THE STORMY SIXTIES Chapter 38 1960 - 1968 Kennedy Mystique Referred to Camelot “Ask not what your...
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Transcript of THE STORMY SIXTIES Chapter 38 1960 - 1968 Kennedy Mystique Referred to Camelot “Ask not what your...
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THE STORMY SIXTIESChapter 38
1960 - 1968
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Kennedy Mystique
• Referred to Camelot
• “Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country”
• Brought together “the best and the brightest”• Robert Kennedy --- New Attorney
General• 35 years old
• Robert McNamara --- Sec. of Defense
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Progress
• Kennedy• Broad vision of progress
• “We stand today on the edge of a New Frontier”
• Called on Americans to be “New Pioneers”• Science and space• Ignorance and prejudice
• European Economic Community (EUC)• Cut Tariffs • Globalization
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Poverty Abroad
• Peace Corps• Program of volunteers
• Giving assistance to developing nations• Asia, Africa, and Latin America
• “Kennedy’s Kiddie Korps”• College students
• 1968 --- 35,000 volunteers around the world
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Economy
• 1960’s ---- Recession• Use of deficit spending
• Stimulating economic growth depended on increased government spending
• Lower taxes
• 1961• Proposals sent to Congress called for increased spending
• Department of Defense --- 20% budget increase• Nuclear missiles, nuclear submarines• Expansion of the armed forces
• Increase minimum wage to $1.25• Extended unemployment insurances
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Military Policy
• Focused on the Cold War• Redefined the nation’s nuclear strategy
• Laos
• Flexible Response• Increased defense spending in order to boost
conventional military forces• Non-nuclear forces
• Troops, ships, artillery• Create an elite branch of army
• Special Forces = Green Berets
• Tripled the overall nuclear capabilities of the U.S.
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Race to the Moon
• April 12, 1961• First human in space --- Soviets• Less than a month --- U.S. duplicated
• NASA• Created new launch facility = Cape
Canaveral, Florida• Mission Control Center = Houston, Texas
• July 20, 1969• Neil Armstrong
• Took first steps on the moon• Apollo
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Berlin
• June 1961 = Vienna• 11 years since Berlin airlift
• 3 million East Germans – 20% fled into West Berlin• Weakened East Berlin
• Khrushchev• Belligerent attitude• Threatened to cut of Western access to West Berlin• Kennedy refused
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Cont.
• Khrushchev• “I want peace. But, if you want war, that is your problem.”
• Kennedy• “We cannot and will not permit the communists to drive
us out of Berlin”
• August 13, 1961• East German troops began to unload concrete posts and
rolls of barbed wire• Within days the Berlin Wall was up
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Bay of Pigs
• March 1960• Eisenhower gave the CIA permission to secretly train Cuban exiles
for an invasion of Cuba• Overthrow Castro
• Kennedy learned of plan 9 days after election• Had doubts --- but approved plan
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Cont.• April 17, 1961
• 1,200 Cuban exiles • Landed on the island’s southern coast = Bay of Pigs
• Nothing went as planned• Air strike failed to knock out the Cuban air force
• Faced 25,000 Cuban troops• Backed by Soviet tanks and jets
• Secretary of State ---• “look like fools to our friends, rascals to our enemies, and
incompetents to the rest”
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Cuban Missile Crisis
• Nikita Khrushchev• Promised to defend Cuba with
Soviet arms
• 1962• Flow to Cuba of Soviet weapons
• Nuclear missiles
• October 14• Photographs taken by American
planes revealed Soviet missile bases in Cuba• Ready to launch
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Cont.• Kennedy warned that America would not tolerate offensive
nuclear weapons in Cuba• Any missile attack from Cuba would trigger an all-out attack on the
Soviets
• 6 days --- possibility of nuclear war• Soviet ships headed towards Cuba
• U.S. prepared to Quarantine Cuba• 100,000 troops waited in Florida
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Cont.
