THE THE STUARTSSTUARTS

James I (1603-1625) (1603-1625) After the death of Elizabeth I King James After the death of Elizabeth I King James

VI of Scotland ascended to the English VI of Scotland ascended to the English throne as James I of Englandthrone as James I of England

He seemed an excellent successor:He seemed an excellent successor:• 20 years experience as the king ofScotland20 years experience as the king ofScotland• A moderate Protestant, knowing how to deal A moderate Protestant, knowing how to deal

with religious situationwith religious situation

But his experience was good for But his experience was good for Scotland: the English system of Scotland: the English system of government, influenced by Parliament government, influenced by Parliament and the Church was very differentand the Church was very different

On a personal level James was scholarly and intelligent, and especially enjoyed detailed theological debates. This interest may have encouraged his hatred and suspicion of witchcraft and bolstered his belief in the divine right of kings, which asserted that the sovereign had a God-given right to the throne and was the source of all laws.

James's image was tarnished by his appearance and by his habits. He had thin rickety legs and a tongue which was too large for his mouth, which made him drink 'very uncomely' and slurred his speech. He gave strong indications that he was homosexual and was paranoid about being assassinated

The Religious MattersThe Religious Matters At first James was content with the religious At first James was content with the religious

situation and raised hopes of both the situation and raised hopes of both the Catholics and the Puritans.Catholics and the Puritans.

Acted as a mediator between the moderate Acted as a mediator between the moderate of the Church of England and the more hard-of the Church of England and the more hard-line Puritans at the Hampton Court line Puritans at the Hampton Court conference conference

Personally organised the revision of the Bible Personally organised the revision of the Bible (as suggested by the Puritans).(as suggested by the Puritans).

The “Authorised Version” (1611) became The “Authorised Version” (1611) became the standard Bible in use.the standard Bible in use.

The title-page to the Authorised Version of the Bible, the new translation instigated by James I and published in 1611. This was to have an enduring impact wherever the English language and Anglican Church spread, until the second half of the twentieth century.

Two prophets, Moses left and Aaron right, stand within the wall of the Old Testament which supports the four Evangelists above, behind whom stand the Apostles. At the top the radiance of the Tetragrammaton, the four-lettered Hebrew name of God, outshines both the sun and the moon.

The Puritans –The Puritans –

From 1564 – members of the Church of From 1564 – members of the Church of England who wished to eliminate Roman England who wished to eliminate Roman Catholic survivals in church ritual, or Catholic survivals in church ritual, or substitute a presbyterian for an episcopal substitute a presbyterian for an episcopal form of church government. The Puritan form of church government. The Puritan theological position was essentially theological position was essentially Calvinist and was associated with strict Calvinist and was associated with strict observance of the Sabbath, moral observance of the Sabbath, moral inflexibility and abstinance from pleasure. inflexibility and abstinance from pleasure. They were identified with the Parliamentary They were identified with the Parliamentary opposition under James I and Charles Iopposition under James I and Charles I

During the conference James took a neutral line During the conference James took a neutral line until the Puritans used the term 'presbyter' until the Puritans used the term 'presbyter' (meaning a church elder, not subject to a (meaning a church elder, not subject to a bishop) which he associated with the militant bishop) which he associated with the militant puritanism of Scotland. puritanism of Scotland.

The conference quickly ended. The Puritans left. The conference quickly ended. The Puritans left. The king declared: 'I shall make them conform The king declared: 'I shall make them conform themselves, or I will harry them out of the land.' themselves, or I will harry them out of the land.'

Groups of Puritans fled to Holland, but they Groups of Puritans fled to Holland, but they were determined to establish their own were determined to establish their own communities. communities.

In 1620 a number of exiles, and Puritans from In 1620 a number of exiles, and Puritans from England, set sail from Plymouth in England, set sail from Plymouth in The The Mayflower Mayflower for the Americas.for the Americas.

These pilgrim fathers founded the New England These pilgrim fathers founded the New England colonies.colonies.

