THE STATE OF ERITREA - 400 021. Tel.: 91-22-40606162 / 22821774 ? Fax: 91-22-22821279 ? Email:...
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ERITREAERITREATHE STATE OF THE STATE OF
Publised by Mrs. Sunanda Rajendran, Secretary General for Indo-African Chamber of Commerce & Industries, 81/82, Mittal Court “C” Wing, 8th Floor, Nariman Point, Mumbai - 400 021. Tel.: 91-22-40606162 / 22821774 ? Fax: 91-22-22821279 ? Email: [email protected] / [email protected] ? Website : www.indoafrican.org
National Day Special SupplementMay 2014 Page 1
history of Eritreais tied to its strategic
position on the Red Sea littoral, with a
coastline that extends more than
1,000 km. Many scientists believe that
it is from this area that anatomically
modern humans first expanded out of
Africa.
Eritrea's economy is largely based on
subsistence agriculture, with 80% of
the population involved in farming and
herding. Therefore a strategic plan for
rural development is the solution to
s p e e d u p t h e d e ve l o p i n g to
establishing a strong agriculture base;
capable of providing abundant raw
materials to industrial units; and
exporting agricultural products to
states around the Arabic Gulf. There is
in the tourism industry sector a huge
potential to attract foreign investment.
The coastal waters over which Eritrea
has exclusive fishing rights constitute
52,000 square kilometers of probably
the richest and for the most
unexploited waters of the Red Sea.
That represents a tremendous
opportunity to develop:
• Fishing industry.
• Tourism.
Eritrea developed its transportation
infrastructure by asphalting new
roads, improving its ports, and
repairing war-damaged roads and
bridges as a part of the Warsay Yika'alo
Program. The most significant of these
projects was the building of a coastal
highway of more than 500 km
connecting Massawa with Asseb as
well as the rehabilitation of the
Eritrean Railway. The rail line now
runs between the Port of Massawa and
the capitalAsmara.
THE CULTURE
Elaborate rites and rituals have long
been an important aspect of Eritrean
culture. Cultural development was
integral to the liberation struggle and
has remained so since Eritrea's
independence, both as an expression
EMBASSY OF THE STATE OF ERITREANew Delhi HON’ CONSUL OF THE STATE OF ERITREA
Mumbai
ERITREA AT A GLANCEPresident: H.E. Mr.Isaias Afwerki
Name: The State of Eritrea
Capital: Asmara
Religion: Christianity & Islam
Independence Day: May 24, 1991
Total Area: 124,320 sq. kms
Population: 4.5 million
Time : GMT + 3:00 hrs
Currency: Nakfa: exchange rate 1 USD
= 15 Nakfa
Other large cities: the ports of
Massawa, 30,700; and Assab, 56,300
Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2011
est.): $3.978 billion; per capita $700.
I n d u s t r i e s : fo o d p r o c e s s i n g ,
beverages, clothing and textiles, salt,
cement, commercial ship repair.
Natural resources: gold, potash, zinc,
copper, salt, possibly oil and natural
gas, fish.
Exports: $383.5 million (2011 est.):
livestock, sorghum, textiles, food,
small manufactures.
I feel greatly honoured and privileged to acknowledge that the Indo-African Chamber of Commerce and Industries will, on the occasion of the 23rd Independence Anniversary of the State of Eritrea, grant a space in its reputed May publication to enable my country's voice heard. It is also encouraging that the Indo Africa Chamber of Commerce and Industries is successfully and aggressively promoting and strengthening the Indo-African trade, commerce and economic relations that had existed from time memorable till date.
Cooperation in Capacity Building Shortly after Eritrea's independence, India offered assistance in its legislative drafting process. Assistance in form of scholarships through the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme has evolved. Over the years, India has offered capacity building assistance in several fields to Eritrea including in agriculture, medicine and education.
Such agreements were followed by the signing of different Memorandum of Understanding that led to their successful implementation. As such the Government of India had deployed many experts in the respective fields that played great roll in h e l p i n g E r i t r e a a c c o m p l i s h i t s development programmes.
Accordingly, Eritrea had made great
Imports: $875.1 million (2011 est.):
machinery, petroleum products, food,
manufactured goods.