• Soviet ships suddenly stopped
• Few days later • Khrushchev offered to remove the missiles in return for an
American pledge not to invade Cuba
• U.S. also secretly agreed to remove missiles from Turkey
• “For a moment, the world had stood still”• Robert Kennedy
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Ease Tensions
• Hot Line = 1963• Direct line between the White House and the Kremlin
• Communicate at once
• Limited Test Ban Treaty = 1963• Barred nuclear testing in the atmosphere
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Civil Rights• Proceeded slowly
• “Ink for Jack”
• Freedom Riders = 1960• End segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers• Riots break out
• Torched bus• Robert Kennedy’s assistant beaten
• Federal Marshals brought in
• Martin Luther King Jr.• Wire tap • Communist affiliations??
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Civil Rights Cont.
• Voter Education Project• Register the South’s disfranchised blacks
• Integration = Ole Miss.• University of Mississippi
• Volcano
• October 1962• James Meredith / veteran• 400 federal Marshals / 3,000 troops
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Civil Rights• Spring 1963
• Martin Luther King• Campaign against discrimination• Birmingham, Alabama
• Most segregated• Children 1000+• Marchers attacked
• Dogs / electric cattle prods• High pressure water hoses
• Kennedy addresses nation = June 11, 1963• “Moral Issue”• Called for new Civil Right Legislation / protect black citizens
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Civil Rights
• August 1963• Martin Luther King• 200,000 demonstrators• Peaceful
• March on Washington• Support of legislation• Lincoln Memorial
• “I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.”
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Killing of Kennedy
• November 22, 1963• Dallas, Texas
• Went to mend political fences• State’s Democratic Party
• Parade --- Open air limousine
• In the front = Texas Governor John Connally and his wife
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Cont.
• Lee Harvey Oswald• 24 year old ex-marine• Briefly lived in the Soviet
Union• Supported Castro• Oswald being transported
between jails• Jack Ruby • Night club owner • Broke through the crowd
• shot = killed Kennedy
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Conspiracy?• 1963 --- Conspiracy
• Warren Commission• Investigated and concluded that Oswald had shot the
president while acting on his own
• 1979• Reinvestigation concluded that Oswald was part of a
conspiracy• 2 people may have fired at the president
• Communist plot by anti-Castro Cubans?• Communists sponsored attack?• Conspiracy by the CIA?• Johnson?
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LBJ
• Lyndon Baines Johnson• Grew up in Texas
• Not wealthy• Entered politics in 1937• “New Dealer”• Spokesman for small ranchers / farmers• FDR --- took Johnson under his wing
• Helped secure key committee assignments• Idolized FDR --- imitated his leadership style
• Master at behind the scenes maneuvering• Persuade Senators to support his bills
• “LBJ Treatment”
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Johnson’s Agenda
• Johnson urged Congress to pass the civil rights / tax-cut bill Kennedy had proposed
• 1964• Congress pass tax reduction over $10 billion
• Spurred economic growth = “War on Poverty”
• Civil Right Act of 1964• Prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and sex
• Title VII• Affirmative Action
• Federal government had new power to enforce law• End segregation
• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
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Election 1964• Democrats = Johnson
• Tonkin Gulf Resolution = Vietnam • Blank Check??
• Republicans = Barry Goldwater• Senator / Arizona
• Johnson wins 486 to 52• Won election by capitalizing on people’s fears• Television = Daisy commercial• “Government could and should help the nation’s problems”• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIrFSvuEheE&safe=active
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Great Society
• 1964• Johnson’s vision for America --- “Great Society”
• Wanted to change America
• Left White House in 1969• Congress had passed 206 of his measures
• Education --- “The key which can unlock the door to the Great Society”
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Cont.• Economic Opportunity Act
• 1 billion for youth programs• Head start• Job Corps Youth Training program
• Antipoverty measures
• Small business loans
• Job training
• Community Action Program
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Cont.
• Big 4 Legislation• Aid to education
• Medicare / Medicaid• Care for the elderly • 1965
• Immigration reform
• New voting rights bill
• Department of Housing and Urban Development• HUD• 240,000 units of low-rent public
housing• Helping low and moderate
income families pay for better private housing
• Department of Transportation
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Cont.