The Gunpowder Plot (1605)The Gunpowder Plot (1605) James reintroduced the Catholic penalties for James reintroduced the Catholic penalties for

not attending Church of England services, and not attending Church of England services, and several attempts were made against his life.several attempts were made against his life.

The most serious was the Gunpowder Plot in The most serious was the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. A group of Catholic conspirators decided 1605. A group of Catholic conspirators decided to kill the king, peers and MPs as they to kill the king, peers and MPs as they assembled for the opening of Parliament.assembled for the opening of Parliament.

A veiled warning was given to a nobleman in A veiled warning was given to a nobleman in the Lords, who passed the message to the the Lords, who passed the message to the government. The cellars of the Houses of government. The cellars of the Houses of Parliament were searched and Guy Fawkes was Parliament were searched and Guy Fawkes was caught red-handed with the explosives.caught red-handed with the explosives.

The event is still remembered by bonfires and The event is still remembered by bonfires and fireworks on 5 November.fireworks on 5 November.

A Dutch view of the Gunpowder Plot. Above, the conspirators, depicted as country gentlemen, converse, while below they meet their savage fate. Several of the conspirators, including the most famous Guy Fawkes, were dragged from the Tower to Westminster, where they were hanged, drawn and quartered.

Rex pacificus Rex pacificus (the royal peacemaker)(the royal peacemaker) In his desire for peace and unity, he embarked In his desire for peace and unity, he embarked

on a plan to unify the laws of England and on a plan to unify the laws of England and Scotland. He was unsuccessful, but from 1604 Scotland. He was unsuccessful, but from 1604 onwards he used the title king of Great Britain onwards he used the title king of Great Britain to signify the union of the kingdoms by one to signify the union of the kingdoms by one monarch.monarch.

He wanted peace in Europe and brought the 15-He wanted peace in Europe and brought the 15-year-old war with Spain to an end and sought to year-old war with Spain to an end and sought to placate both Protestants and Catholics. placate both Protestants and Catholics.

In February 1613 James's daughter, Princess Elizabeth, married In February 1613 James's daughter, Princess Elizabeth, married Frederick, the Elector Palatine of the Rhine, and James joined a Frederick, the Elector Palatine of the Rhine, and James joined a

Protestant union of European princesProtestant union of European princes. .

The king that never was.

James I's eldest son, Henry, died of typhoid fever in 1612. He was a young man of 18, of exceptional promise, with a passionate interest in the arts and a commitment to revive the vanished glories of the previous reign. His death was a tragedy.

Here, attended by the Earl of Essex, he is about to slay the stag at his feet in a picture painted in 1603.

Charles I, 1625-1649Charles I, 1625-1649 Charles succeeded James in 1625, a year which has been seen as a turning-point in English history.

The most obvious reason for this judgement lies in the new king's character. As a child Charles was shy and lonely - traits which remained with him all his life and were indicated by a stammer and a cold reserved manner.

Within two months of succeeding to the throne, Charles I married Henrietta Maria, the French Princess. Marriage to the Catholic had not endeared him to an overwhelmingly Protestant Parliament

Charles I with his queen, Henrietta Maria, and their two eldest children, the future Charles II at his father's knee and Princess Mary in her mother's arms. This huge picture was the first of the great series of portraits painted by the recently arrived court painter, Sir Anthony van Dyck, which were to immortalise the king and his court.

Charles I dining in public at Whitehall Palace

Relations with Parliament (1625-1629Relations with Parliament (1625-1629)) Parliament had been summoned by Parliament had been summoned by

Charles in 1625-6 and 1628-9. Charles in 1625-6 and 1628-9. By 1629 the relations between King and By 1629 the relations between King and

Parliament had deteriorated Parliament had deteriorated The reasons for the breakdown in co-The reasons for the breakdown in co-

operation between Parliament and the operation between Parliament and the king were numerous (his favorites f.ex.), king were numerous (his favorites f.ex.), but centred upon the raising of taxation but centred upon the raising of taxation and parliamentary rights.and parliamentary rights.