Major trading partners: Australia,
France, Malaysia, Italy, Sudan, Saudi
Arabia, Jordan, Germany, China, Brazil,
U.S., Turkey.
On 24 May 2014 the State of Eritrea
will colourfully celebrate its 23rd
Independence Anniversary. In these
years of independence, the nation had
been building its social and economic
bases that were ruined by almost a
century long war waged by its people
to resist colonial rulers. The Italians,
the British and at last the Ethiopians
had colonized this country from 1890 –
1991.
The State of Eritrea, is a country in the
Horn of Africa. The capital is Asmara. It
is bordered by Sudan in the west,
Ethiopia in the south, and Djibouti in
the southeast. The northeast and east
of the country have an extensive
coastline on the Red Sea, directly
across from Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
The Dahlak Archipelago and The
strides in various s e c t o r s m o s t significant of which are in education, agriculture, health, public works ... etc. For Eritrea the basis of development depends solely on the development of Human Resources. Hence, the contribution of Indian professors and high school teachers (annual input is almost 200) coupled with effective implementation of the e-Network Project are doing miracles in upgrading the needed work force in the nation.
The flow of visits of high ranking officials indicates the ever growing bilateral ties between India and the State of Eritrea. The interest shown by some Indian companies to invest in the laxative mining sector of the nation is also an encouraging sign that would involve more companies to follow suit.
On the occasion of the 23rd Independence Anniversary of the State of Eritrea I would like to call upon all Indian potential investors and businessmen to invest in the different untapped sectors that Eritrea is able to offer. The Embassy is ready to arrange and facilitate the needful.
Thank you & God Bless you all...
H.E. Alem Tsehaye Woldemariam,AmbassadorEmbassy of the State of Eritrea,New Delhi, INDIA.
Dear Readers,
“Compliments from the Hon. Consul
of Eritrea Mumbai”
First of all, I would like to thank the
Indo-African Chamber of Commerce
& Industries for its ongoing efforts
with African Countries in general &
Eritrea in particular, which aimed to
strengthen bilateral cooperation
between our two nations. I would also
like to thank Mrs. Sunanda Rajendran
who has been a strong supporter &
our brand ambassador for Africa.
Our Govt. of Eritrea is doing its level
best to protect the interest of
potential investors. In Eritrea sectors
with high prospects for development
& lucrative investment opportunities
include: Agriculture, Fisheries, Fish
Processing, Manufacturing, Comm-
unications Banking, Transport &
Tourism.
Eritrea is a member of the 19 member
COMESA (Common Market for East &
Southern Africa).
There has been many bilateral
exchanges of delegations.
It is with the spirit that we are bringing
out the Special Publication on our
Country to encourage & motivate the
people of India to explore the
business & investment opportunity
for the revival of cooperation
between India & Eritrea.
Me & My Ambassador are always
ready to support each & every Indian
who is desires to do business with
Eritrea.
Once again my sincere appreciation to
the Indo-African Chamber for their
valued cooperation & support.
Sanjay Goenka
Hon. Consul – Eritrea, Mumbai.
Eritrea Located on the Horn of Africa
with an area of 1,25,000 sq. km. The
Ambassador & Hon. Consul of Eritrea
in India has all ready talked about the
available opportunities. Hence, I
would like to narrate about the India
prospective.
Over the years, India has offered
capacity building assistance in several
fields to Eritrea ranging from
legis lat ive draft ing, technical
scholarships (agriculture, education,
health), & also food aid. In 2009,
Indian government extended a line of
credit of US$ 20 million to the Eritrean
government. India is known as
excellent destination for Eritrea for
higher studies.
A trilateral agreement between
Eritrea India & the FAO has signed
under which nearly 100 Indian
agricultural experts were deputed to
Eritrea to help increase agricultural
productivies & many more. The
bilateral trade has grown to around
$25 million. India exports electrical,
e n g i n e e r i n g p r o d u c t s ,
pharmaceutical, cotton yarn & fabrics
& many more whereas Eritrea has
imported millets worth US$2,00,000
from India during 2010. Besides these
Eritrea exports leather, hides & Skin.
