B.Sc. Biochemistry II Cellular Biochemistry Unit 4 Basic Techniques in Microbiology
The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology
description
Transcript of The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology
![Page 1: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology
Habitat
Diet
![Page 2: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2Why Chemistry?
Conflict between microbe and host.
Vibrio cholera toxin inserting into intestinal cells.
![Page 3: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3Terms and Definitions to review and Remember:
• Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, elements, molecules, ions, anions, cations, compounds, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, pH, acids, and bases.
• Solution
•Suspension
![Page 4: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4Atom: smallest unit of an elementElements differ by number of protons
http://www.perceptions.couk.com/imgs/atom.gif
![Page 5: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5Molecule: atoms joined together with covalent bonds
Electrons are shared between atoms.
Covalent bonds are strong.
When atoms in the molecule are of different elements, the substance is called a “compound”.
http://www.truenorthgb.com/images/molecule.jpg
![Page 6: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6Covalent bonds & polar molecules
Water
Covalent Bonds: sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Strong.
Oxygen is an electron hog; the electrons spend more time there leaving the hydrogen’s proton nearly naked (and somewhat positive): Water is a polar molecule
mdp2.phys.ucl.ac.uk/ Talks/Ice/Ice.html
![Page 7: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7Hydrogen bonds:• Electrical attraction between electronegative oxygen
atom and nearly naked proton. • Bonds made between polar molecules.• Weak bonds.
![Page 8: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8H-bonds hold large molecules together
Example: A-T base pair in DNA
http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Fg10_16a.gif
![Page 9: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Surfaces made of molecules without polar groups (e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH2.) repel water.
![Page 10: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
pH= -log [H+]
Logarithmic
pH 7 is neutral
Ranges from 0-14
Molecules that release H+ are acids; those that release OH- are bases.
http://www.btinternet.com/~chemistry.diagrams/ph_scale.gif
H2O H+ + OH- [H+] = 10-7
![Page 11: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Functional Groups
![Page 12: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12Chemical Reactions
• Synthesis or decomposition reactions– More when we cover metabolism.
• Reactants Products (general)• Substrate(s) Products (enzymatic)
C12H22O11 + H2O 2 C6H12O6
Hydrolysis (left to right) Dehydration (right to left)
+ H2Ohttp://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/08365/timages/sucrose.jpg
![Page 13: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Chemicals of life are large and small
• Cells contain molecules of all sizes but are MADE of large molecules called polymers– Polymer: a large molecule made of many similar or
identical subunits.– “poly” means “many” (polyethylene, polysaccharide)– The small molecules that make up a polymer: monomers
• “mono” means “one”• “oligo” means few (as in oligomer, oligonucleotide)
• In our, not all polymers are biological– Plastics are all polymers too
13
![Page 14: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14Small molecules (monomers) and macromolecules (polymers)
Ethylene and polyethylene
![Page 15: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15Four Classes of Biological Molecules
• Carbohydrates– Sugars and their polymers
• Nucleic acids and nucleotides– DNA, RNA, ATP
• Lipids– Various hydrophobic molecules
• Proteins and amino acids
![Page 16: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16Carbohydrates: CH2O
Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, many others
Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose
Oligosaccharides: found on glycoproteins, in cytoplasm (oligo- means “few”)
Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose, agar, chitin, xanthan gum
![Page 17: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
![Page 18: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
![Page 19: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
![Page 20: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20A nucleotide: a monomer of DNA
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/nucleotide.gif
![Page 21: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21Nucleic acids are the polymers made from nucleotides.
DNA tRNA
http://www.biochem.uwo.ca/meds/medna/IMG/tRNA.GIF
![Page 22: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22Structure of DNA
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/molecular%20biology/16-05-doublehelix.jpg
![Page 23: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
![Page 24: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Phospholipids are essential building blocks for membranes; sterol-type molecules are rarely found in bacteria.
![Page 25: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25A lipid polymer: a biodegradable plastic made by bacteria. Ester bond
Polyesters
![Page 26: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
![Page 27: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
![Page 28: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Peptide bond
covalent bond that connects two amino acids.
![Page 29: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29Levels of protein structure
Primary: amino acids and the order they are in; determined from the DNA.
Secondary: alpha helix and beta pleated sheet; twisting of chain in space.
Tertiary: 3D shape of protein.
Quaternary: more than 1 polypeptide combining to form a functional unit.
http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/images/proteinstructuresweb.gif
![Page 30: The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051517/56814adc550346895db7f256/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Don’t forget the water
• ALL living things require water– Water is major component of cytoplasm– All small molecules are dissolved in water– All large molecules have water attached to them– Cells modify their chemistry to retain water– You die of dehydration before you starve
• Every polymer, every structure in the cell is surrounded by water.
30
http://media.nasaexplores.com/lessons/04-070/images/faucet.jpg