1 Science

4th prim

Lesson

☻All living organism's characteristic by Feeding, transport, respiration,

Excretion, motion, sensation, reproduction … etc.

The structure of the living organism body:- A living organism body is consists of a set (group) of systems.

Human Body Systems

- The System - Its Function

1 The digestive system - Digests and absorbs food.

2 The respiratory system - Carry out the process of breathing.

3 The circulatory system - transport the digested food and

oxygen all over the body cells.

4 The urinary system - help the body to get rid of harmful

substances.

5 The nervous system - To feel, hear, see, smell, and taste.

6 The reproductive system - Make us give birth for new

individuals who will look like us.

- The human body consist of :-

Which each cell has its own function and it’s the building unit of the living

organisms .

Unit one

The digestive system

1

Cells Tissue

sssssss

sssssss

sssssss

s

Organs Systems Living organism

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Digestive system

Alimentary canal (mouth – pharynx – esophagus – stomach –

small intestine – large intestine )

Alimentary canal associated

(Accessory glands)

Liver Pancreas Salivary glands

The human Digestive System

- The digestion Process:- -Changing the food from a complex form into a simple one to let the body

get benefited.

The digestive System Structure:-

1- Digestive system in a human made up of a set of organs.

2- There are a long pipe know as the digestive canal with length of 9-10 m

this canal starts with the mouth and ends in the anus.

3- There are three types of glands are connected with this canal:

A- salivary glands.

B- liver.

C- pancreas.

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The digestive canal consists of:-

(1) Mouth

☻The mouth is a cavity consists of:-

A- Teeth:- - The teeth number in an adult are 32.

- Each jaw has 16 teeth.

- Each jaw divided into

(4 incisors, 2 canines and 10 molars).

- Incisors and canines cut and tear food into small pieces.

- Molars grind the food to be easy to swallow.

B- Tongue:- - move the food inside the mouth cavity and mixes it up with saliva to

help in swallowing and tasting the food.

C- Salivary glands:- - They are three pairs of glands secrete a liquid known as the saliva.

- The saliva contains digestive substances called enzymes.

- The enzymes (saliva) digest starches, and change it into simple substance

Called (sugars).

Give reasons:-

(1)After chewing a piece of bread in the mouth, we feel a sweetly taste.

(2)Digestion of food is started at the mouth.

Because mouth has saliva which converts starch into sugar.

(3)Food should be chewed well in the mouth.

♥ To be easy to swallow.

♥ To convert (change) starch into simple sugar by saliva.

(2) Pharynx

☻Is a common cavity leads to the esophagus and trachea.

Its function:-

- It permits food to pass from the mouth to the esophagus.

(3) Esophagus

☻ It's a muscular tube connecting to the stomach.

- Its function:-

It allows food to pass from the pharynx to the stomach.

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(4) Stomach

☻A muscular sac mixes Food up by juices.

☻Digests protein partially by gastric juice

☻Then the food travels to the small intestine.

(5) Small intestine

☻Its length is about (7 meters)

☻It coils inside the abdominal cavity.

☻It starts with a part known as

Duodenum where the bile juice

(Secreted by liver) and pancreatic juice

(Produced by pancreas is poured in.

☻Duodenum is followed by a part of

the small intestine known as ileum.

What is the function of the small intestine?

♥ To complete food digestion.

Bile Juice Function

Experiment Observation Conclusion

1) Put some drops of food

oil into some water in

test tube.

Oil is separated from water

Bile juice

breaks down oil

into small

particles which

dissolves in

water.

2) Add some drops of bile

juice to the test tube and

Shake it well.

Oil and water are mixed

together to form emulsion.

Bile juice: - Helps to digest fats where it changes fats into fatty emulsion

Small intestine

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(6) Large Intestine

☻Starts from the end of small intestine

ending by anus.

☻The anus is located at the end of

The rectum.

☻The wastes are ejected outside the body

through the anus.

- How to keep the digestive system healthy?

1- Chew the food well.

2- Don’t eat much food that contains large fats such as fast meals.

3- Don’t eat food contain additive compounds.

4- Don’t eat from street peddlers.

The Gland Its place Its

secretions

Place of

secretion Function

Salivary

glands

In the mouth Saliva mouth Digest starch to sugar

The liver Right side of

the abdomen Bile juice

Small

intestine Digests fats and oils

The

pancreas

Left side of

abdomen below

the stomach

Pancreatic

juice

Small

intestine Complete food digestion

Rectum

Anus

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The respiration Process:-

It is the process in where the air rich in oxygen enters the lungs and the air rich

in carbon dioxide released( comes out) from the lungs.

- What is the importance of respiration process ?

1) Get the needed energy from food to do vital activities (Example , Motion

…etc.