• Immigration Act of 1965• Opened the door for many non-European immigrants to
settle in the U.S.• End Quota system
• Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965• $1 Billion in federal aid to help public schools
• Water Quality Act of 1965• Required states to clean up rivers• Search out the worst chemical polluters
• “There is no excuse . . . for chemical companies and oil refineries using our major rivers as pipelines for toxic wastes”
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Black Rights• Freedom Summer
• King resumed the fight for voter-registration• Selma to Montgomery• Troopers used tear gas/whips
• Johnson addresses nation• Quickly pushes through legislation
• Voting Rights Act of 1965• Outlaws literacy tests• Sent Federal voter registrars into southern states
• 24th Amendment• Abolished poll tax in federal elections
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Black Power
• Watts = Los Angeles• Riots
• Malcolm X• New generation of leadership• Militant • Islam• Separatism
• Afros
• Black Panther Party• Weapons• Oakland, California
• Black Power• African American distinctiveness• Riots
• “Burn Baby Burn”
• Economic demands
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King dies
• Martin Luther King, Jr.• Tennessee• April 4, 1968• Sniper’s bullet• Martyr for Justice• Most inspirational leader in history• Ghetto-Gutting / Violence
• Voter Registration increased
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Vietnam• North Vietnamese
• Guerillas = Viet Cong• Attacked an American air base
• Pleiku, South Vietnam = February 1965
• Johnson retaliates• Bombing raids against military installation• U.S. troops land• March 1965 = “Operation Rolling Thunder”
• End of 1965 = 184,000 American troops
• Enemy matched every increase by Americans• Mechanized war
• Johnson raised military stakes• 1968 = ½ million troops = $30 Billion annually
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Israel
• Six Day War = June 1967
• Israel = expanded territories• Sinai Peninsula• Golan Heights• Gaza Strip• West Bank of Jordan River (Jerusalem)
• Resentful Palestinian Arabs• Refugees fled (350,000) = Jordan• Yasir Arafat
• Head of Palestine liberation Organization
• Powder Keg
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Vietnam• World opinion hostile
• Peace Corps expelled• France (Charles de Gaulle)
• Withdrew from NATO
• Antiwar Demonstrations• Military draft• Slaughter pen / resistance stiffened• Thousands of draft registrants fled to Canada• Publically burned draft cards
• “Hell no, we won’t go”• “Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?”
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Cont.• Television
• Images from Vietnam• Senator William Fulbright / Arkansas
• Televised hearing 1966 – 67• Antiwar
• Public felt that they had been deceived• “Winnability”
• Defense Secretary McNamara moved out
• Longest and most unpopular foreign war in nation’s history• Casualties exceeded 100,000 • Ripping apart society / government trembling• FBI = counterintelligence against peace movement
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Vietnam / Johnson
• January 1968• Communist offensive
launched = Tet (New Year)• 27 South Vietnamese
Cities• Victory for Viet Cong
• High American Casualties
• More troops (200,000)
• Johnson challenged in own party• Robert Kennedy• Eugene McCarthy
• March 31, 1968• Scale back bombing• Freeze troops• Not run for president
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Election 1968• June 5, 1968
• Kennedy shot• California• Arab immigrant
• Mad over pro-Israel Views
• Democrats = Humphrey• Divided
• Republicans = Richard Nixon• War Hawk
• 3rd Party = George C. Wallace
• Segregation Now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation Forever!
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Cultural Upheaval• Racism, Poverty, Vietnam
• Negative attitude = authority• Young people lost traditional moral rudders
• Religion lost grip = Protestant Denominations• Churchgoing declines
• Cultural divide• “Trust no one over 30”• University of California = Berkeley 1964
• Ban on the use of campus space for political debate
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Cont.• Radical political rebels
• Drugs• “Acid Rock”• Dropped out of society
• Sexual revolution• Birth control
• Gay Rights = Mattachine Society• Attack on gay men by off duty police• N.Y. Stonewall Inn = 1969• Stonewall Rebellion