The Study of The Study of HistoryHistory

Primary Sources, Primary Sources, Historiography, and Historiography, and

Early American HistoryEarly American History

History is a mystery!History is a mystery!

We weren’t there We weren’t there so we don’t know so we don’t know what happened.what happened.

So how do we put So how do we put the whole story the whole story together?together?

Putting the Puzzle Together:Putting the Puzzle Together:Primary SourcesPrimary Sources

Documents created by those Documents created by those who participated in or who participated in or witnessed the events of the witnessed the events of the past tell us something that past tell us something that even the best-written book even the best-written book or article cannot convey.or article cannot convey.

These documents, or artifacts, These documents, or artifacts, are often referred to as are often referred to as primary sources. primary sources. What What does primary mean? The does primary mean? The original document with no original document with no additions or modifications.additions or modifications.

What are artifacts?What are artifacts?

PhotographsPhotographsOld photographs are Old photographs are time machines. They time machines. They allow us to look back in allow us to look back in history, freeze a history, freeze a moment in time, and moment in time, and imagine ourselves as imagine ourselves as part of the past.part of the past.

What can you learn from looking What can you learn from looking at this photo? What does it say to at this photo? What does it say to you? What can you tell about the you? What can you tell about the people in this picture?people in this picture?

What are artifacts?What are artifacts?

PaintingsPaintings

All written history, All written history, words and pictures, words and pictures, reflects an author’s reflects an author’s or artist’s or artist’s interpretation of past interpretation of past events. Reported events. Reported history is subjective history is subjective by nature.by nature.

What do you think this What do you think this painting is reporting?painting is reporting?

What are artifacts?What are artifacts? Written Written DocumentsDocumentsOne of the ways to take One of the ways to take the pulse of a society is to the pulse of a society is to search through its search through its primary source materials. primary source materials. Inevitably our search will Inevitably our search will lead us not only to those lead us not only to those well-publicized events well-publicized events we're familiar with....but we're familiar with....but also to the ordinary also to the ordinary every-day events that every-day events that filled our forebears' lives.filled our forebears' lives.

What are artifacts?What are artifacts?

Sound RecordingsSound Recordings

Click speaker to play Click speaker to play musicmusic

Music and interviews Music and interviews are an excellent are an excellent reflection of the mood reflection of the mood of the times and what of the times and what people were thinking.people were thinking.

What do you feel or think when you What do you feel or think when you hear this music? What sense of time hear this music? What sense of time and place do you have?and place do you have?

Let’s Practice!Let’s Practice! Study the photograph for Study the photograph for two minutes. Form an overall two minutes. Form an overall impression and then examine impression and then examine individual items.individual items.

What people do you see in What people do you see in the photo?the photo?

What objects are visible in What objects are visible in the photo?the photo?

Based on what you have Based on what you have observed, list three things you observed, list three things you can infer/interpret from this can infer/interpret from this photograph.photograph.

What questions do you have What questions do you have after viewing this photograph?after viewing this photograph?

What Considerations do Historians What Considerations do Historians have to consider when Analyzing have to consider when Analyzing Primary Sources?Primary Sources?

Battle of Lexington Practice….Battle of Lexington Practice….

The Process of HistoryThe Process of HistoryThrough primary sources we can Through primary sources we can see how famous and ordinary see how famous and ordinary folk appeared in both posed and folk appeared in both posed and unguarded moments. We can unguarded moments. We can relive great events and everyday relive great events and everyday life in exquisite detail. We can life in exquisite detail. We can learn how people dressed and learn how people dressed and carried themselves and carried themselves and sometimes judge their moods. sometimes judge their moods. Studying historical documents Studying historical documents helps us imagine what it was helps us imagine what it was like when the first airplane took like when the first airplane took off, when a landing craft ramp off, when a landing craft ramp fell open on D-day, or when the fell open on D-day, or when the first man stepped onto the first man stepped onto the Moon.Moon.

History ChangesWhat is History?

1.) In the Past historians were convinced that a fundamental truth existed

It is about a continual search for the truth using primary sources which become available.

2.) What causes disagreement in interpretations? a.) historian's background: i.) Marxist - economic, cultural, political ii.) when historian's write history

3.) Historiography: The study of how a opinion and evidence on a historical event has changed over the years.

a.) Traditionalb.) Revisionistsc.) Post-Revisionists

What ledWhat ledto the writing of theto the writing of the

DeclarationDeclarationOf Of

IndependenceIndependenceand the and the

RevolutionaryRevolutionaryWar?War?

Enlightenment:Enlightenment:History doesn’t happen in a vacuumHistory doesn’t happen in a vacuum

Contributions to Contributions to LibertyLiberty John LockeJohn Locke Baron Baron

deMontesquieudeMontesquieu Jean Jacques Jean Jacques

RousseauRousseau

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War

Britain helped colonists Britain helped colonists defeat French in wardefeat French in war

Britain needed money Britain needed money to pay for war expensesto pay for war expenses

Years of neglect Years of neglect followed by greater followed by greater control-->control-->

Taxed colonists, Taxed colonists, restricted settlements restricted settlements and limited self-govt.and limited self-govt.

Sugar Act and Stamp ActSugar Act and Stamp Act British taxed colonists British taxed colonists

on many of the goods on many of the goods coming into the colonies coming into the colonies from other placesfrom other places

British imposed taxes British imposed taxes upon all paper products upon all paper products and stamped the item and stamped the item once the tax had been once the tax had been played.played.

Townshend ActsTownshend Acts "No taxation without "No taxation without

representation,” representation,”

ColonistsColonists react…react…

“No Taxation

Without Representation!”

-James Otis

Various Various protestprotests:s:

•PatriPatrick ck HenryHenry’s ’s speecspeechh

•March March 23, 177523, 1775

•Sons and Daughters of Liberty

•Boycotts.

•Benjamin Franklin’s visit to Parliament: 1765Boston MassacreBoston Massacre17701770

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea PartyDecember 16, 1773,

Great SpeechesGreat SpeechesWhat Makes them Moving?What Makes them Moving?

PericlesPericles TecumsehTecumseh Patrick HenryPatrick Henry RFKRFK

King George King George IIIIII passes the passes the“Intolerable Acts”“Intolerable Acts”

The Royal Navy The Royal Navy blockades the Boston blockades the Boston Harbor so no colonial Harbor so no colonial goods could be sent out goods could be sent out until tea was paid for.until tea was paid for.

Colonists had to quarter Colonists had to quarter the British soldiers.the British soldiers.

The King assigned British The King assigned British General Gage to be General Gage to be Massachusetts governor.Massachusetts governor.

Armory at Concord…..Armory at Concord…..

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence Drafted by Drafted by

Thomasefferson Thomasefferson between June 11 between June 11 and June 28, 1776and June 28, 1776

Edited by congressEdited by congress Great Charter of Great Charter of

FreedomFreedom

QuickTime™ and aH.263 decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Post IndependencePost Independence Development of Development of

the Constitutionthe Constitution Articles of Articles of

ConfederationConfederation ProblemsProblems

No power to…..No power to….. Shay’s RebellionShay’s Rebellion

Solution: New Constitution, 1789Solution: New Constitution, 1789• • Problems with its creation/adoption…Problems with its creation/adoption…

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2.2.

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