THE STATESMAN’S YEARBOOK 2004 - Springer978-0-230-27132-6/1.pdf · the statesman’s yearbook...

THE STATESMAN’S YEARBOOK

2004

Statesmen are but men; and more than in any other calling, they embodythe defects of their merits. The imperious leader who appears to dictate thefuture is at the mercy of unpredictable events and the impersonal forces ofhistory; at the mercy too of the hesitations and doubts of those he has totrust to carry out his commands. On the other hand, the sagacious, rationalconciliators see their humane plans swept aside by crude demagogues, andare unable, precisely because they appeal to reason, to defeat the emotionalslogans of opponents who know how to play on the prejudice of theircompatriots.

Noel Annan, Changing Enemies.

EditorsFrederick Martin 1864–1883Sir John Scott-Keltie 1883–1926Mortimer Epstein 1927–1946S. H. Steinberg 1946–1969John Paxton 1969–1990Brian Hunter 1990–1997Barry Turner 1997–1997

CreditsPublisher Alison Jones (London)

Garrett Kiely (New York)

Editor Barry TurnerEditorial Assistants Jill Fenner

Jeni Giffen

Research Editor Nicholas Heath-Brown

Research Andrew ClarkeDaniel Bunyard

Nicola VarnsAnna BrattströmRichard GermanClive CarpenterMartha NymanNatasha Martin

Daniel Smith

Index Richard German

Production Darren SmithMichael Card

Marketing Nathan Gaw (London)Andrea Lansing (New York)

THE

STATESMAN’S

YEARBOOK

THE POLITICS, CULTURES ANDECONOMIES OF THE WORLD

2004

EDITED BY

BARRY TURNER

© Palgrave Macmillan Ltd 2003

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of theCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Published annually since 1864

This edition published 2003 byPALGRAVE MACMILLANHoundmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.10010Companies and representatives throughout the world

PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the PalgraveMacmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries.

ISSN 0081—4601

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataData available

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1912 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03

Typeset by Penrose Typography, Maidstone

DOI 10.1057/9780230271326

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-0-333-98097-2

ISBN 978-0-230-27132-6 (eBook)

CONTENTS

TIME ZONES MAP Front EndpaperKEY WORLD FACTS xv

ISO COUNTRY CODES xviCHRONOLOGY xxi

ADDENDA xxxv

Part I: International OrganizationsPage

Has NATO a Future? by Alyson Bailes 3THE UNITED NATIONS (UN) 8

General Assembly 9Security Council 10Economic and Social Council 10Trusteeship Council 12International Court of Justice 12Secretariat 13Member States 14

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 16NOBEL PRIZES 19UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM 20

Operational Programmes and Funds 20Training and Research Institutes 23Information 24

SPECIALIZED AGENCIES OF THE UN 25Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 25International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 26International Development Association (IDA) 27International Finance Corporation (IFC) 28Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) 28International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) 28International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 29International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) 29International Labour Organization (ILO) 30International Maritime Organization (IMO) 31International Monetary Fund (IMF) 32International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 34United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 35UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) 36Universal Postal Union (UPU) 37World Health Organization (WHO) 37World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 39World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 41

OTHER ORGANS RELATED TO THE UN 42International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 42World Trade Organization (WTO) 42World Tourism Organization (WTO) 44Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

Organization (CTBTO) 44Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) 45International Criminal Court (ICC) 45

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) 46

v

BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS (BIS) 49ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND

DEVELOPMENT (OECD) 50

EuropeEUROPEAN UNION (EU) 52EU INSTITUTIONS 57

European Commission 57Council of the European Union (Council of Ministers) 57The European Council 59European Parliament 59Court of Justice of the European Communities 60European Court of Auditors 60European Ombudsman 60European Investment Bank 60European System of Central Banks 61The Consultative Bodies 61Statistical Office of the European Communities (Eurostat) 61

EU AGENCIES AND OTHER BODIES 62Community Plant Variety Office 62European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products 62European Agency for Reconstruction 62European Agency for Safety and Health at Work 62European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training 62European Environment Agency 62European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions 63European Investment Fund 63European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction 63European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia 63European Training Foundation 63Europol 63Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market 63Translation Centre for Bodies of the European Union 64European Food Safety Agency 64

COUNCIL OF EUROPE 64WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION (WEU) 67ORGANIZATION FOR SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE

(OSCE) 69EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

(EBRD) 70EUROPEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION (EFTA) 71EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY (ESA) 72CERN—THE EUROPEAN LABORATORY FOR PARTICLE PHYSICS 72CENTRAL EUROPEAN INITIATIVE (CEI) 73THE NORDIC COUNCIL 73NORDIC DEVELOPMENT FUND 73NORDIC INVESTMENT BANK 73COUNCIL OF THE BALTIC SEA STATES 74EUROPEAN BROADCASTING UNION (EBU) 74BLACK SEA ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION GROUP (BSEC) 75DANUBE COMMISSION 75THE COMMONWEALTH 76COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES (CIS) 79

vi

CONTENTS

AmericasORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES (OAS) 81INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (IDB) 83SECRETARIAT FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN ECONOMIC

INTEGRATION (SIECA) 84CENTRAL AMERICAN COMMON MARKET (CACM) 84CENTRAL AMERICAN BANK FOR ECONOMIC INTEGRATION (BCIE) 85LATIN AMERICAN INTEGRATION ASSOCIATION (ALADI/LAIA) 85LATIN AMERICAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM (SELA) 85LATIN AMERICAN RESERVE FUND 86THE ANDEAN COMMUNITY 86SOUTHERN COMMON MARKET (MERCOSUR) 87ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN STATES (ACS) 87CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY (CARICOM) 88CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (CDB) 90ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS) 90EASTERN CARIBBEAN CENTRAL BANK (ECCB) 91AGENCY FOR THE PROHIBITION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS

IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN (OPANAL) 91

Asia/PacificASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 92ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION ORGANIZATION (ECO) 92COLOMBO PLAN 93ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION (APEC) 94SECRETARIAT OF THE PACIFIC COMMUNITY (SPC) 95PACIFIC ISLANDS FORUM (PIF) 95ASSOCIATION OF SOUTH EAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) 96

Asean Mekong Basin Development Co-operation (Mekong Group) 97SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL CO-OPERATION (SAARC) 97

Middle EastLEAGUE OF ARAB STATES 98ARAB FUND FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (AFESD) 99ARAB MONETARY FUND (AMF) 100GULF CO-OPERATION COUNCIL (GCC) 100ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC) 101

OPEC Fund for International Development 101ORGANIZATION OF ARAB PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES

(OAPEC) 102ARAB MAGHREB UNION 102ARAB ORGANIZATION FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (AOAD) 103

AfricaAFRICAN UNION (AU) 103AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK 104BANK OF CENTRAL AFRICAN STATES (BEAC) 104EAST AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (EADB) 104 WEST AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (BOAD) 105CENTRAL BANK OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (BCEAO) 105AFRICAN EXPORT–IMPORT BANK (AFREXIMBANK) 106

vii

CONTENTS

ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF CENTRAL AFRICAN STATES (CEAAC) 106ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS) 106WEST AFRICAN MONETARY AND ECONOMIC UNION (UEMOA) 107COMMON MARKET FOR EASTERN AND SOUTHERN AFRICA

(COMESA) 107SOUTHERN AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY (SADC) 108LAKE CHAD BASIN COMMISSION 108NIGER BASIN AUTHORITY 109EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY 109INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY ON DEVELOPMENT 109

Other OrganizationsWORLD COUNCIL OF CHURCHES 110UNREPRESENTED NATIONS AND PEOPLES ORGANIZATION (UNPO) 111INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (IOM) 111INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (ICRC) 112MÉDECINS SANS FRONTIÈRES (MSF) 113AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL 114INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 114ANTARCTIC TREATY 115INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION (IPU) 116INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR DEMOCRACY AND

