The State of the Philippine Environment
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Transcript of The State of the Philippine Environment
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The State of the Philippine Environment:
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The Philippines is one of the 17 biological wealthiest nations
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THE PHILIPPINES = Megadiversity Country and Biodiversity Hotspot
“The Philippines is one of the few nations that is, in its entirety,
both a biodiversity hotspot and a megadiversity country, placing it among the top priority hotspots
for global conservation.” Conservation International
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What is biodiversity
?
Is biodiversity important?
AC Alcala
MS Dolas
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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY:Ecosystem Services
•GAS REGULATION, e.g., CO 2/O2
balance, O3 for UVB protection
•CLIMATE REGULATION, e.g., greenhouse gas regulation,
•DISTURBANCE REGULATION, e.g., storm protection, flood control, drought recovery
•EROSION CONTROL and SEDIMENT RETENTION, e.g., prevention of loss of soil by wind, runoff, or other removal processes
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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY:Ecosystem Services
•NUTRIENT CYCLING, e. g.,
•DISTURBANCE REGULATION, e.g., storm protection, flood control, drought recovery
•WATER REGULATION, e.g., production of water for industrial and agricultural processes
•WATER SUPPLY, e.g., provisioning of water by watersheds, reservoirs and aquifers
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IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY:Ecosystem Services
REGULATING SERVICES•Invasion resistance•Herbivory•Pollination•Seed dispersal•Climate regulation•Pest regulation•Natural hazard protection•Erosion regulation•Water purification
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CULTURAL SERVICES
•Spiritual and religious values
•Knowledge system
•Education and research
•Recreation and aesthetic values
•Sense of place and inspiration
IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY: Ecosystem Services
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PhilippineForests
1
2
34
5
6
1 Lowland rainforest, 2 Montane rainforest,3 Mossy rainforest, 4 Pine forest 5 Karst or
limestone forest, 6 Mangrove forest
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Our Forests … … host one of the world’s host one of the world’s
richest diversity of plant richest diversity of plant and animal speciesand animal species 8,120 species of flowering 8,120 species of flowering
plantsplants 3,500 species of 3,500 species of
indigenous treesindigenous trees 33 species of 33 species of
gymnospermsgymnosperms 640 species of mosses640 species of mosses 240 species and 240 species and
subspecies of mammalssubspecies of mammals
…have provided food, medicines, timber, non-timber forest products, fuel, and numerous other resources to our indigenous brothers and sisters since time immemorial. As they have shown, such resources can be sustainably produced if managed and protected properly.
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• critically endangered .• Total forested area in the country as of 2003 = 7.2 M hectares or 24% of total land area of 30 M hectares. The Philippines needs forest cover of 54% of total land areas in order for it to be ecologically sound and able to sustain its ecosystems and their services.
TRENDS: Forests
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Our Forests Have been
shrinking at an average rate of
2% per annum or a deforestation
rate of 550,000 hectares a year or
63 hectares per hour) – one of the
highest in the world!
Causes of deforestation•Logging ( from 1991 to from 1991 to 1999 alone, lowland 1999 alone, lowland dipterocarp forests dipterocarp forests decreased by 12%.)decreased by 12%.)
•Forest conversion for agricultural purposes, such as plantation of export crops (temperate zone vegetables, oil palm, banana, pineapple, rubber, bio-fuels, etc.)
•Mining, industrial development, hydroelectric projects
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70% 60% 40%
30% 23.7% 22.2%
PHIL.
FOREST
COVER
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Seagrass bed
Coral Reef Tropical Coastal
Ecosystems
Mangrove Forest
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MANGROVES50+ species worldwide
35-40 species found in the Philippines,Including 20-30 species of shrubs & vines
Remaining primary mangrove forests are found in Pagbilao Bay (Quezon Province), Ulugan Bay (Palawan) and Bais Bay (Negros Oriental).
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A hectare of mangroves
produces 12.5 m3 of firewood and 900 kg. of finfish yearly.