The structure of respiratory system:-

- The respiratory system consists of:-

(1) Nose

Mucous layer:- Moist the air before entering the lungs.

Hair:- Filter air from dust and microbes .

Blood capillaries:- Warm the air before entering the lungs.

Lesson 2

The respiratory system

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(2) Pharynx

☻A common cavity leads to the esophagus and trachea.

Its function:-

Allows air to pass from the nose to the larynx.

(3) Trachea Larynx

☻Trachea is a tube Trachea

- supported with incomplete cartilaginous rings

that make it permanently open (Open all the time)

- Lined with cilia to eject up the strange objects. Two bronchi

☻At the top of trachea are the larynx (voice box) and epiglottis which

Closes off the opening trachea during swallowing, this don’t allow food

to enter the trachea.

☻At the bottom of the trachea branches

into two narrow tubes called bronchi enter the lungs.

(4) Lungs

☻Bronchus is divided into bronchioles

inside each lung ending in alveoli

(air sacs) which is surrounded by a network

of blood capillaries in where gas exchange

☻The two lungs in the chest cavity and they

Surrounded by the ribs.

☻Diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Give reasons:-

(1) The alveoli are surrounded by a network of blood capillaries ?

To allow gas exchange between the air sacs and the blood.

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Activity: - (To show times of respiration ) :

experiment Observation Conclusion

1)Find how many times of

respiration of students

during a minute by

Using a stop watch in each

of the following cases :

A- While sitting.

B- While walking.

C- During running.

2) Record how many times

they respire per a minute

in each case.

The motion of chest :-

1) Decrease during sitting.

2) Increase during walking.

3) More increasing during

running.

When we make

more active,

our respiration

times increases.

Activity:- ( To show the mechanism of respiration ) :

Experiment observation

1- Cut off the bottom of a plastic bottle and

replace it by a piece of rubber.

2- Close the opening of the bottle by stopper

made of rubber or cork through which a

plastic tube is passed and a small balloon is

fixed at its end inside the bottle.

3- Pull the rubber sheet membrane down

wards.

The inner balloon

expands

4- Let the rubber sheet to be free. The inner balloon

shrinks.

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Mechanism of respiration

During inhalation During exhalation

1- The diaphragm muscle contracts

and moves down.

2- Chest cavity volume increases.

3- Air rich with oxygen enter lung

through the nasal passage.

1- The diaphragm muscle relaxes

and moves up.

2- Chest cavity volume decreases.

3-Air rich with carbon dioxide and

water vapour moves outside the

lungs through the nasal passage

Exchange of gases

☻Exchange of gases occurs between the air existed in alveoli and the blood

flows in the capillaries .

☻The blood leaves carbon dioxide and carries the oxygen and distributes it all

over the body cells.

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Components of exhaled air

Activity:- ( To detect carbon dioxide in exhaled air ) :

Experiment observation Conclusion

1- Put some clear lime water

in a test tube.

2- Blow by your mouth

exhaled air through a tube.

The clear lime

water becomes

milky.

The exhaled air contains

carbon dioxide gas.

Activity:- ( To detect water vapor in exhaled air ) :

Experiment observation Conclusion

Bring a mirror or a

glass sheet and place it

in front of your mouth

then exhale on its

surface.

Water droplets are

formed on the glass

sheet

Exhaled air contains water

vapour.

How to keep The respiratory system healthy?

1- Don’t being in crowded places .

2- Smoking destroys the respiratory system.

3- Keeping off the severe cold.

4- Breath by nose not by mouth.

5- Having fruits rich in vitamin (C) such as oranges, guava to protect us

from cold.

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- Lesson

The Cell: - "It is the building unit of the living organism"

"The unit of structure in the living organisms"

Cell can be seen only by a microscope not by the naked eye.

So, we have plant cell and animal cell

Plant cell: - The building unit of the plant.

Animal cell: - The building unit of the animal.

1- The plant cell

- We use compound microscope to examine the plant cell (G.R) Because the plant cell very tiny so we can't see by naked eye

- Examining the plant cell 1- Remove the thin membrane from the inner base of the onion leave

2- Put the epidermal layer on a clean slide then put a drop of water (G.R)

to prevent the formation of air bubbles

3- Examine the slide under the microscope you get this

figure.

-Important Note

-The plant body is made of systems (Shoot system and root system) .

- These system are made of organs as (roots, stem and leaves) .

Living organisms are classified

into into

Animals Plants

The Cell 3

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2- The animal Cell

Animal cell examination :- When we examine a prepared slide of the membrane of the

man's cheek under microscope we get the opposite figure.