ELECTORAL ASSISTANCE (IDEA) 116ORGANIZATION OF THE ISLAMIC CONFERENCE (OIC) 117ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT BANK 117WORLD CUSTOMS ORGANIZATION 118INTERPOL (INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION) 118INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SATELLITE ORGANIZATION (IMSO) 119INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE

ORGANIZATION (ITSO) 119INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA) 120INTERNATIONAL ROAD FEDERATION (IRF) 120INTERNATIONAL CONFEDERATION OF FREE TRADE UNIONS (ICFTU) 120WORLD FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS (WFTU) 121EUROPEAN TRADE UNION CONFEDERATION (ETUC) 122WORLD CONFEDERATION OF LABOUR (WCL) 122THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE FRANCOPHONIE 123INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO) 123WORLD WIDE FUND FOR NATURE (WWF) 124INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE (IOC) 124INTERNATIONAL UNION AGAINST CANCER (UICC) 125

Part II: Countries of the World A–Z

viii

CONTENTS

AFGHANISTAN 129ALBANIA 136ALGERIA 142ANDORRA 148ANGOLA 151ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA 157

ARGENTINA 161ARMENIA 169AUSTRALIA 174

TerritoriesAustralian Capital Territory 193Northern Territory 196

StatesNew South Wales 201Queensland 208South Australia 213Tasmania 217Victoria 222Western Australia 227Australian External TerritoriesAustralian Antarctic Territory 234Cocos (Keeling) Islands 234Christmas Island 235Norfolk Island 237Heard and McDonald Islands 238Ashmore and Cartier Islands 239Coral Sea Islands 239

AUSTRIA 240AZERBAIJAN 249

Nakhichevan 254Nagorno-Karabakh 254

BAHAMAS 255BAHRAIN 260BANGLADESH 265BARBADOS 272BELARUS 277BELGIUM 283BELIZE 292BENIN 297BHUTAN 302BOLIVIA 306BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA 312BOTSWANA 317BRAZIL 322BRUNEI 332BULGARIA 336BURKINA FASO 343BURUNDI 348CAMBODIA 353CAMEROON 358CANADA 363

Provinces 376Alberta 377British Columbia 381Manitoba 385New Brunswick 388Newfoundland and Labrador 392Nova Scotia 396Ontario 400Prince Edward Island 403Quebec 405Saskatchewan 408TerritoriesNorthwest Territories 411Nunavut 414Yukon Territory 417

CAPE VERDE 422

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 427CHAD 432CHILE 437CHINA, PEOPLE’S

REPUBLIC OF 444Hong Kong 459Macao 467Taiwan 470

COLOMBIA 477COMOROS 484CONGO, DEMOCRATIC

REPUBLIC OF 488CONGO, REPUBLIC OF 494COSTA RICA 499CÔTE D’IVOIRE 504CROATIA 510CUBA 516CYPRUS 523

‘Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus’ 529

CZECH REPUBLIC 532DENMARK 540

Faroe Islands 550Greenland 552

DJIBOUTI 556DOMINICA 560DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 564EAST TIMOR 570ECUADOR 573EGYPT 579EL SALVADOR 587EQUATORIAL GUINEA 592ERITREA 597ESTONIA 601ETHIOPIA 608FIJI ISLANDS 614FINLAND 620FRANCE 632

Overseas DepartmentsFrench Guiana 650Guadeloupe 652Martinique 655Réunion 657Departmental CollectivitiesMayotte 660Overseas TerritoriesFrench Polynesia 668Southern and Antarctic

Territories 671Wallis and Futuna 672DependenciesBassas da India 674Clipperton Island 674Europa Island 674

ix

CONTENTS

Glorieuses Islands 675Juan de Nova Island 675Tromelin Island 675

GABON 676THE GAMBIA 681GEORGIA 686

Abkhazia 690Adjaria 691South Ossetia 691

GERMANY 692LänderBaden-Württemberg 709Bavaria 711Berlin 714Brandenburg 716Bremen 718Hamburg 720Hessen 722Lower Saxony 724Mecklenburg-West Pomerania 727North Rhine-Westphalia 729Rhineland-Palatinate 731Saarland 733Saxony 736Saxony-Anhalt 737Schleswig-Holstein 739Thuringia 741

GHANA 744GREECE 750GRENADA 760GUATEMALA 764GUINEA 769GUINEA-BISSAU 774GUYANA 778HAITI 783HONDURAS 788HUNGARY 793ICELAND 802INDIA 810

States and Territories 831Andhra Pradesh 831Arunachal Pradesh 833Assam 835Bihar 836Chhattisgarh 838Goa 840Gujarat 841Haryana 844Himachal Pradesh 846Jammu and Kashmir 848Jharkhand 850Karnataka 851Kerala 854Madhya Pradesh 856Maharashtra 858Manipur 860Meghalaya 862

Mizoram 864Nagaland 865Orissa 866Punjab (India) 869Rajasthan 870Sikkim 872Tamil Nadu 874Tripura 876Uttar Pradesh 878Uttaranchal 880West Bengal 881Union TerritoriesAndaman and Nicobar Islands 884Chandigarh 885Dadra and Nagar Haveli 885Daman and Diu 888Delhi 888Lakshadweep 890Pondicherry 890

INDONESIA 892IRAN 901IRAQ 909IRELAND 915ISRAEL 934

Palestinian-AdministeredTerritories 942

ITALY 946JAMAICA 958JAPAN 964JORDAN 976KAZAKHSTAN 982KENYA 988KIRIBATI 995SOUTH KOREA 999NORTH KOREA 1008KUWAIT 1015KYRGYZSTAN 1021LAOS 1026LATVIA 1031LEBANON 1038LESOTHO 1043LIBERIA 1047LIBYA 1051LIECHTENSTEIN 1056LITHUANIA 1060LUXEMBOURG 1066MACEDONIA 1074MADAGASCAR 1080MALAWI 1085MALAYSIA 1090MALDIVES 1098MALI 1101MALTA 1106MARSHALL ISLANDS 1113MAURITANIA 1116

x

CONTENTS

MAURITIUS 1120MEXICO 1125MICRONESIA 1133MOLDOVA 1136MONACO 1141MONGOLIA 1145MOROCCO 1150

Western Sahara 1156MOZAMBIQUE 1158MYANMAR 1164NAMIBIA 1170NAURU 1176NEPAL 1179NETHERLANDS 1185

Aruba 1196Netherlands Antilles 1198

NEW ZEALAND 1202Territories Overseas 1215Cook Islands 1216Niue 1219

NICARAGUA 1221NIGER 1226NIGERIA 1230NORWAY 1238

DependenciesSvalbard 1248Jan Mayen 1248Bouvet Island 1248Peter I Island 1249Queen Maud Land 1249

OMAN 1250PAKISTAN 1256PALAU 1266PANAMA 1269PAPUA NEW GUINEA 1275PARAGUAY 1280PERU 1285PHILIPPINES 1292POLAND 1299PORTUGAL 1309QATAR 1318ROMANIA 1323RUSSIA 1332

Republics 1346Adygeya 1346Altai 1346Bashkortostan 1346Buryatia 1347Chechnya 1347Chuvashia 1349Dagestan 1349Ingushetia 1350Kabardino-Balkaria 1350Kalmykia 1350Karachai-Cherkessia 1351

Karelia 1351Khakassia 1352Komi 1352Mari-El 1353Mordovia 1353North Ossetia 1353Sakha 1354Tatarstan 1354Tuva 1355Udmurtia 1355Jewish Autonomous Region 1356Autonomous Areas 1356

