses, hold out societal models of women in math and science
![Page 22: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
List two major ways in which you are like your best friend and two major ways in which the two of you are different.
What causal factors do you think are primarily responsible for these similarities and differences?
List two major ways in which you are like your best friend and two major ways in which the two of you are different.
What causal factors do you think are primarily responsible for these similarities and differences?
![Page 23: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Question of Plasticity
To what degree, and under what conditions, is development open to change and intervention?
![Page 24: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Are there critical or sensitive periods? “No” & “Yes”
Konrad Lorenz & Goslings
![Page 25: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The Question of Individual Differences
How do people come to have stable individual characteristics that differentiate them from one another?
![Page 26: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Individual Differences
1. What makes individuals different from each other? Nature vs. nurture: fussy infant, obese child
2. To what extent are individual characteristics stable over time? Is the temperament of a baby an indicator of
its personality as an adult? Case of children who remain in an orphanage
vs. adopted (p. 13) – What might be the implications?
![Page 27: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Developmental Psychology as
a Discipline
Criteria of Scientific Description
Methods of Data Collection
Research Designs
The Role of Theory
![Page 28: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Criteria of Scientific Description
Objectivity Not distorted by preconceptions
Reliability Test-retest & inter-rater consistency
Validity Actually reflects what is being studied
Replicability Similar findings by other researchers
![Page 29: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Methods of Data Collection
Self-Reports Interviews, questionnaires,
behavioral checklists Problems: Inaccuracies, may not
understand questions, selective memory
Naturalistic Observations Baby biographies (e.g., Darwin,
Piaget), ecological studies (e.g., developmental niche)…
Problems: Difficult to maintain objectivity, observer may affect situation
![Page 30: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
TheEcologicalApproach
![Page 31: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Methods of Data Collection
Experimental Methods Experimental & control group Problems: Correlation vs.
causation, artificiality of context
Clinical Interview Methods Tailor question depending on
answer to previous question (e.g., Freud, Piaget)
Problems: Difficult to compare across individuals, relies heavily on verbal expression
![Page 32: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Research Designs
![Page 33: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What is one question you have about the development of children?
How do you think one might go about finding the answer?
What is one question you have about the development of children?
How do you think one might go about finding the answer?
![Page 34: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Role of Big Theory
Gesell & Freud
Watson & Skinner
Piaget
Vygotsky
Endogenous factors
Exogenous factors
Active shaping
Mediated by culture
![Page 35: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Bio-Social-Behavioral Shift
A transition point in development during which a convergence of biological, social, and behavioral changes occurs to cause distinctively new forms of child functioning.
A transition point in development during which a convergence of biological, social, and behavioral changes occurs to cause distinctively new forms of child functioning.
![Page 36: The Study of Human Development The Development of Children (5 th ed.) Cole, Cole & Lightfoot Chapter 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649e4d5503460f94b4306a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Prominent Shifts & Subsequent Periods
Shift Point Developmental Period
Conception Prenatal period
Birth Early infancy
2 ½ months Middle infancy
7-9 months Late infancy
24-30 months Early childhood
5-7 years Middle childhood
11-12 years Adolescence
19-21 years Adulthood