Comparison between the animal and the plant cells plasma membrane

Plasma memebrane

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm ` sap vacoule Nucleus

Cell wall Nucleus

Green plastides

(Chloroplast)

Similarities between the plant and the animal cells

The organelle Description

In

plant

cell

In

animal

cell

1- The nucleus 1-It organisnes the processes

2-cell divsion ( √ ) ( √ )

2- Cytoplasm It’s the fluid that all

operations occur in it . ( √ ) ( √ )

3- Plasma

membrane

Surrounds the cytoplasm and

controls the substnces that

enter or leave the cell . ( √ ) ( √ )

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Differences between the plant and the animal cells

The organelle Description In animal

cell

In pant

cell

1- Cell Wall

Supports the plant cell and

gives it a definite shape ( × ) ( √ )

2- Green Plastids It make food by

photosynthesis process ( × ) ( √ )

Give reason :-

- plant cell has a definit shape ?.

Because it has a cell wall .

The structural order of the living organisms

The tissue :- A group of cells which has the same shape, structure and function.

The organ :- A group of different tissues which work togetther.

The system :- A group of different organs which work together.

The human body :- A group of different system which work together

- Unicellular Organisms:-

- They has the ability to do the all the biological function .

" They cannot be seen by the naked eye such as bacteria and yeast "

- Yeast fungus :-

- It is a unicellular living organisms that made up of nucleus , cytoplasm and a wall.

Cells Tissue

ss

Organs Systems Living organism

Unicellular organisms

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- Economic importance of the yeast fungus:- - Used in :-

1- Making bread.

2- Making alcohol. Vacuole

Nucleus

Cell wall Cytoplasm

(Structure of yeast fungus)

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- Lesson

- Human and animals depends on plants to get their food to get the

required energy for survival .

- Plants absorb light energy from the sun , water and salts from the soil , and

carbon dioxide from the air This is called " photosynthesis process "

So we conclude from this that .

- Plant needs :-

1- Chloroplasts

2- Light energy

3- Water and salts

4-Carbon dioxide

To make their own food.

So ,

Photosynthesis process :-

- It’s the process by which the plants make their own food

The importance of sunlight to living organisms 4

How does plant make their own food ?

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Activity (1)

- To test the presence of starch in the green leaves . Procedure:-

1- Get a plant leave after exposing to sun for several hours.

2- Put the plant leave in a boiling water (G.R) to kill the cell.

3- Put the plant leave in alcohol (G.R) to remove the green coloure.

4- Wash the leave with water and add iodine solution to test the presence

of starch.

Observation :-

- The leaves turn into blue.

Conclusion :-

Plants make starch during photosynthesis process .

Activity (2)

To prove the importance of sunlight for green plants . Producer:-

1- Get two potted plant and cover one of them by a paper sack with

a hole to air comes in .

2- Leave the two flower pots for two days and watering them .

Observation:-

- The covered plant becomes yellowish and weak this is due to the

absence of sun light.

Conclusion:-

- Light energy is necessary for plants to make their own food .

- Activity (3) :-

- To prove that oxygen released from photosynthesis

process. Procedure:-

1- Bring water tank contain dissolved sodium bicarbonate.

2- Bring an aquatic plant (Elodea) with a funnel on it.

3- Expose the apparatus to sunlight for a few hours.

Observation:-

Gas bubbles are evolved ,test it with a splint it glows more so, its oxygen.

Conclusion:-

- Oxygen is released during the process of photosynthesis.

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Producers - Are the living organisms that can make their own food by them

selves through photosynthesis .

For example,

- Green plants – algae – types of bacteria

Give reason:-

- Plants are called amyotrophic organisms?

Because, it make their own food by themselves by photosynthesis process.

Consumers

- They are the living organisms depending on producers to get their food

directly or directly.

Examples:-

- Cows, sheep and chicken they feed on producers.

- Lions, snake, and hawk they feed on consumers that

fed on producers.

Decomposers - They are living organisms cannot make their food by themselves they don’t

have chloroplasts are not existed in their cells.

- Decomposer get their food through decomposing the organic wastes such as

dead bodies.

Examples of decomposers :-

1- Some types of bacteria.

2- Some fungi such as bread fungus.

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Types of living things according to

their feeding

Importance of decomposers :- 1- Help us to get rid of dead living organisms and the plant remains.

2- Increase the soil fertility.

3- Used in a lot of industries. Example:-

-

Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Sunlight

Water and minerals Sugars and starches

Green plants

Producers

- Green plants

Consumers

- Animals

Decomposers

- Some fungi

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Lesson

Food chain :- - It is the path of energy that transmits in a form of food from living

organism to another one.

- Food chain begins with producer then herbivore consumer then

carnivore consumer then decomposers

Example:-

- Green plant – Locust – Frog – Snake – Hawk – Decomposer.

Food web :- - It’s a group of food chains represent the flow of energy through

living organisms.

- In photosynthesis process :- - The solar energy changes into chemical energy.

Energy paths through

Living organisms

5

The

Sun