The student will demonstrate knowledge of social, economic, and political changes and cultural achievements in the late medieval period byExplaining the

conflicts among Eurasian powers, including the Crusades

QuestionsWhat were the key

events of the Crusades?

Feudalistic Europe Charlemagne's

Kingdom Invasions

Vikings Attacked and looted

monasteries Mongols

The church is the only source of stability Problems

Corruption Learning not

occurring Monks could

barely read Popes had

questionable morals

Starting in the 1000s a spiritual revival spread across Europe Led by Monasteries

Wanted to return to basic principles of Christianity

New orders founded Popes began to reform

the Church Restored and expanded

power “Age of Faith”

Problems Village priests married Positions in the church

sold!! Called Simony Practice of Lay

Investiture Kings in control of

Church Bishops

Reforms Cluny, France

New monastery founded in 910 C.E.

Followed Benedictine’s Rule

Reputation for virtue 300 orders by 1000 C.E. Began reform movement

Pope Leo IX 1049 C.E. Enforced laws against

Priest marriage and Simony Pope Gregory VII

1073 C.E. Spent time at Cluny Determined to reform the

church Restructured the church

Pope advised by Curia Curia acted as a court and

developed Canon Law

Early 1200s Wandering friars spread

Christianity Took vows of Chastity,

poverty, and obedience Preached to the poor

Dominicans One of the earliest orders Founded by Dominic Emphasized importance

of learning, study

Franciscans Founded by St. Francis of

Assisi Son of a rich merchant Gave up wealth to preach

at 20 years old

Women also participated in spiritual revival

Women joined the Dominicans in 1212 C.E. A Franciscan order for

women known as the Poor Clares opened Founded by Clare and St.

Francis of Assisi Not allowed to travel Lived in poverty

Between 800 and 1100 a new style of architecture influenced Churches

Styles Romanesque

Round arches Heavy roof Thick pillars, walls Little light

Gothic Appeared around 1100s Thrust upward toward

heaven Huge stained-glass

windows

Islam Brilliant new civilization spread

from Spain to India Traders traded goods and ideas

India Land of thriving cities Politically divided Hinduism and Buddhism

flourished China

Strong central government Advances in technology: paper,

printing, gunpowder West Africa

Empire of Ghana expanding Trading Gold

Americas Mayas building cities Incas flourishing in Peru

Byzantine Empire Prospering Scholars studying Greek and

Roman classics Constantinople was capital Turks invade in 1050s and

control Byzantine empire by 1071

1093 Byzantine Empire Alexius I asked Pope Urban III for help fighting the Seljuk TurksUrban agrees and calls

for help at the Council of Clermont in 1095Rallied warriors for the

liberation of Jerusalem and Holy Land from the Infidels, or unbelievers, the Muslims

“all who die shall have immediate remission of sins”

Within a year knights were on their way

Pope’s Motives Get rid of knights were fought

each other and threatened the peace of the kingdom

Conquer land held by Byzantine Empire

Increase power and help heal schism

King’s Motive Kings and Princes used crusades

to legitimize their rule by presenting themselves as a truly “Christian” state

Soldiers’ Motives Promise of riches, a release from

their sins, and a place in Heaven if they died on Crusade

Younger sons were looking for land and a position in society

Wanted to escape trouble at home

Goal of CrusadesWin Jerusalem and Holy Land back from Muslim Turks

1st Crusade 1097 C.E.

Ill-prepared army gathers in Constantinople

No plans, no leader Success

Captured Antioch in 1098 C.E. and Jerusalem in 1099 C.E. Massacred Jewish and

Muslim residents Led to creation of four

crusader states

2nd Crusade 1147 C.E. – failure 1187 C.E.

City falls to Saladin and Muslim army

Shocks Europeans

3rd Crusade 1191 C.E.

Led by Richard the Lion-heart, Frederick Barbarossa, and Phillip II

Took back city of Acre in 1191 C.E.

1192 C.E. Richard and Saladin agree to a truce Muslims control city of

Jerusalem, Christian pilgrims allowed to visit holy places unharmed

4th Crusade 1198 C.E.

Knights get caught up in Constantinople and loot the city Never made it to Jerusalem exposed corruption of the

Crusades

Later Crusades

Church Lessened the power of the

Pope

Trade Increased trade between

Europe and Southwest Asia Goods imported from S.W.

Asia included spices, fruits, cotton, and cloth

Italian port cities became very wealthy and dominant in trade

Encouraged growth of money economy

Helped undermine serfdom

Feudal Rulers Weakened the feudal nobility

Thousands of knights lost their lives and fortunes

Kings become stronger Some led crusades, like Louis

IX, added to their fame Increased feudal power of

monarchs, decreased power of feudalism

Rights to levy, or collect, taxes, to support crusades

Knowledge European technology improves

as Crusaders learn from Muslims

Windmills, Algebra, Medicine, and Arabic numbers are all brought over from the Muslims

Contact with Muslims lead to want to understand larger world

Religious intolerance growsFor Muslims, the

actions of Crusaders left behind feelings of bitterness and hatred

Crusaders turned hatred towards Jews

For Christians who remained in the area after the fall of the Crusader states, relations with Muslims worsened

SpainCrusading spirit

continued Christians longed to reclaim their land from the Muslims Called the

Reconquista or “reconquest”

1300: Christians controlled almost of all SpainMuslim influence

remained

1469 Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of AragonCreated a unified

stateCombined forces to

finally expel the Muslims

1492 completed the Reconquista with the capture of Granada

Isabella ended Muslim policy of religious tolerationSupports the

InquisitionCourt to accuse

people of heresyJews and Muslims

attacked and burned at the stake

Isabella expelled Jews in 1492 and Muslims that didn’t convert by 1502

a warmer climate existed from 800-1200

used horses to plow twice as much land as oxen used to, but they required better food and harnesses

three-field system: farmers could grow crops on two-thirds of their land each year instead of just half, other one-third recovered

more food and better food meant in increase in population and longer lives

goods traded in towns at fairs

guild: an association of people who worked at the same occupation, they controlled all wages and prices in their craft, enforced standards of quality

merchants had to borrow money to buy goods, but Christians were forbidden from lending money at interest, a sin called usury

this led to many Jews becoming moneylenders

University: a group of scholars meeting wherever they could Came from Latin for universitas,

or “guild” Medieval Univ. were educational

guilds that produced educated and trained individuals

1st Universities Bologna, Italy

Attracted by great Roman law teacher Formed guild to protect their rights (1158)

University of Paris Oxford By 1500 there were 80

universities

For most students, the goal was a government job or a job in the Church

Literature Dante

Wrote Divine ComedyImaginary journey

through hell and purgatory

Used humor, tragedy, and medieval quests for religious understanding Highlights key idea of

Christianity- people’s actions in life will determine their afterlife

ChaucerFollowed English band

of pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tombEach character tells a

story

Tried to reconcile faith and reason Tried to harmonize

Christian teachings with works of Greek Philosophers

Aristotle reintroduced during 12th centuryHe upset Christian

theologiansTaught people to reason

through truth

Thomas Aquinas Tried to reconcile Aristotle

with the doctrines of Christianity in 13th century

Wrote Summa TheoligicaOrganized according to

logical method of intellectual investigation used by scholars

Asked “Does God exist?” Cited sources with opposing

opinions before reconciling them and arriving at his own conclusions

Process used by future philosophers

Certain that two truths of religion and science would not contradict one another