(Ronnback 1999)
Are mangroves
important? •Act as natural buffer
of coastal areas against storms, wave
and wind erosion, and flooding.
•Serve as sinks for organic and inorganic
materials, including pollutants.
•Are nursing grounds of many fish and shrimp species.
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Seagrass Beds• Provide food and shelter for fish and other marine organisms.
• Stabilize sediments and prevents erosion along coastlines
• Take up dissolved nutrients and trap sediments in the water resulting in high water clarity UNEP AC Alcala
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
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Lush coral reefs of Lanuza Bay Photo by Haribon
CORAL CORAL REEFS:REEFS: rainforests of the sea
Occupy less than 1% of EARTH’S SURFACE
yet support more than 25% of world’s
total fish catch
•Contribute at least US$400 billion a year to the world economy
•Coral reef fisheries contribute almost
US$1 billion annually to the Philippine
economy and provide livelihood to more
than 1 million small-scale fishers
1 sq. km. of healthy coral
reef can provide the protein
needs of more than 300 people
a year
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The Philippines is the “center of the center” of marine shore fish diversity.
Along with Malaysia and Indonesia, it is part of the CORAL TRIANGLE, which has the highest concentration of marine life on the entire planet!
430 species in 70 genera = 80% of world’s coral species
12 species endemic to the Philippines and Indonesia
Rochelle R, Gonzaga
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Almost 70% of the mangroves in the Philippines have been destroyed since the 1920s
Estimated mangrove areas:
1918 – 500,000 has.
1970 – 288,035 has.
1990s – 140,000 has.
2000 – 109,700 has
The single most significant cause of mangrove destruction = habitat loss due to intensive and
uncontrolled aquaculture activities.
TRENDS: Mangroves
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TRENDS: Coral Reefs Philippine coral reef surface
approx. 27,000-33,000 sq. km.
Reefs in excellent condition: 1991 = 5.1%
2000 = 4.3%
2004 = 0.24%
Rate of coral destruction = 120 ha/day or 36,000 ha/yr from blast fishing and muro-ami
The Philippines loses $420 million annually in potential revenues from mismanagement of fisheries resources.
Pict ure soure: I nt ernet
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211 lakes, 18 major rivers, 22 marshes, swamps and reservoirs
PHILIPPINE PHILIPPINE FRESHWATERFRESHWATERECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS
1,616 species of aquatic plants 3,675 species of fauna
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Philippine BiodiversityPhilippine Biodiversity
Regional Biodiversity Status and Threats
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Bislig (154,829 has)
Mt. Agtuuganon & Mt. Pasian (85,501 has)
Mt. Kampalili-Puting Bato (169,909 has)
Agusan River (120,288 has)
Mt. Apo (99,091 has)
Mt. Sinaka (1,749 has)
Key Biodiversity Areas in Southern Mindanao
Mt. Hamiguitan (31,879 has)
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Important watershed areas in Southern Mindanao
Agusan river basin: 10,921 has
Tagum-Libuganon river basin: 3,064 has
Davao river basin: 1,623 has
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Overlapping Boundaries of Mineral Potential Map and Biodiversity Priority Map
Diwalwal NRMDC
Amacan Gold Project
Masara Gold Project
Kingking Cu-Au ProjectBhP Billiton Pujada Nickel Project
PhilCo Mining (American Sur Corp.)
Batoto Mining Corp.
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Logging and forest land conversion
65,000 hectares of Timber License Agreement (TLA) granted by the Arroyo gov’t to Matuguina Integrated Wood Products, Inc. owned by Henry Wee, in the towns of Baganga, Manay and Caraga in Davao Oriental;
45,000 hectares of Industrial Forest Management Agreement (IFMA) granted by the Arroyo gov’t to Alcantara and Sons (Alsons) in Talaingod, Davao del Norte; and
100 hectares of residual forest lands are target for clearing for the entry of Dole-Stanfilco and AMS – encroaching the KBA Mt. Kampalili-Puting Bato in New Bataan, Nabunturan, etc.
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