Charles dissolved and recalled Charles dissolved and recalled Parliament several timesParliament several times

RULE WITHOUT PARLIAMENT, 1629-1640RULE WITHOUT PARLIAMENT, 1629-1640

The House of Commons drew up a Petition of Right which emphasised the ancient rights of the people, and asserted that no man could be imprisoned without trial. With great reluctance Charles accepted it.

Resentful at the Petition of Right and the rejoicing at Buckingham's death, he got determined to rule without Parliament.

He did so for the next eleven years

William Laud (1573-1645), William Laud (1573-1645), The Archbishop of CanterburyThe Archbishop of Canterbury The ideologist of Arminianism (Stressed the role The ideologist of Arminianism (Stressed the role

of the sacramental and ceremonial aspects of of the sacramental and ceremonial aspects of the church service rather than the sermon and the church service rather than the sermon and the scriptures) the scriptures)

The general fear of Catholicism was reinforced The general fear of Catholicism was reinforced by the activities of Catholics associated with the by the activities of Catholics associated with the queen. Puritans, however, were harassed for queen. Puritans, however, were harassed for being too Protestant; Laud urged bishops to being too Protestant; Laud urged bishops to inspect their bishoprics and punish anyone who inspect their bishoprics and punish anyone who did not conform. did not conform.

Many Puritans fled, thus increasing the Many Puritans fled, thus increasing the numbers in the New England colonies. numbers in the New England colonies.

IRELANDIRELAND From 1610 onwards an official policy From 1610 onwards an official policy of of

introducing Protestant 'plantations' into introducing Protestant 'plantations' into Ireland had been adopted. Ireland had been adopted.

Land in the north of Ireland was divided Land in the north of Ireland was divided up among wealthy City of London up among wealthy City of London companies, and the new settlers (about companies, and the new settlers (about 13,000 by 1622) were English or Scottish 13,000 by 1622) were English or Scottish Protestants.Protestants.

The area of English political domination, The area of English political domination, called the Pale, centred around Dublin. called the Pale, centred around Dublin. Elsewhere Catholics still predominated. Elsewhere Catholics still predominated.

Thomas Wentworth (1593-1641) Thomas Wentworth (1593-1641) Became the Earl of StraffordBecame the Earl of Strafford In 1633 arrived in Ireland as Lord In 1633 arrived in Ireland as Lord

Deputy. Deputy. He was highly successful at the court He was highly successful at the court

and, like Laud, was intimately and, like Laud, was intimately involved with Charles's 'personal involved with Charles's 'personal rule’rule’

His ecclesiastical reforms, which His ecclesiastical reforms, which imposed the Arminian ideas of imposed the Arminian ideas of Archbishop Laud, were particularly Archbishop Laud, were particularly disliked in Ireland.disliked in Ireland.

The reasons for the Civil WarThe reasons for the Civil War The reasons for the English Civil War The reasons for the English Civil War

have been debated by historians for have been debated by historians for centuries: centuries: • the crown's disputes with Parliament; the crown's disputes with Parliament; • the tensions between Puritans and the the tensions between Puritans and the

Church of England; Church of England; • the locally organised resistance to the the locally organised resistance to the

financial, religious and political policies of the financial, religious and political policies of the crown; crown;

• and the increasing, capitalist prosperity of and the increasing, capitalist prosperity of the gentry and merchants who challenged the gentry and merchants who challenged the privileges of the established nobility the privileges of the established nobility

The pretext of the war.The pretext of the war.The “Short Parliament”The “Short Parliament”

Charles and Archbishop Laud attempted to Charles and Archbishop Laud attempted to impose religious uniformity upon Scotland via impose religious uniformity upon Scotland via the English Prayer Bookthe English Prayer Book

As a counter-measure the Scottish As a counter-measure the Scottish Presbyterians signed a National Covenant to Presbyterians signed a National Covenant to 'recover the purity of the Gospel’ 'recover the purity of the Gospel’

The two sides collected the armies so unevenly The two sides collected the armies so unevenly matching that Charles signed a peace treaty matching that Charles signed a peace treaty without a battle.without a battle.