Govt. of India has extended US$ 20
million as line of credit. There is a
presence of 2000 numbers of Indian
in Eritrea.
Finally I am thankful to H.E. Alem
T s e h a y e W o l d m a r i a m t h e
Ambassador of Eritrea in India & Mr.
Sanjay Goenka the very dynamic &
active Hon. Consul for their valued
guidance, cooperation & support, The
Secretary of Asmara Chamber of
Commerce & each and everyone from
the bottom of my heart for extending
their whole heart support.
Mrs. Sunanda Rajendran
Secretary General
of national identity and as a crucial
arena in which the nation itself is
constructed. During the independence
war, it strengthened the nation's
determination, as it expressed the will
for liberation. Today, it celebrates that
achievement, as it manifests the
country's aspirations for peace and
prosperity for all its citizens.
Each of the country's nine nationalities
has its own oral literary tradition, its
music and dance, its architecture, its
arts and crafts, and much more. Eritrea
celebrates this rich heritage at all its
major feasts and festivals, with
performances and exhibits that
showcase the unique contribution
each makes to the whole.
THE COFFEE CEREMONY
Strong, aromatic coffee is often drunk
in Eritrea in an elaborate ritual that
brings families and their guests
together in an hour-long ceremony at
the close of a long work day. It is usually
served in thimble-size, handleless cups
and accompanied by trays of fresh
popcorn and raisins, hambesha
(bread) and other local specialties.
Typically, a woman of the household
scatters strands of fresh grass on the
floor to provide the freshness of the
outdoors, as she roasts green coffee
beans over charcoal fire, shaking them
frequently to prevent burning. Once
they are blackened and ready for
grinding, she wafts the fragrance
under the noses of the celebrants and
then pounds the beans into a powder
with a wooden mortar and pestle.
The coffee is repeatedly heated to a
boil in a round clay pot with a thin,
stem-like neck, as frankincense burns
nearby. Participants are expected to
partake of at least three rounds of the
full-boiled brew, between which tall
glasses of the local beer, sewa, are
often served.
GOENKA GROUP OF COMPANIES
GOENKA GROUP GOENKA GROUP OF COMPANIESOF COMPANIES•••••
SANJANA CRYOGENIC STORAGES LTD SANJANA POWER SANJANA METALS AVON METALS CORPORATION INDIA PRODUCT TRADING CO PVT. LTD.
REGD. OFFICE : 116, BAJAJ BHAVAN, NARIMAN POINT, MUMBAI – 400021.TELE : 022-2285 4662/3 FAX : 022 66352932
Email : [email protected], [email protected]
STORAGE TANK (1) STORAGE TANK (2) WIND POWER MINING METAL Import / Export
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Eritrea's Strategic Location along the
Red Sea provides ideal exposure to one
of the world's busiest shipping lines and
established linkages to other areas of
the region and beyond. The port of
Massawa is a transit point for goods to
the Middle East, European and Asian
Markets. The development of the port
is poised to bring about potential gains
to trade. The establishment of a Free
Port Zone at Massawa is further
expected to boost trade prospects
within the already established Middle
Eastern and African Markets.
The Massawa Airport is equally capable
of facilitating traded goods in transit to
regional and global destinations.
Investment in exploration activities for
reserves of oil, natural gas, and other
minerals provide a potential source for
the expansion of export receipts.
Eritrea's natural mineral resources
include gold, copper, potash, zinc, oil,
natural gas, cement, gypsum, granite,
marble, ceramics, limestone and iron
ore. The Bisha Mining Company, which
is a mining conglomerate between the
government and a Canadian company
(NEVESUN), has started extraction
2010. The company has produced
471,000 oz of gold during the first year
of operation at Bisha, and 424,000 oz in
the second year. Copper production has
resumed in the 3rd year. begin in the
second year and peak at 184-million
pounds of copper in the fifth year of
operation. The mine will begin
producing zinc in its sixth year. There
are many more mining contracts on the
making. The potash mine in Danakil
Depression with a planed output of up
to 10,000 ton a day life span of over 150
years, the Zara and Dubrba gold mining
Eritrea stands to share in hundreds of
billions of dollars in mining profits.
PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
The private sector is seen as the major
development partner, an engine of
growth that will help jump start the
economy and eventually lead to long-
term growth in the Governments
development agenda- as explicitly
indicated in the Macro Policy document
(1994). The Government has achieved
so much at adopting favorable
monetary and fiscal policy, reduced
regulatory framework and bottlenecks
by offering incentives and avoiding
trade and other related barriers to
attract private sector investment and to
expand exports.
In line with the macro-policy objectives,
a revised investment code was issued in
1994. The main objective of the
investment code is to promote
investment in Eritrea as well as develop
and use the country's natural
resources. Within this broader
objective, the investment code intends
to achieve objectives including, the
promotion of exports, encouragement
of competitive import substitution
industries, enhancing transfer of new
technology, securing equitable regional
growth, development of small-and
medium-scale enterprises, and
e x p a n s i o n o f e m p l o y m e n t
opportunities (GOE, 1994: 5). The
Eritrean investment code also provides
various incentives for domestic and
foreign investment. The investment
code further outlines that there will be
no taxes on declared dividends; any
corporate profit that is set aside for
reinvestment will be taxed at the rate of
20%. Furthermore, there shall be no
exchange controls for remitting
dividends and capital gains, and foreign
investors are free to repatriate their
profits.
The investment code provides various
benefits to investors. For instance,
profit and dividends of investors,
payments for a foreign loan, fees,
royalties, or proceeds received from
liquidation of investment and/or
expansion, and payment received from
the sale of transfer of shares will be
remitted in accordance with the rate of
exchange prevailing at that time. There
is no minimum threshold value of
investment. Moreover, with the
exception of domestic retail and whole
sale trade, import, and commission
agency that requires b i lateral
agreements of reciprocity with the
country of investor, all areas of
investment are open to all investors
both foreign and domestic (GOE,
1994:6). Foreign capital may establish
any enterprise on its own or in
partnership with local capital .
Moreover, the investment code
guarantee, that capital and other
associated foreign-owned assets will
not be nationalized without due laws.
To this effect, Eritrea has also signed the
convention establishing Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
and the convention on the Settlement
of Investment Disputes between States
and Nationals of other States (GOE,
1998: 20). It establ ished, The
Investment Center, which is the legal
body responsible for the promotion of
investment. Issuance of certification to
investors with a maximum delay of 10
d a y s ( G O E , 1 9 9 4 : 1 5 ) , L a n d
Proclamation that provides usufruct
rights for the long-term up to 99 years
has been issued since 1994 and is
expected to facilitate the allocation of
land for investors (GOE, 1994; IMF,
1996:9).
Significant progress has been made
since independence regarding the
liberalization of trade policy. The 1994
Legal Notice 18/1994 reduced the
number of import tariffs to twelve.
Capital goods, raw materials, and semi-
processed goods have only a 2 % tariff.
Basic goods duties range from 3 to 20%.
In addition, customs procedures were
simplified. In the mid-1990s, the
government began major investments
in infrastructure, roads, electricity,
dams, and port operations to support
the further development of exports. To
expand the market for import and
export potentials the country entered
into active membership in regional
organizations such as IGAD and
COMESA.
INVESTMENT ENVIRONMENT
Peace and security are the main pillars
of a true and conducive investment
environment in Eritrea. The economic
policy underlines the necessity to have
a market lead economic system. The
private sector should have the upper
hand in all economic sectors with the
government to intervene in major
public shares. The following are some
of the steps taken for a better
investment environment:
• The Eritrean Investment Center was
created in 1998 to promote the
country as an attractive investment
destination. The investment center
approves investment projects, and
aims to promote and facilitate
investment activities in Eritrea.
• The Business Licensing Office (BLO)
was established to create a
centralized, "One-Stop", licensing
center to facilitate the speedy
formation of business ventures as
well as the issuance and renewal of
licenses.
• Key investment opportunities in the
fisheries sub-sector provide a
potential of 90,000sq.km of fishing
ground, with an estimated annual
production potential of 65,000-
70,000 tons of fish and other marine
produces.
• The manufacturing sector produces
a variety of products with particular
emphasis on processed food and
dairy products, alcoholic beverages,
glass, leather goods, marble, textiles
and salt.