RWANDA 1358ST KITTS AND NEVIS 1363ST LUCIA 1367ST VINCENT AND THE

GRENADINES 1371SAMOA 1375SAN MARINO 1379SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE 1382SAUDI ARABIA 1386SENEGAL 1393SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO 1399

Republics and Provinces 1406Montenegro 1406Serbia 1408Kosovo and Metohija 1410Vojvodina 1412

SEYCHELLES 1414SIERRA LEONE 1420SINGAPORE 1425SLOVAKIA 1434SLOVENIA 1441SOLOMON ISLANDS 1446SOMALIA 1452SOUTH AFRICA 1457

Provinces 1472Eastern Cape 1472Free State 1474Gauteng 1476KwaZulu-Natal 1478Limpopo 1479Mpumalanga 1480Northern Cape 1481North-West 1483Western Cape 1484

SPAIN 1486SRI LANKA 1499SUDAN 1506SURINAME 1512SWAZILAND 1517SWEDEN 1522SWITZERLAND 1534

xi

CONTENTS

SYRIA 1544TAJIKISTAN 1550

Badakhshan AutonomousRepublic 1554

TANZANIA 1555THAILAND 1561TOGO 1568TONGA 1573TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 1577TUNISIA 1583TURKEY 1589TURKMENISTAN 1598TUVALU 1603UGANDA 1606UKRAINE 1612

Crimea 1619UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 1620UNITED KINGDOM 1625

Territory and Population 1626Social Statistics 1629Climate 1630Constitution and Government 1630Recent Elections 1636Current Administration 1636Defence 1638International Relations 1641Economy 1641Energy and Natural Resources 1644Industry 1648International Trade 1650Communications 1652Justice 1655Religion 1659Education 1661Health 1669Welfare 1670Culture 1676Diplomatic Representatives 1678England 1679Scotland 1685Wales 1695Northern Ireland 1699Isle of Man 1707Channel Islands 1712Jersey 1713Guernsey 1715Alderney 1717Sark 1717UK Overseas Territories 1717Anguilla 1718Bermuda 1720British Antarctic Territory 1723British Indian Ocean Territory 1724British Virgin Islands 1724Cayman Islands 1727

Falkland Islands 1729Gibraltar 1733Montserrat 1737Pitcairn Island 1739St Helena 1740South Georgia and the

South Sandwich Islands 1742Sovereign Base Areas of

Akrotiri and Dhekeliain Cyprus 1743

Turks and Caicos Islands 1744

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1747Territory and Population 1750Social Statistics 1757Climate 1758Constitution and Government 1758Recent Elections 1764Current Administration 1765Defence 1766International Relations 1769Economy 1770Energy and Natural Resources 1775Industry 1779International Trade 1780Communications 1782Justice 1784Religion 1785Education 1786Health 1788Welfare 1789Culture 1790Diplomatic Representatives 1791States and Territories 1793Alabama 1793Alaska 1796Arizona 1800Arkansas 1803California 1806Colorado 1810Connecticut 1814Delaware 1817District of Columbia 1819Florida 1822Georgia 1825Hawaii 1827Idaho 1830Illinois 1834Indiana 1838Iowa 1841Kansas 1844Kentucky 1846Louisiana 1850Maine 1853Maryland 1856Massachusetts 1860Michigan 1862Minnesota 1866Mississippi 1869Missouri 1872

xii

CONTENTS

Montana 1875Nebraska 1877Nevada 1880New Hampshire 1884New Jersey 1886New Mexico 1889New York 1892North Carolina 1896North Dakota 1898Ohio 1901Oklahoma 1904Oregon 1908Pennsylvania 1911Rhode Island 1915South Carolina 1917South Dakota 1920Tennessee 1923Texas 1926Utah 1929Vermont 1931Virginia 1934Washington 1937West Virginia 1940Wisconsin 1943

Wyoming 1948Outlying Territories 1951Northern Mariana Islands 1951Puerto Rico 1953American Samoa 1956Guam 1959US Virgin Islands 1961Other Unincorporated

Territories 1964

URUGUAY 1966

UZBEKISTAN 1972Karakalpak Autonomous

Republic (Karakalpakstan) 1976VANUATU 1978VATICAN CITY STATE 1982VENEZUELA 1985VIETNAM 1991YEMEN 1999ZAMBIA 2005ZIMBABWE 2011

xiii

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS 2018PLACE AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION INDEX 2023

KEY WORLD FACTS

• World population in 2003 6,287 million (3,166 million males and 3,121 million females). The total passed6 billion in February 1999

• World population under 30 in 2003 3,429 million

• World population over 60 in 2003 642 million

• World population over 100 in 2003 230,000

• World economic growth rate in 2001 2·2%

• Number of illiterate people 960 million

• Number of unemployed people 180 million

• Average world life expectancy 69·1 years for females; 64·9 years formales

• Annual world population increase 76·86 million people

• Number of people living outside 185 million, or nearly 3% of the world’scountry of birth population

• Fertility rate 2·8 births per woman

• Urban population 47·2% of total population

• World defence expenditure US$811·5 billion

• Number of TV sets 1·36 billion

• Number of radio receivers 2·18 billion

• Number of cigarettes smoked 5,600 billion a year

• Number of Internet users 606 million

• Number of mobile phone users 1·3 billion

• Number of motor vehicles on the road 647 million

• Number of people who cross international borders every day 2 million

• Number of people living in poverty 1·5 billion

• Number of malnourished people 840 million

• Number of overweight people 1·1 billion

• Number of obese adults 300 million

• Number of people dying of starvation 24,000 every day

• Number of people lacking clean drinking water 1 billion

• Number of people lacking adequatesanitation 3 billion

• Number of reported executions in 2001 3,048

• Number of people worldwideexposed to indoor air pollution thatexceeds WHO guidelines 1 billion

• Annual carbon dioxide emissions 6·6 billion tonnes of carbon

xv

ISO COUNTRY CODESBelow is a list of the codes of sovereign states produced by the InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO). There has been widespread use of theseISO codes as TLDs (‘top level domains’) in Internet applications (used in lowercase), managed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Association (IANA), to denote‘national’ domains in addition to the common TLDs such as ‘.com’ and ‘.org’. Thereare some IANA codes used in preference to the above on the Internet (eg. ‘.uk’rather than ‘.gb’).

xvi

ADAEAFAGALAMAOARATAUAZBABBBDBEBFBGBHBIBJBNBOBRBSBTBWBYBZCACD

CF

CGCHCICLCMCNCOCRCUCVCYCZDE

DJDKDMDODZECEEEGERESETFIFJFMFR GAGB

GD GEGHGMGNGQGRGTGWGYHNHRHTHUIDIEILINIQIRISITJMJOJPKEKG

ANDORRAUNITED ARAB EMIRATESAFGHANISTANANTIGUA AND BARBUDAALBANIAARMENIAANGOLAARGENTINAAUSTRIAAUSTRALIAAZERBAIJANBOSNIA-HERZEGOVINABARBADOSBANGLADESHBELGIUMBURKINA FASOBULGARIABAHRAINBURUNDIBENINBRUNEIBOLIVIABRAZILBAHAMASBHUTANBOTSWANABELARUSBELIZECANADACONGO (DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF)

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

CONGO (REPUBLIC OF)SWITZERLANDCÔTE D’IVOIRECHILECAMEROONCHINACOLOMBIACOSTA RICACUBACAPE VERDECYPRUSCZECH REPUBLICGERMANY

DJIBOUTIDENMARKDOMINICADOMINICAN REPUBLICALGERIAECUADORESTONIAEGYPTERITREASPAINETHIOPIAFINLANDFIJI ISLANDSMICRONESIAFRANCE GABON UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