In 1639 he recalled Parliament to vote him In 1639 he recalled Parliament to vote him more money, but it refused until its grievances more money, but it refused until its grievances had been discussed; after a couple of weeks the had been discussed; after a couple of weeks the 'Short Parliament' was dissolved. 'Short Parliament' was dissolved.

THE “LONG PARLIAMENT”THE “LONG PARLIAMENT” Charles was now in serious financial Charles was now in serious financial

difficulties. Parliament was recalled once difficulties. Parliament was recalled once again in 1640 again in 1640

Parliament greatly increased its own Parliament greatly increased its own power power • by making laws forbidding it to be dissolved without by making laws forbidding it to be dissolved without

its own consent andits own consent and

• by suggesting that Parliament, and not the king, by suggesting that Parliament, and not the king,

should control the armyshould control the army Two sides began to formTwo sides began to form Charles tried to arrest his five principal Charles tried to arrest his five principal

opponents and lost any support of MPs opponents and lost any support of MPs

The Start of the Civil War(1642)

At the beginning of the Civil War the support for each side split the country geographically.

In broad terms the north, Midlands, Wales and the south-west supported the king, while the south, East Anglia and London supported Parliament. London contained a tenth of the entire population and had a large associated revenue with which to back Parliament.

There were some notable exceptions to this broad division: Oxford and Cambridge supported the king, Bristol, Hull and Plymouth supported Parliament.

Catholics, supporters of the Church of England, the aristocracy and their tenants tended to follow the king; Puritans, yeoman farmers and merchants tended to follow Parliament.

The armies, too, had different characteristics. The Royalist army had a flamboyant image and excellent cavalry, hence their name 'Cavaliers'. The Parliamentarian army had an image of religious zeal, dour temperament and the belief that God was on their side; they supposedly got their name of 'Roundheads' from their short-cropped hair.

Part of a musket drill as recorded by Henry Hexham in his The Principles of the Art Militanc published in 1637. Hexham was a soldier for over forty years. His book is a manual for the most up-to-date techniques of his day, those used in the Civil War.

The frontispiece of a Royalist book describing early events in the Civil War.

The New Model Army (1645)The New Model Army (1645)Largely the creation of Oliver Cromwell, it was a precursor of modern armies as it efficiently welded together a large number of troops.

Professionalism was the key: discipline was strict - no swearing or gambling was allowed, training was thoroughly and the men could be trusted to obey orders in a crisis.

Perhaps more importantly the soldiers were regularly paid - in the later stages of the war the unpaid Royalist troops deserted in large numbers.

A panoramic view of the battle of Naseby, 14 June 1645. The two armies face each other with the king alone on horseback in the centre

The end of the Civil War (1646)The end of the Civil War (1646) After some hard fighting the After some hard fighting the

Parliamentarian forces defeated the of Parliamentarian forces defeated the of Royalist army and the king's cause was Royalist army and the king's cause was all but lost. all but lost.

In 1646 Charles surrenderedIn 1646 Charles surrendered Being a prisoner he plotted and posed a Being a prisoner he plotted and posed a

threat to the Parliamentthreat to the Parliament After some hesitation a small “Rump” After some hesitation a small “Rump”

Parliament sentenced the king to death Parliament sentenced the king to death

Oliver Cromwell and officers from the army expelling from Parliament any member opposed to their policies in November 1648. The ninety-six who remained were known as The Rump.

Charles made no defence: he simply denied that the court had any validity.

Some judges refused to try Charles on the basis that 'No court can try the King'.

The death warrant of Charles I, signed by regicides

On 30 January 1649 Charles I was executed in Whitehall.

It was the first and only time that an English king had been tried by a court representing the people, found guilty and executed.

An imaginary reconstruction of the execution of Charles I in 1649. Charles stepped out to the scaffold from the windows of the Banqueting House at Whitehall, and confronted death with courage and dignity.

To many Puritans the Civil War and the To many Puritans the Civil War and the execution of the king indicated that a perfect execution of the king indicated that a perfect society was not only possible, but was society was not only possible, but was imminent. imminent.

