The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. 2 Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 3...
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![Page 1: The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics. 2 Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: –Core –Mantle –Crust Inner core Outer.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062314/56649de55503460f94ade09b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics
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Structure of the Earth
• The Earth is made up of 3 main layers:– Core– Mantle– Crust
Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust
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The Crust• This is where we live!
• The Earth’s crust is made of two types:
Continental Crust
- thick (10-70km)- buoyant (less dense than oceanic crust) - mostly old
Oceanic Crust
- thin (~7 km)- dense (sinks under continental crust)- young
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How do we know what the Earth is made of?
• Seismic waves travel at different speeds through the earth. Speed depends on density and composition.
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What is Plate Tectonics?
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• If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
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Plate Tectonics
• The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates which move in various directions.
• This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other causing different landforms to be created and natural disasters to occur.
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World Plates
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What are tectonic plates made of?
• Plates are made of rigid lithosphere.
The lithosphere is made up of the crust and the upper part of the mantle.
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What lies beneath the tectonic plates?
• Below the lithosphere (which makes up the tectonic plates) is the asthenosphere.
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Plate Movement• “Plates” of lithosphere are moved around by
the underlying hot mantle convection cells.
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Practical Exercise 1
Supercontinents!
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Supercontinent-Pangaea
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Evidence for Pangaea•The continents look like they fit together.
•Similar types of rock and evidence of same climatic conditions found on several continents.
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Similar fossils have been found on continents that once could have been together.
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Why are they apart now?
Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift states that continents once formed a single landmass and have
drifted to their current position.
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Sea-Floor Spreading
•The process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises toward the surface and solidifies.
•Creates mid-ocean ridges.
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What happens at tectonic plate boundaries?
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• Divergent-Spread Apart
• Convergent-Collide
• Transform- Slide Past
Three types of plate boundary
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• Spreading ridges– As plates move apart new material is erupted to
fill the gap– Example-Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Divergent Boundaries
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Age of Oceanic Crust
Courtesy of www.ngdc.noaa.gov
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• Iceland has a divergent plate boundary running through its middle
Iceland: An example of continental rifting
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• There are three styles of convergent plate boundaries– Continent-continent collision– Continent-oceanic crust collision– Ocean-ocean collision
Convergent Boundaries
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• Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
Continent-Continent Collision
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Himalayas
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• SUBDUCTION-one plate moves under another and sinks into the mantle.
Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision
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• Oceanic lithosphere subducts underneath the continental lithosphere
• Oceanic lithosphere heats and dehydrates as it subsides
• The melt rises forming volcanism
• E.g. The Andes
Subduction
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• When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a subduction zone.
• The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep depression in the ocean floor called a trench.
• The worlds deepest parts of the ocean are found along trenches. – E.g. The Mariana Trench is 11 km deep!
Ocean-Ocean Plate Collision
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• Cause earthquakes
Transform Boundaries
Above: View of the San Andreas fault
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Draw the outline of the continents.
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…what’s the connection?
Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics…
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An area where lithospheric plate boundaries meet and cause lots of earthquakes and volcanoes.
Pacific Ring of Fire
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- Subduction - Rifting - Hotspots
Volcanoes are formed by:
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Pacific Ring of Fire
Hotspot volcanoes
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• Hot mantle plumes breaching the surface in the middle of a tectonic plate
What are Hotspot Volcanoes?
Photo: Tom Pfeiffer / www.volcanodiscovery.com
The Hawaiian island chain are examples of hotspot volcanoes.
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The tectonic plate moves over a fixed hotspot forming a chain of volcanoes.
The volcanoes get younger from one end to the other.
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…what’s the connection?
Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics…
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• As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the globe
• When built up pressure from inside the earth cause plates to move earthquakes occur.
Figure showing the distribution of earthquakes around the globe
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Where do earthquakes form?
Figure showing the tectonic setting of earthquakes
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Plate Tectonics Summary• The Earth is made up of 3 main layers ___,
____, _____.• On the surface of the Earth are _______ that
slowly move around the globe• Plates are made of crust and upper mantle
called the ______________• There are 2 types of plates _____ ________• There are 3 types of plate boundaries ___,
___, ____• ________ and _______ are closely linked to
the margins of the tectonic plates.