GRENADAGEORGIAGHANATHE GAMBIAGUINEAEQUATORIAL GUINEAGREECEGUATEMALAGUINEA-BISSAUGUYANAHONDURASCROATIAHAITIHUNGARYINDONESIAIRELANDISRAELINDIAIRAQIRANICELANDITALYJAMAICAJORDANJAPANKENYAKYRGYZSTAN

xvii

ISO COUNTRY CODES

KHKIKMKNKPKRKWKZLALBLCLILKLRLSLTLULVLYMAMCMDMGMHMKMLMMMNMRMTMU MVMWMXMYMZNANENG NINLNONPNR NZOMPAPEPGPHPKPLPT

PWPYQARORURWSASBSCSDSESGSISKSLSMSNSO SRSTSVSYSZTDTGTHTJTMTNTOTPTRTTTVTZUAUGUS

UYUZVAVC

VEVNVUWSYEYUZAZMZW

CAMBODIAKIRIBATICOMOROSST KITTS AND NEVISNORTH KOREAKOREAKUWAITKAZAKHSTANLAOSLEBANONST LUCIALIECHTENSTEINSRI LANKALIBERIALESOTHOLITHUANIALUXEMBOURGLATVIALIBYAMOROCCOMONACOMOLDOVAMADAGASCARMARSHALL ISLANDSMACEDONIAMALIMYANMARMONGOLIAMAURITANIAMALTAMAURITIUS MALDIVES MALAWIMEXICOMALAYSIAMOZAMBIQUENAMIBIANIGERNIGERIANICARAGUATHE NETHERLANDSNORWAYNEPALNAURU NEW ZEALANDOMANPANAMAPERUPAPUA NEW GUINEAPHILIPPINESPAKISTANPOLANDPORTUGAL

PALAUPARAGUAYQATARROMANIARUSSIARWANDASAUDI ARABIASOLOMON ISLANDSSEYCHELLESSUDANSWEDENSINGAPORESLOVENIASLOVAKIASIERRA LEONESAN MARINOSENEGALSOMALIASURINAMESÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPEEL SALVADORSYRIASWAZILANDCHADTOGOTHAILANDTAJIKISTANTURKMENISTANTUNISIATONGAEAST TIMORTURKEYTRINIDAD AND TOBAGOTUVALUTANZANIAUKRAINEUGANDAUNITED STATES OF AMERICA

URUGUAYUZBEKISTANVATICAN CITY STATEST VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES

VENEZUELAVIETNAMVANUATUSAMOAYEMENSERBIA AND MONTENEGROSOUTH AFRICAZAMBIAZIMBABWE

CHRONOLOGY

CHRONOLOGYApril 2002–March 2003

Week beginning 7 April 2002

In Costa Rica, a run-off for the presidency was won by Abel Pacheco of the rulingSocial Christian Unity Party, with 58·0% of the vote against 42·0% for RolandoAraya.

An agreement brokered in March 2002 to create a single entity called Serbia andMontenegro was ratified by both governments.

Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez was forced to resign in a military coup led bya businessman, Pedro Carmona Estanga. The following day protests by Chávezsupporters led the new president to resign and Chávez was reinstated.


In East Timor’s first democratic elections, former separatist guerrilla leader XananaGusmão (FRETILIN) won a landslide victory with 82·6% of votes cast against17·3% for Xavier do Amaral, his only rival.

In the Netherlands, Prime Minister Wim Kok and his entire administration resignedafter admitting that Dutch peacekeeping forces could have done more to preventthe massacre of 8,000 Bosnian Muslims at Srebrenica by Serb forces in 1995.

In Madagascar, a deal was brokered to end the power struggle between MarcRavalomanana and Didier Ratsiraka. Both men agreed to a vote recount to determinethe outcome of the disputed elections of Dec. 2001. The High Constitutional Courtdeclared Ravalomanana the winner with 51·5% of votes against 35·9% for Ratsiraka,who refused to recognize the result. Ravalomanana was subsequently sworn in aspresident.


In the first round of French presidential elections Jacques Chirac for the Rally forthe Republic’s came first with 19·87% of votes, with the National Front leader Jean-Marie Le Pen second with 16·86% ahead of incumbent prime minister Lionel Jospin,who received 16·17%. In the second round Jacques Chirac won a second consecutivepresidential term in a landslide victory, with 82·21% of votes cast against 17·79%for Jean-Marie Le Pen.

In the second round of voting in a parliamentary election in Hungary, the HungarianSocialist Party lost their first-round lead over the ruling party Fidesz-MPP, who won188 seats out of a total of 386 against 178 for the Socialists.

In Chad’s general election the Patriotic Salvation Movement of President IdrissDéby won a landslide victory, winning 112 out of 155 seats.


A referendum in Pakistan confirmed Gen. Pervez Musharraf as president, givinghim a further five years rule. Opposition parties boycotted the vote.

Parliamentary elections in the Bahamas were won by the Progressive Liberal Party,with 29 out of 40 seats and 50·8% of votes cast, against 7 and 41·1% for the rulingFree National Movement. Perry Christie of the PLP was sworn in as prime minister.

In Vanuatu’s general election the Union of Moderate Parties won 15 out of 52 seats,while the party of Prime Minister Edward Natapei, the Party of Our Land, took 14.However, with the UMP unable to form a coalition, Prime Minster Edward Natapeiremained in office.

xxi

The Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat was released after a five-month blockade ofhis Ramallah headquarters.

Week beginning 5 May 2002

In Burkina Faso’s general elections, the ruling Congress for Democracy andProgress Party took 57 of 111 seats ahead of the coalition of Alliance for Democracyand Federation and the African Democratic Party with 17 seats.

In Comoros, after results of the April presidential elections were disputed, theComoros Election Commission was dissolved. Its replacement, the RatificationCommission, declared Azali Assoumani president.


In a presidential election run off in Mali, former president Amadou Toumani Tourédefeated Soumaïla Cissé, with 64·4% of votes cast against 35·7%.

Presidential elections in Sierra Leone were won by incumbent president AhmadTejan Kabbah, with 70·1% of votes cast against 22·3% for Ernest Koroma. Kabbah’sSierra Leone People’s Party was also successful in parliamentary elections, taking83 of 112 seats.

At parliamentary elections in the Netherlands the Christian Democrat Appeal won43 seats, ahead of the right-wing List Pim Fortuyn (the party of the murderedpolitician Pim Fortuyn) the People’s Party for Freedom and Democracy, and theLabour Party, which had been the leading party at the 1998 election.

Parliamentary elections in the Dominican Republic were won by President HipólitoMejía’s Dominican Revolutionary Party, with 73 of 150 seats, ahead of theDominican Liberation Party with 41 and the Social Christian Reform Party with 36.

In Ireland, parliamentary elections were won by Prime Minister Bertie Ahern’sFianna Fáil, with 81 of 166 seats, against 31 for Fine Gael.


In parliamentary elections in Vietnam, Communist Party members won 447 of 498seats.

East Timor became an independent country.

Kyrgyzstan’s prime minister Kurmanbek Bakiyev resigned. First Deputy PrimeMinister Nikolay Tanayev was named acting prime minister and was subsequentlyapproved as prime minister.

Russian president Vladimir Putin and US president George Bush signed an armscontrol treaty agreeing to reduce their respective strategic nuclear warheads by two-thirds over the next ten years.

In parliamentary elections in Lesotho, the ruling Lesotho Congress for Democracywon 77 of 117 seats with 54·9% of the vote, against 21 for the Basotho NationalParty, with 22·4%.


In Colombia, the independent Álvaro Uribe Vélez won an outright victory in thefirst round of the presidential elections. Uribe replaced Andrés Pastrana as president,winning 53·1% of votes against 31·8% for the Liberal Party’s Horacio Serpa Uribe.