It was believed that King Jesus would replace the old It was believed that King Jesus would replace the old monarchy and a 'godly reformation' would transform monarchy and a 'godly reformation' would transform society. Some foresaw that God would sooner or later society. Some foresaw that God would sooner or later shake all the Monarchies of the Earth', and others saw shake all the Monarchies of the Earth', and others saw 'the kingdom of Jesus Christ begin to flourish, while the 'the kingdom of Jesus Christ begin to flourish, while the wicked . . . do now perish and fade like a blowne-off-wicked . . . do now perish and fade like a blowne-off-blossom'.blossom'.

This enthusiasm was not, of course, universal This enthusiasm was not, of course, universal as many people were horrified by the execution as many people were horrified by the execution of Charles and were fearful for their land and of Charles and were fearful for their land and property. property.

A balance was now needed between radical A balance was now needed between radical reforms and the stability required for local law reforms and the stability required for local law and order.and order.

In the aftermath of the execution of the king extreme sects looked for the fruition of their beliefs. One such group, the Diggers, an offshoot of the Levellers, occupied land near Walton-on-Thames and began a colony in which all goods would be held in common. One of their traits, recorded here, was their refusal to doff their hats to their superiors.

The Commonwealth The Commonwealth (1649-1653)(1649-1653)

OLIVER OLIVER CROMWELLCROMWELL

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) a country gentleman from Huntingdonshire a country gentleman from Huntingdonshire

converted to puritanism at about 30. converted to puritanism at about 30. became an MP. became an MP. during the Civil War commanded men from the during the Civil War commanded men from the

eastern counties, had instigated the creation of eastern counties, had instigated the creation of the New Model Army, and had risen to be a the New Model Army, and had risen to be a lieutenant-general, second only in command to lieutenant-general, second only in command to General Fairfax. General Fairfax.

then became a general and, after Fairfax's then became a general and, after Fairfax's resignation in 1650, the leader of the army: an resignation in 1650, the leader of the army: an all-powerful post.all-powerful post.

Cromwell's character is remarkably difficult to assess. Some historians have seen him as an evil genius, whilst others emphasise his belief in democracy, 'godly rule' and toleration.

At times he could be enlightened and a revolutionary idealist, and at others a pragmatist, carefully building up political alliances and weighing various factions. He was also caught between conflicting pressures: he tried to rule through Parliament, but gained his power from his leadership of the army, which included many radical Puritans.

A contemporary painting of Oliver Cromwell

The Protectorate, The Protectorate, 1653-16581653-1658 After the execution of the king Britain became a After the execution of the king Britain became a

republicrepublic called called CommonwealthCommonwealth The Rump Parliament continued in power and in The Rump Parliament continued in power and in

February 1649 the House of Lords and the February 1649 the House of Lords and the monarchy were formally abolished, along with monarchy were formally abolished, along with the Anglican Churchthe Anglican Church

The Rump Parliament appeared to be rather The Rump Parliament appeared to be rather conservative in nature. The abolitions were not conservative in nature. The abolitions were not made effective made effective

In 1653 Cromwell dissolved Parliament and got In 1653 Cromwell dissolved Parliament and got the official title of the official title of Lord ProtectorLord Protector

The end of the ProtectorateThe end of the Protectorate Cromwell instigated various reforms and his Cromwell instigated various reforms and his

religious toleration was notable. Jews were religious toleration was notable. Jews were allowed back into the country for the first time allowed back into the country for the first time since the reign of Edward I, and new sects since the reign of Edward I, and new sects flourished, such as the Society of Friends (also flourished, such as the Society of Friends (also known as Quakers) known as Quakers)

There was no state harassment concerning There was no state harassment concerning religion religion

But the image of the joyless oppression But the image of the joyless oppression instigated by some of the Puritan major-instigated by some of the Puritan major-generals, through whom Cromwell ruled over generals, through whom Cromwell ruled over the country, has too often coloured the tone of the country, has too often coloured the tone of the Protectorate as a whole the Protectorate as a whole

The Protectorate was loosing popularity The Protectorate was loosing popularity

Life under the Protectorate was shaped by the Puritans. Laws were passed against swearing, dancing, drinking, gambling and football. Theatres and inns were closed. No one was allowed to work on Sundays or go for a walk on the Sabbath.Even Christmas dinner was forbidden. Many people hated it.