The Hungarian parliament elected Péter Medgyessy as the new prime minister.

In a parliamentary election in Algeria incumbent prime minister Ali Benflis’National Liberation Front won 199 out of 389 seats ahead of the NationalDemocratic Rally with 47 seats.

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Week beginning 2 June 2002

In Vanuatu, parliament re-elected Edward Natapei prime minister.

Amadou Toumani Touré was sworn in as president of Mali.


Chad’s prime minister Nagoum Yamassoum resigned. He was replaced by HarounKabadi.

In Afghanistan’s first elections since the fall of the Taliban, the Emergency LoyaJirga (Grand Council) elected the interim leader Hamid Karzai as president with alarge majority.

In elections in the Czech Republic the Social Democratic Party (ÈSSD) retainedpower with 30·2% of votes cast. The conservative Civic Democratic Party achieved24·5%. ÈSSD leader Vladimír >pidla replaced Milo< Zeman as prime minister.


Following the second round of French parliamentary elections, the centre rightcoalition Union for the Presidential Majority, comprising President Jacques Chirac’sRally for the Republic and the Liberal Democracy party, gained 357 of 577 seatsin the Assemblée Nationale, with 33·7% of votes cast. President Jacques Chiracconfirmed Jean-Pierre Raffarin prime minister of a majority right-wing government.

The Bangladeshi president A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury resigned. The speakerJamiruddi Sircar was made acting president.


The second round of the Republic of Congo’s general elections took place, resultingin victory for President Denis Sassou-Nguesso’s Congolese Labour Party, with 52out of 137 seats.

The Albanian parliament elected Alfred Moisiu to succeed Rexhep Meidani aspresident.

Togo’s prime minister, Agbeyome Messan Kodjo, was dismissed and replaced byKoffi Sama.


Parliamentary elections in Cameroon were won by the ruling RassemblementDémocratique du Peuple Camerounais with 133 seats, ahead of the Social-Democratic Front with 21.

In presidential elections in Bolivia, former president Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada(Nationalist Revolutionary Movement) won 22·5% of the vote, followed by EvoMorales (Movement to Socialism) with 20·9%. Congress subsequently choseGonzalo Sánchez de Lozada as president with 84 votes, against 43 for Evo Morales.

In parliamentary elections in Guinea the ruling Party of Unity and Progress gained85 out of 114 seats, ahead of the Union for Progress and Revival, with 20 seats.

The International Criminal Court, set up in The Hague to try war crimes and crimesagainst humanity, was established.

Croatia’s prime minister Ivica Raèan resigned, citing differences within the five-party coalition government, but was reinstated within days and survived a vote ofconfidence.

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Former Madagascan president Didier Ratsiraka went into exile in the Seychellesafter several regions under his control were taken by troops loyal to President MarcRavalomanana.

Week beginning 7 July 2002

Peruvian foreign minister Diego García Sayán resigned, as did the prime minister,Roberto Dañino, two days later. A new cabinet was sworn in including Luis Solaride la Fuente as prime minister and Allan Wagner Tizón as foreign minister.

In a cabinet reshuffle in Spain, Ana Palacio became foreign minister.

Turkish foreign minister Ismail Cem resigned. He was replaced by Sükrü Sina Gürel.

President Václav Havel of the Czech Republic appointed Vladimír >pidla primeminister. His cabinet included Cyril Svoboda as foreign minister with JaroslavTvrdík remaining as defence minister.


German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder dismissed his defence minister, RudolfScharping, replacing him with Peter Struck.

In India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was elected president by the Indian parliament,receiving 89·6% of votes cast.


Jan Peter Balkenende was sworn in as prime minister of the Netherlands. Hiscoalition cabinet included Jaap de Hoop Scheffer as foreign minister and BenkKorthals as defence minister.

Alfred Moisiu took office as president of Albania. The next day Prime MinisterPandeli Majko resigned. A new government was formed with Fatos Nano as primeminister, a former prime minister Ilir Meta as foreign minister and Pandeli Majkoas defence minister.

Vietnam’s national assembly reappointed President Tran Duc Luong and PrimeMinister Phan Van Khai to second terms.

Parliamentary elections in New Zealand were won by Prime Minister Helen Clark’sLabour Party, with 52 seats and 41·3% of votes cast, ahead of the National Party,with 27 seats and 20·9% of the vote.


In Mali, initial results following the second round of a parliamentary electionindicated victory for the ruling Alliance for Democracy in Mali with 67 seats, against47 seats for the Hope 2002 coalition. However, two weeks later the ConstitutionalCourt ruled these results invalid and released new results giving 66 seats to theHope Coalition 2002 against 51 for the Alliance for Democracy in Mali.

In an election in Papua New Guinea, the National Alliance Party of former primeminister Sir Michael Somare won 19 seats, ahead of the People’s DemocraticMovement of the incumbent prime minister Sir Mekere Morauta, with 12 seats.Parliament subsequently elected Sir Michael Somare as prime minister.

Tuvalu’s parliament elected Saufatu Sopoanga prime minister.

Week beginning 4 August 2002

Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada took office as president of Bolivia, with Carlos DiegoMesa Gilbert as vice-president. His cabinet appointments included Carlos SaavedraBruno as foreign minister and Freddy Teodovich Ortiz as defence minister.

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In Colombia, Álvaro Uribe Vélez was sworn in as president, with Francisco Santosas vice-president. His cabinet appointments included Carolina Barco as foreignminister and Marta Lucía Ramírez as defence minister.


The new Colombian president Álvaro Uribe Vélez called a state of emergencyfollowing several days of violence.

In Bhutan, agriculture Minister Lyonpo Kinzang Dorji became prime minister.


A cabinet reshuffle in the Republic of the Congo included the appointment of Gen.Jacques Yvon Ndolou as defence minister.

Zimbabwe’s President Robert Mugabe dissolved his cabinet as the governmentcontinued to face pressure over the confiscation of white-owned farms.


A ten-day World Development Summit opened in Johannesburg, ten years after thefirst earth summit took place in Rio de Janeiro.

The Namibian president Sam Nujoma replaced his prime minister Hage Geingobwith Theo-Ben Gurirab.

In Kenya, President Daniel T. arap Moi dismissed his vice-president George Saitoti.

Week beginning 1 September 2002

Gibraltar’s government unilaterally declared it would hold a referendum in Nov. onproposals for shared sovereignty between the UK and Spain. The British governmentrefused to recognize the result.

The Sri Lankan government lifted the ban on the Tamil Tigers ahead of peace talks.

In Afghanistan, President Hamid Karzai survived an attempted assassination by agunman in Kandahar.

As the sole candidate in Bangladesh’s presidential elections, Iajuddin Ahmed wasappointed president-elect.


In Austria, the ruling coalition incorporating the Austrian People’s Party and theAustrian Freedom Party collapsed following the resignation of the Freedom Party’sleader, Susanne Riess-Passer, as vice-chancellor and those of her party colleagues,Karl-Heinz Grasser and Mathias Reichhold, at the finance and transport ministries.

Kim Suk Soo was appointed South Korean prime minister, and was subsequentlyconfirmed by the National Assembly. The previous two prime minister-delegatesappointed by the president had been rejected by the National Assembly.

Switzerland became the 190th member of the United Nations.


In parliamentary elections in Macedonia, the ‘Together for Macedonia’ coalition ledby the Social Democrats won 59 of 120 seats with 40·5% of votes cast, ahead ofPrime Minister Ljubèo Georgievski’s VMRO-DPMNE with 34 seats and 24·4% ofvotes cast.