In 1657 Parliament nominated Cromwell's son, In 1657 Parliament nominated Cromwell's son, Richard Cromwell (1626-1712), as his successorRichard Cromwell (1626-1712), as his successor

The following year, on 3 September 1658, the The following year, on 3 September 1658, the Lord Protector died. Lord Protector died.

Richard Cromwell quickly realised that he had Richard Cromwell quickly realised that he had not his father's genius and retired to his farm. not his father's genius and retired to his farm.

After a year of confusion and generally After a year of confusion and generally indecisive government General Monck marched indecisive government General Monck marched his army down from Scotland and assembled a his army down from Scotland and assembled a Parliament. Parliament.

Charles was invited to become king and the Charles was invited to become king and the Commonwealth and Protectorate came to an Commonwealth and Protectorate came to an end.end.

Charles II (1660-1685)Charles II (1660-1685) After the execution of Charles I two After the execution of Charles I two

campaigns were mounted by his son, campaigns were mounted by his son, Charles, to claim his inheritance Charles, to claim his inheritance

Both were unsuccessful: first tie he was Both were unsuccessful: first tie he was defeated by Cromwell in Scotland at defeated by Cromwell in Scotland at Dunbar in 1650, second time - at Dunbar in 1650, second time - at Worcester.Worcester.

Charles was forced to flee and escaped Charles was forced to flee and escaped to France, waiting for his time to return.to France, waiting for his time to return.

Charles II arrived back in England in 1660 Charles II arrived back in England in 1660 and was met by cheering crowds as he and was met by cheering crowds as he made his way to London made his way to London

On May 29 1660 Charles II made his entry into London, the climax of which was his reception by both Houses of Parliament in Whitehall Palace, the very building from whose windows his father had stepped to be executed in 1649. May 29 was the king's birthday; it was to be made into an annual national festival celebrating the restoration of the Monarchy

. He was crowned on 23 April 1661 and was married to Catherine of Braganza, the daughter of the king of Portugal, in the same year. It is debatable whether he loved his convent-bred wife, but his mistresses and liaisons with other women were, and still are, legendary. In all Charles fathered at least fourteen illegitimate children, but produced no legitimate heir.Charles was essentially a cynic and pragmatist who was willing to change his beliefs for political advantage. He was also a man of wit, intelligence and charm, but he has been described as lazy and self-indulgent. He “never said a foolish thing, nor ever did a wise one”

THE RESTORATIONTHE RESTORATION The most obvious point of the Restoration was The most obvious point of the Restoration was

that that the monarchy the monarchy was reestablished, though was reestablished, though still limited by laws passed in previous reigns. still limited by laws passed in previous reigns.

Parliament Parliament was also restored on the old basis of was also restored on the old basis of two Houses, the Commons and the Lords. The two Houses, the Commons and the Lords. The power of the crown was limited by the power of the crown was limited by the Parliament: it could not enforce Parliament: it could not enforce unparliamentary taxation, such as forced loans, unparliamentary taxation, such as forced loans, nor could it arbitrarily arrest MPsnor could it arbitrarily arrest MPs

The third restoration was of The third restoration was of the Church of the Church of England and the bishoprics England and the bishoprics

The most dramatic change came about with the The most dramatic change came about with the restoration of the supremacy of the restoration of the supremacy of the Anglican ChurchAnglican Church..

After a strongly Royalist Parliament was elected After a strongly Royalist Parliament was elected in 1661, action was taken against those who in 1661, action was taken against those who were Protestant but not Anglican. These people, were Protestant but not Anglican. These people, grouped together under the term grouped together under the term 'nonconformists', included Baptists, 'nonconformists', included Baptists, Congregationalists and Quakers. Congregationalists and Quakers.