In Sweden, parliamentary elections were won by the Social Democrats, led byincumbent prime minister Göran Persson, with 144 of 349 seats and 39·8% of votes

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cast. The opposition Moderate Alliance, second with 15·2% of the vote, had theirworst election result since 1973. The Liberal Party received 13·3% of the vote, theChristian Democratic Party 9·1%, the Left Party 8·3%, the Centre Party 6·1% andthe Green Party 4·6%.

After 19 years of civil war, peace talks brokered by Norwegian negotiators tookplace between the Sri Lankan government and Tamil rebels.

An attempted coup in Côte d’Ivoire failed, although fighting continued between thegovernment and rebel troops. The country’s former military leader and suspectedcoup instigator, Gen. Robert Guéï, was killed in the fighting.

In Slovakia’s parliamentary elections former prime minister Vladimír Meèiar’sMovement for a Democratic Slovakia (HZDS) won the largest share of the votewith 19·5%. The Slovak Democratic and Christian Union of prime ministerMikulá< Dzurinda came second with 15·1%, but with HZDS having no politicalallies, Dzurinda continues to lead a centre-right coalition.


In German Bundestag elections Gerhard Schröder’s Social Democrat-Greencoalition government retained power with a much reduced majority of nine seats.The Social Democrats and the Christian Democratic/Social Union, the party ofSchröder’s main rival Edmund Stoiber, tied with 38·5% of the vote. The strongshowing of the Greens (8·6%) and the weak return for Stoiber’s ally, the FreeDemocrats (7·4%), ensured a further term for Schröder.

East Timor became the 191st member of the United Nations.

The president of São Tomé e Príncipe, Fradique de Menezes, dismissed PrimeMinister Gabriel Costa’s cabinet, although Costa was asked to stay on until a newgovernment was formed.

In a parliamentary election in Morocco the ruling USFP (Union Socialiste des ForcesPopulaires) reduced its standing from 57 seats to 50, but took two more seats thanthe second place conservative PI (Istiqlal/Parti d’Indépendence).


Maria das Neves was named the new prime minister of São Tomé e Príncipe, andsubsequently appointed a government including Mateus Meira Rita as foreignminister and Fernando da Trindade Danquá as defence minister.

Nepal’s King Gyanendra dismissed Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba andsubsequently named Lokendra Bahadur Chand prime minister for the fourth time.

In elections in Bosnia-Herzegovina the three presidential seats were all won bynationalist parties, Dragan Èoviæ of the Croat Democratic Union being elected tothe Croat seat, Mirko >aroviæ of the Serb Democratic Party (SDS) to the Serb seatand Sulejman Tihiæ of the Party for Democratic Action (SDA) to the Muslim seat.

A parliamentary election in Latvia was won by the New Times party, taking 26 outof a possible 100 seats with 23·9% of votes cast.

Week beginning 6 October 2002

In presidential elections in Brazil, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, ‘Lula’, of the Workers’Party (PT) won 46·4% of the vote, followed by José Serra of the Brazilian SocialDemocracy Party (PSDB) with 23·2%, thereby necessitating a second round run-off, which Lula won, taking 61·3% to 38·7% of votes won by José Serra.

In parliamentary elections in Trinidad and Tobago, Prime Minister PatrickManning’s People’s National Movement won 20 of 36 seats, ahead of the UnitedNational Congress with 16.

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In Morocco, Driss Jettou was named prime minister.

In parliamentary elections in Pakistan, the Pakistan Muslim League won 77 seats(24·9% of the votes), the Pakistan People’s Party 62 (25·0%) and the MuttahidaMajlis-e-Amal—an alliance of radical Islamists—52 (11·1%).

Former US president Jimmy Carter was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

A bomb explosion on the tourist island of Bali, in Indonesia, killed over 180 peopleincluding many foreign nationals.


In Iraq, a presidential referendum extended Saddam Hussein’s rule for a furtherseven years, with a 100% ‘yes’ vote.

In parliamentary elections in Jamaica, the ruling People’s National Party won 52·2%of the vote (34 of 60 seats) against 26 and 47·2% for the Jamaica Labour Party.

In the Netherlands, the coalition government collapsed after two ministers resigned.

Following elections in September, Slovak Prime Minister Mikulá< Dzurinda’s newcabinet took office. Eduard Kukan stayed on as foreign minister, Ivan >imko movedfrom the interior to the defence ministry and Ivan Miklo< became finance minister.


In the first round of presidential elections in Ecuador, Col. Lucio Gutiérrez received20·4% of the vote, ahead of Álvaro Noboa with 17·4% and León Roldós with 15·4%,necessitating a run-off between Gutiérrez and Noboa.

A cabinet reshuffle in Sweden included the appointment of Leni Björklund as thecountry’s first ever female defence minister.

A siege of a theatre in Moscow, in which 800 people were held hostage by Chechenrebels for three days, ended when Russian troops stormed the building. Ananaesthetic gas, used to combat the rebels, also killed over 100 hostages.

Parliamentary elections were held in Bahrain for the first time since 1973. 21 outof 40 seats were won by secular candidates, with the remaining seats going to Sunniand Shia representatives.


A parliamentary election in Togo was won by the ruling Rally of the Togolese Peopleof President Gnassingbe Eyadema’s, with 72 out of 81 seats. The main oppositionparties boycotted the election.

Israel’s coalition government collapsed when all members of the Labour Partyresigned following a dispute over budget proposals.

In Macedonia, parliament voted in the new government with Branko Crvenkovskiof the ‘Together for Macedonia’ coalition as prime minister. Ilinka Mitreva becameforeign minister and Vlado Buckovski defence minister.

Week beginning 3 November 2002

In Turkey’s parliamentary elections the Justice and Development Party (AKP) won363 of the 550 seats, against 178 seats for the Republican People’s Party (CHP).Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit’s Democratic Left Party only took 1·2% of votes cast,failing to secure the 10% of votes needed for parliamentary representation. Ecevitsubsequently resigned.

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Senegal’s president Abdoulaye Wade dismissed Prime Minister Madior Boye andher cabinet. Idrissa Seck was appointed her successor.

In Latvia, Einars Rep<e was nominated prime minister, an appointment subsequentlyconfirmed by parliament. Other cabinet appointments included Sandra Kalniete asforeign minister and Ìirts Valdis Kristovskis as defence minister.

In US mid-term elections President George W. Bush’s Republicans won control ofthe Senate, taking 51 of 100 seats, and consolidated their hold on the House ofRepresentatives with 227 of 435 seats.


In presidential elections in Slovenia, Janez Drnov<ek, the Liberal Democrat nomineeand favoured candidate of presidential incumbent Milan Kuèan, polled 44·4%,against 30·8% for Barbara Brezigar. Since no candidate secured the 50% neededfor outright victory, a run-off between the two leading candidates was required.

Chinese President Jiang Zemin and Prime Minister Zhu Rongji announced theirretirements. The incumbent vice-president Hu Jintao was announced as Jiang’ssuccessor.

In Turkey, the chairman of the Justice and Development Party, Abdullah Gül, wasappointed prime minister.

Ukrainian Prime Minister Anatolii Kinakh was dismissed by President LeonidKuchma and replaced by Viktor Yanukovich.


UN weapons inspectors returned to Iraq after a four-year absence.

Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos was appointed prime minister of Angola.

NATO invited Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Sloveniato join the alliance in 2004.

Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali, leader of the pro-President Musharraf Pakistan MuslimLeague (Quaid-e-Azam), was elected Pakistan’s prime minister.


In parliamentary elections in Austria, Chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel’s People’sParty took 42·3% of votes ahead of the Social Democratic Party with 36·9%, whilethe far right Freedom Party took 10·2%.

In Ecuador, the run-off for the presidency was won by Lucio Gutiérrez, with 54·3%of votes cast, against 45·7% for Alvaro Noboa.

US President George W. Bush signed legislation creating a Department of HomelandSecurity and named Tom Ridge as its secretary.

Week beginning 1 December 2002

In the run-off for the Slovenian presidency Prime Minister Janez Drnov<ek wonwith 56·5% of votes cast against 43·5% for Barbara Brezigar. Finance MinisterAnton Rop was nominated to succeed Drnov<ek as prime minister.

In Switzerland, parliament elected Pascal Couchepin as president for 2003.

In parliamentary elections held in the Seychelles, President France-Albert René’sSeychelles People’s Progressive Front won 23 of the 34 seats with 54·3% of thevote, against 11 for the Seychelles National Party.

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The US secretary of the treasury Paul O’Neill was dismissed by President Bush.The businessman John Snow was nominated his successor.


In Serbia, presidential elections were declared invalid for a second time owing toa turn-out lower than the legally-required 50%. Yugoslav president VojislavKo<tunica took around 58% of votes to Vojislav Seselj’s 36% and Borislav Pelevic’s4%. Parliamentary Speaker Nata<a Micic was nominated interim president from Jan.2003. European Union leaders agreed to the accession of 10 new member countries on 1May 2004—Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta,Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia—subject to approval in national referenda.


Equatorial Guinea’s presidential election was won by incumbent president Gen.Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, with 99·5% of the vote. Opposition candidateswithdrew within two hours of the polls opening, alleging malpractice.

I Love Madagascar, the party of President Marc Ravalomanana, dominatedMadagascar’s parliamentary elections, winning 103 of the 160 available seats.

Roh Moo-hyun, the candidate of the Millennium Democratic Party, won SouthKorea’s presidential elections, with 48·9% of the vote against 46·6% for Lee HoiChang, candidate of the Grand National Party.

In Bosnia-Herzegovina, parliament elected Adnan Terziæ as prime minister.


In presidential elections in Lithuania, incumbent president Valdas Adamkus won35·3% of the vote, ahead of Rolandas Paksas of the Lithuanian Liberal Union, with19·7%. In the subsequent run-off, Paksas won with 54·9% of votes cast against45·1% for Adamkus.

In Kenya, Mwai Kibaki of the National Rainbow Coalition won a landslide victoryin the presidential election, ousting the KANU party for the first time since Kenyawon independence in 1963. Kibaki defeated the KANU candidate Uhuru Kenyattaby 62·3% of votes to 31·2%.


The Togo national assembly amended the constitution to allow President GnassingbéEyadéma, in power since 1967, to stand for re-election in 2004.

Pascal Couchepin was sworn in as Swiss president for a twelve-month term.

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva of the Workers’ Party was sworn in as Brazilian president.

Week beginning 5 January 2003

In Djibouti’s parliamentary elections, the Union for a Presidential Majority, acoalition of RPP (People’s Rally for Progress) and FRUD (Front for the Restorationof Unity and Democracy), won all 65 seats with 62·2% of votes cast, against 36·9%for the Union for a Democratic Alternative.

A cabinet reshuffle in Mexico included the appointment of economy minister LuisErnesto Derbéz to the post of minister of foreign affairs, to replace Jorge G.Castañeda who had resigned.

Week beginning 12 January 2003In Bosnia-Herzegovina, Adnan Terziæ’s government was sworn in, including MladenIvaniæ as foreign minister.

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Lucio Gutiérrez took office as president of Ecuador, with Alfredo Palacio becomingvice-president, Nina Pacari foreign minister and Nelson Herrera defence minister.


In elections to the National Assembly in Cuba all 609 candidates were from theNational Assembly of People’s Power and received the requisite 50% of votes forelection.

In parliamentary elections in the Netherlands the ruling Christian Democrat Appealwon 44 seats, ahead of 42 for the social democratic PvdA and 28 for the VVD.

Tom Ridge became the USA’s secretary of homeland security in the newly-createdgovernment department.

In Côte d’Ivoire President Laurent Gbagbo named Seydou Diarra prime minister.


In Israel’s parliamentary (Knesset) elections Prime Minister Ariel Sharon’s Likudparty (conservative) won 37 of 120 seats, with Avoda (social democratic) taking 19.

The US space shuttle Columbia broke up on its return flight to NASA’s KennedySpace Center. The aircraft exploded when entering the earth’s atmosphere overTexas killing all seven astronauts.

Week beginning 2 February 2003

Václav Havel, president of the Czech Republic, left office. As parliament had failedto choose a successor, Prime Minister Vladimír >pidla took over his representativefunctions.

In the USA, John Snow was confirmed as the new secretary of the treasury.

The Yugoslavian parliament voted in favour of replacing the Yugoslav federationwith a new single entity called Serbia and Montenegro. The parliaments of bothSerbia and Montenegro also accepted the plan.


In parliamentary elections in Monaco, the opposition Union for Monaco won 21 of24 seats against 3 for the ruling National Democratic Union.

In Trinidad and Tobago, Maxwell Richards was elected president by parliament,with 43 votes against 25 for Ganace Ramdial.


In presidential elections in Cyprus, Tassos Papadopoulos of the Democratic Partydefeated incumbent Glafcos Clerides after the first round of voting. Papadopoulosclaimed 51·5% of the vote, rendering a second round unnecessary.Presidential elections in Armenia went to a second round as no candidate gained50% of the vote. Incumbent Robert Kocharian received 48·3% of votes cast, StepanDemirchyan 27·3% and Artashes Geghamyan 16·9%. In the subsequent run-offRobert Kocharian won 67·5% of the vote against 32·5% for Stepan Demirchyan.


In presidential election in Kiribati, Teburoro Tito was re-elected with 50·4% of votescast, ahead of Taberannang Timeon with 48·4% and Bakeua Bakeua Tekita with1·2%.South Korean President Roh Moo-hyun appointed former mayor of Seoul, Goh Kun,as prime minister.

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Václav Klaus was elected president by the Czech parliament, defeating Jan Sokolin a run-off. It was parliament’s third attempt in six weeks to choose a successor toVáclav Havel, whose term of office had ended three weeks earlier.

Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon secured the support of the Shinui Party and theNational Religious Party, allowing him to form a government with an overallmajority. His cabinet appointments included Ehud Olmert as acting prime ministerand Silvan Shalom as foreign minister.

Week beginning 2 March 2003

In Estonia’s parliamentary election the Centre Party and the newly formedopposition conservative party Res Publica each took 28 of 101 seats with 25·4%and 24·6% of votes respectively. The Reform Party of incumbent prime ministerSiim Kallas secured 19 seats with 17·7%.

In parliamentary elections in Syria, the ruling National Progressive Front (led bythe Baa’th Party) won 167 of 250 seats, with independents taking the remaining 83.

In parliamentary elections in Belize, the People’s United Party of Prime MinisterSaid Musa won 22 of the 29 seats with 53·2% of votes cast, against 7 seats and45·6% of the vote for the United Democratic Party.

In Cuba Fidel Castro was re-elected to another five-year term as president, winning100% of the 609 parliamentary votes.

Svetozar Maroviæ of the Democratic Party of Socialists was elected by Serbia andMontenegro’s parliament to be the country’s first president.


UN-brokered talks between the leaders of the Greek and Turkish sectors of Cyprus,Tassos Papadopoulos and Rauf Denktaº, failed with neither side accepting UNproposals for the island’s reunification.

Bernard Dowiyogo, the president of Nauru, died after heart surgery. Derog Giourawas appointed acting president, and was subsequently elected president byparliament.

Tayyip Erdo#an, leader of the Justice and Development Party (AK), was appointedTurkey’s prime minister.

Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Djindjiæ was shot dead outside Belgrade’sgovernment offices.

In China, Hu Jintao was elected president with Zeng Qinghong replacing Hu asvice-president.