The measures, known as the Clarendon Code, The measures, known as the Clarendon Code, were aimed at diminishing the potential were aimed at diminishing the potential influence of the nonconformists; they were influence of the nonconformists; they were silenced by laws silenced by laws • requiring them to agree with every word of the Book requiring them to agree with every word of the Book

of Common Prayer of Common Prayer • and forbidding them to hold a government office or and forbidding them to hold a government office or

go to university go to university

THREE GREAT DISASTERS: THREE GREAT DISASTERS: the return of the bubonic plague in 1665the return of the bubonic plague in 1665

• the last great outbreak that hit London especially hard; the city was the last great outbreak that hit London especially hard; the city was brought to a standstill and tens of thousands died. Carts carrying the brought to a standstill and tens of thousands died. Carts carrying the dead were wheeled through the dark, insanitary streets and crosses dead were wheeled through the dark, insanitary streets and crosses were painted on the doors of the houses where people had died. were painted on the doors of the houses where people had died.

In 1666 a fire of London startedIn 1666 a fire of London started • in a baker's shop in Pudding Lane and rapidly spread through London's in a baker's shop in Pudding Lane and rapidly spread through London's

closely-packed wooden buildings. The fire raged for three days; in closely-packed wooden buildings. The fire raged for three days; in some places the ground was too hot to walk upon for two weeks some places the ground was too hot to walk upon for two weeks afterwards. Rebuilding started quickly, with an order from the king that afterwards. Rebuilding started quickly, with an order from the king that buildings should be built of brick. buildings should be built of brick.

In 1665 the Second Dutch War had started, and In 1665 the Second Dutch War had started, and by 1667 the king's finances were so depleted by 1667 the king's finances were so depleted that he ordered the English fleet to be laid upthat he ordered the English fleet to be laid up in in the Medway at the mouth of the Thames. the Medway at the mouth of the Thames.

Samuel Pepys (1633-1703)Samuel Pepys (1633-1703)one of the greatest of English diarists, he recorded the events in graphic detail. His diaries make compelling reading and give a wonderful insight into the times.

Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723)

Christopher Wren rose to prominence as a surveyor and architect: his masterpiece, the new St Paul's Cathedral, rose phoenix-like from the ashes and was a marvel of its age with its high-spirited and dramatic classical style.

Sir Christopher Wren, with his most important achievement, St Paul’s Cathedral, in the background

ANTI-CATHOLICISM AND CATHOLICISMANTI-CATHOLICISM AND CATHOLICISM

Between 1668 and 1681 religion was at Between 1668 and 1681 religion was at the forefront of politics the forefront of politics

Charles antagonised many Anglicans and Charles antagonised many Anglicans and Protestants by his support of Catholicism Protestants by his support of Catholicism and by treaties with the French king Louis and by treaties with the French king Louis XIV XIV

Parliament agreed with the Anti-Catholic Parliament agreed with the Anti-Catholic mood of the people and excluded the mood of the people and excluded the rightful heir, James, Duke of York, from rightful heir, James, Duke of York, from the throne because he was Catholic.the throne because he was Catholic.

The 'Exclusion Crisis' over James's right to The 'Exclusion Crisis' over James's right to succeed to the throne focused attention succeed to the throne focused attention

upon two groups of MPs:upon two groups of MPs: Those who supported James tended to be Those who supported James tended to be

Anglicans and were nicknamed Anglicans and were nicknamed 'Tories''Tories' after Catholic outlaws in Ireland. after Catholic outlaws in Ireland.

In opposition were the In opposition were the 'Whigs''Whigs',, so called so called after the Whiggamores who were fiercely after the Whiggamores who were fiercely Protestant Scottish drovers. The Whigs Protestant Scottish drovers. The Whigs supported the claim of Charles's supported the claim of Charles's illegitimate son, the Protestant Duke of illegitimate son, the Protestant Duke of MonmouthMonmouth. (. (the Whigs later plotted to kill Charles and the Whigs later plotted to kill Charles and

James, were executed and the rights of James were resumedJames, were executed and the rights of James were resumed) )

The Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious Revolution William decided to accept the invitationWilliam decided to accept the invitation His tactics were to state that His tactics were to state that

• he wanted to protect Protestant rights rather than bidding he wanted to protect Protestant rights rather than bidding directly for the crown directly for the crown

• and to avoid a civil war by not provoking full-scale battlesand to avoid a civil war by not provoking full-scale battles

WilliamWilliam defeated James (defeated James (who fled, was captured and allowed who fled, was captured and allowed

to escape to Franceto escape to France) without a battle) without a battle Uniquely in English history Parliament agreed to Uniquely in English history Parliament agreed to

recognise William and Mary as joint sovereignsrecognise William and Mary as joint sovereigns In return the new monarchs had to accept In return the new monarchs had to accept a a Bill of RightsBill of Rights, which established the , which established the

supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy. supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy.

William of Orange landing at Torbay on November5th, 1688.

A 19th-ctnture picture of Queen Anne, daughter of James II, and the Kings of the Garter.

THE UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLANDTHE UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND

The most important measure to be The most important measure to be passed by Parliament during Anne's reign passed by Parliament during Anne's reign was the political union of England and was the political union of England and ScotlandScotland

Scotland kept its own church and law Scotland kept its own church and law courts but would be represented in the courts but would be represented in the London Parliament and have equal London Parliament and have equal trading rights with England.trading rights with England.

In 1707 the last Scottish Parliament In 1707 the last Scottish Parliament assembled and assembled and on 1 May 1707 the on 1 May 1707 the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain' 'United Kingdom of Great Britain' came into existence.came into existence.

THE ARTSTHE ARTS In the arts the trend under the Stuarts In the arts the trend under the Stuarts

was towards the secular and rational, was towards the secular and rational, with considerable influence from with considerable influence from classicismclassicism: the works of architects : the works of architects Inigo Inigo Jones Jones andand Sir Christopher Wren, Sir Christopher Wren, and and painterspainters Rubens Rubens andand van Dyke van Dyke

Drama declined from the height of Drama declined from the height of Shakespearean tragedyShakespearean tragedy

The greatest literature was religious (The greatest literature was religious (John John Bunyan, Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress; The Pilgrim’s Progress; John John MiltonMilton, Paradise Lost, Paradise Lost))

The ceiling of the Banqueting House at Whitehall painted by Rubens in Antwerp.

The centre panel is

The Apotheosis of James I.

Van Dyck's painting of the Earl of Pembroke and his family, at Wilton House. Van Dyck was court painter under Charles II and executed many portraits of the king and his family.

The architect and designer Inigo Jones introduced the complete classical style from Italy into England. The Queen's house at Greenwich exhibits the perfection of his style.

THE SCIENCESTHE SCIENCES One of the most lasting influences came from One of the most lasting influences came from

secular thought. secular thought. Francis Bacon's (1561-1626) emphasis upon Francis Bacon's (1561-1626) emphasis upon

experimental science inspired experimental science inspired the foundation of the foundation of the Royal Society in 1662the Royal Society in 1662. The Society became . The Society became the focus for scientific debate and attracted a the focus for scientific debate and attracted a wide range of scientists, including the chemist wide range of scientists, including the chemist Robert Boyle (1627-91) and later the Robert Boyle (1627-91) and later the astronomer Edmund Halley (1656—1742). astronomer Edmund Halley (1656—1742).

King Charles himself took a keen interest in the King Charles himself took a keen interest in the Society and founded Society and founded the Royal Observatory at the Royal Observatory at Greenwich in 1675: Greenwich in 1675:

The second half of the century was The second half of the century was dominated by two giants of the intellect, dominated by two giants of the intellect, both of whom had powerful secularising both of whom had powerful secularising effects: effects:

John LockeJohn Locke (1632-1704(1632-1704), whose ), whose theories of the mind laid the foundation theories of the mind laid the foundation for ‘modern’ thought for ‘modern’ thought

Isaak Newton(1642-1727Isaak Newton(1642-1727), whose ), whose explanation of physics founded the explanation of physics founded the modern understanding and exploration of modern understanding and exploration of the universethe universe