In the Central African Republic, rebels loyal to former army chief Gen. FrançoisBozizé captured the capital Bangui while President Ange-Félix Patassé was out ofthe country. The following day Bozizé declared himself president.


Parliamentary elections in El Salvador were won by the National Liberation Frontwith 31 of 84 seats, ahead of the Nationalist Republican Alliance of PresidentFrancisco Flores with 27 and the National Conciliation Party with 16.

In Finland’s parliamentary election the Centre Party won 55 out of 200 seats with24·7% of votes cast. Prime Minister Paavo Lipponen’s Social Democrats camesecond with 53 seats and 24·5% of the vote and the National Coalition Party thirdwith 40 seats and 18·5%.

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War broke out in Iraq, as US and British forces launched the first attacks since theexpiration of US President George W. Bush’s ultimatum demanding the exile ofIraqi president Saddam Hussein and his sons.

Palestinian president Yasser Arafat named Mahmoud Abbas as prime minister, anewly created post.


Abel Goumba was named prime minister of the Central African Republic.

In Kiribati, President Teburoro Tito was toppled in a no-confidence motion.Parliament was dissolved, and a caretaker government installed.


Parliamentary elections in Benin were won by the Presidential Movement, with 52of 83 seats ahead of the Rebirth of Benin with 15 and the Party of DemocraticRenewal with 11.

In Bosnia-Herzegovina, the chairman of the Presidency, Mirko >aroviæ, resigned.Borislav Paravac was subsequently elected as the new Serb member (and chairman)of the Presidency.

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ADDENDA

ADDENDAADDENDAADDENDA

All dates are 2003

ARMENIA. Parliamentary elections were held on 25 May. The Republican Partyof Armenia (HHK) won 23 of the 131 seats, ahead of Justice with 14, Rule of LawCountry with 12 and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation with 11.

AUSTRALIA. Governor-General Peter Hollingworth stood down from 11 May butrefused to resign after he was accused of mishandling a child abuse scandal in histime as Archbishop of Brisbane. He had also been investigated over a rape claimfrom the 1960s. The case was subsequently dismissed. Sir Guy Green, Governor ofTasmania, took over the duties of Governor-General. Hollingworth resigned on 25May.

BENIN. After their election to parliament which precludes them from governmentoffice, Foreign Minister Antoine Kolawolé Idji and Interior Minister DanielTawéma were replaced by Pierre Osho and Joseph Gnonlonfoun as acting ministerson 20 May.

CANADA. In Quebec’s provincial elections on 14 April, Jean Charest’s LiberalParty won 76 of the 125 Assembly seats with 45·9% of the vote. The Parti Québécoiswon 45 seats (33·2%) and the Action Démocratique won 4 seats (18·3%). Charestwas sworn in as Premier on 29 April.

CHAD. Abderahman Moussa became Interior Minister on 6 May.

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. Abdoulaye Yerodia Ndombasi, aformer minister, was named on 21 April as the first of four Deputy Presidents toPresident Joseph Kabila as part of a two-year transitional government. Jean-PierreBemba, the leader of the Congolese Liberation Movement (MLC), was named on24 April. Arthur Zahidi Ngoma, of the non-military opposition, was nominated on3 May but was rejected by other opposition elements which have nominated EtienneTsishekedi wa Mulumba of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS).The RCD-Goma rebel group nominated its secretary-general, Azarias Ruberwa, on7 May.

Protestant Bishop Marini Bodo was appointed Senate President on 8 May.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. On 26 March Foreign Minister Hugo Tolentino Dippresigned and was succeeded by Frank Guerrero Prats. Finance Minister José LoisMalkum was replaced by Rafael Calderón.

EUROPEAN UNION. On 26 May the European Union began publishing its draftconstitution. Proposals included an elected president and foreign affairs minister,common foreign and security policies, closer integration of judicial and socialsecurity systems and the establishment of a single legal status for the EU. Otherprovisions included a charter of fundamental human rights and the election by theEuropean Parliament of a president of a reduced European Commission. The planswere subject to ratification by each member state and, if accepted, would come intoforce after the EU expansion of 2004. European Commission President RomanoProdi described the document as lacking vision.

GEORGIA. President Vladislav Ardzinba of separatist Abkhazia appointed RaulKhadjimba as Prime Minister on 22 April.

GERMANY. Elections were held in Bremen on 25 May. The Social DemocraticParty won 40 of the 83 seats with 42·3% of the vote, the Christian DemocraticUnion 29 seats (29·9%), the Greens 12 seats (12·8%), the Free Democratic Party

xxxv

1 seat (4·2%) and the German People’s Union also 1 seat (2·3%). The ParteiRechtsstaatlicher Offensive took 4·3% of the vote but won no seats. Turn-out was61·4%.

GHANA. A cabinet reshuffle on 1 April saw the Foreign Minister Hackman Owusu-Agyeman become Interior Minister. He was replaced by Nana Akufo-Addo.

GIBRALTAR. Sir Francis Richards, KCMG CVO, was sworn in as Governor on27 May.

GUINEA-BISSAU. On 19 April Fernando Correia Landim was appointed InteriorMinister. On 23 April Filomena Mascarenhas Tipote was made Defence Minister.

INDIA. On 2 May the following state Governors were appointed: Gujarat,Kailashpati Mishra; Himachal Pradesh, Vishnu Sadashiv Kokje; Jammu andKashmir, S. K. Sinha; Madhya Pradesh, Ram Prakash Gupta; Punjab, Om PrakashVerma; and Rajasthan, Nirmal Chandra Jain.

On 13 May the following Governors were transferred: Vinod Chandra Pande(Bihar) to Arunachal Pradesh; M. Rama Jois (Jharkhand) to Bihar; Krishna MohanSeth (Tripura) to Chhattisgarh; Ved Prakash Marwah (Manipur) to Jharkhand;Arvind Dave (Arunachal Pradesh) to Manipur; and Dinesh Nandan Sahaya(Chhattisgarh) to Tripura.

KIRIBATI. The first of two rounds of parliamentary elections took place on 9 May.A third round will elect a president. President Teburoro Tito was re-elected in Feb.but lost a no-confidence vote on 28 March. The Council of State, chaired by TionOtang, will govern until the next government is formed.

LEBANON. Prime Minister Rafiq al-Hariri was re-appointed on 16 April havingresigned the previous day. On 17 April Jean Obeid was named Foreign Minister inplace of Mahmoud Hammoud, who became Defence Minister.

LITHUANIA. Interior Minister Juozas Bernatonis resigned on 24 April. He wasreplaced with Virgilijus Vladislovas Bulovas.

A referendum was held on 10 and 11 May. Approximately 91% of voters approvedaccession to the European Union. Turn-out was approximately 63%.

NAURU. Parliamentary elections took place on 3 May. 15 non-partisans and threemembers of the Nauru First party were elected. Speaker Godfrey Thoma resignedon 7 May one day after his appointment.

NEPAL. Prime Minister Lokendra Bahadur Chand resigned on 30 May.

PAKISTAN. Shaukat Aziz was appointed Finance Minister on 8 April.

SLOVAKIA. Accession to the European Union was approved by 92·46% of votersin a referendum on 16 and 17 May. Turn-out was 52·15%.

TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS. In elections on 24 April, Chief Minister DerekTaylor’s People’s Democratic Movement won seven of the 13 Legislative Councilseats. The Progressive National Party won six.

UGANDA. On 23 May Ruhakana Rugunda was appointed Interior Minister andFirst Deputy Prime Minister as a replacement for Eriya Kategaya.

USA. On 7 May President George W. Bush announced the nominations of ColinMcMillan as Secretary of the Navy and James G. Roche, the current Secretary ofthe Air Force, as Secretary of the Army.

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