• Recent developments in the mining
and quarrying sector include the
anticipated commencement of
mining of gold and copper in the
Bisha region.
• Investment opportunities in the
service sector include tourism,
transport, energy and water
resources, communication and
financial services. Offshore oil and
natural gas exploration are specific
areas of potential investment in the
energy sub-sector.
The Eritrea Investment Center, a
department functioning under the
Ministry of Trade and Industry is a one-
stop shop for promoting and facilitating
investments in Eritrea. The center is
committed to support and encourage
investment by assisting investors to
acquire the necessary legality and by
way of incentives and guaranties.
AREAS OF OPPORTUNITIES FOR
INVESTMENT
In Eritrea sectors with high prospects
for development and lucrative
investment opportunities include:
agriculture, fisheries, fish processing,
manufacturing, communications
banking, transport and tourism.
AGRICULTURE – Despite plenty of
arable land and significant water
resources Eritrea has, at present not
only the proportion of the cultivated
land is so small but farming is practiced
on the basis of archaic and traditional
methods. In light of these, there is
ample room for accelerated agricultural
development if enough investment is
channeled to the sector. Large
productivity gains could be achieved
from relatively modest investments in
new and improved methods. Using
modern cultivation, fertilization, plant
protection and water conservation
techniques large quantities of food
crops, exports and as raw materials for
industrial enterprises can be produced.
The development of i r r igated
ECONOMY:
In the 1940s and 1950s Eritrea had a vibrant export oriented economy with strong industrial base and workforce. Such factories and industries were of course built by the Italian colonialists to back their military ambition of expansion in the region. Such infrastructure was a blessing in disguise h a d i t c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e o f E r i t r e a . Unfortunately, the British dismantled and sold most of them to their colonies and the Ethiopians followed suit by either selling or taking whatever was left to their country. At independence, the Government of the State of Eritrea had inherited a ruined economy in all its terms and had the task of rebuilding it anew.
Today Eritrea's economy relies on the exploitation of its vast natural resources, such as minerals, fishery, development of its fertile agricultural fields, the promising tourism industry … etc. The well built infrastructure, its favourable location for import and export, the trade free zone along the
Red Sea coast, the ever ready manpower to cater any task with short training plus the attractive investment i n c e n t i v e s a n d t r a n s p a r e n t administration are but few of the advantages that Eritrea can offer for investors.
The country is crisscrossed by asphalted and all weather roads and transportation is not a problem. Building its human resource and intro-ducing cutting-age IT systems remain to b e t h e p re o c c u p at i o n o f t h e Government ever since independence.
Though Eritrea's twenty three years of independence is not long, relative to its African counterparts, yet Eritrea is registering to achieve the development goals internationally set for 2015. According to World Bank Reports of 2013 it is one of the fastest growing economies in Africa. Therefore, the potential of investment opportunities in the rising country is immense.
The Government's short and long term plans suggest that modernizing the ports, building up to date roads, airports, introducing medium and small scale industries, upgrading energy sources … etc. are on the pipeline.
Boosting tourism and harvesting the teeming fish of the Red Sea is also planned for execution in the very near future, The India – Eritrea trade relationship is on the increase and this i s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e e v e r strengthening bilateral relationship between these sisterly countries.
Here are the sector by sector investment opportunities available in Eritrea.
MINING:
The complex geological evolution of the Great Rift Valley where Eritrea is located, together with the abundant and diverse mineral deposits and other natural resources so far discovered are precursors for the considerable potential for new opportunities. Eritrea also offers a number of economic advantages that support investors that include, affordable land at or near s u r fa c e g e o l o g i c a l re s o u rc e s , competitive business costs, disciplined and industrious work force and skilled labour, high quality transportation systems, easy access to the sea … etc. With large on-shore and off-shore prospects of oil and natural gas there is immense investment opportunity ready for exploitation.
TOURISM:
The Fauna and flora of Eritrea is as close to nature as possibly can be found on our earth. From the top of high mountains to the vast plains, the 1,100
kilometers of the Red Sea coast with its crystal clear waters and the 350 islands are ideally situated to attract the flow of tourists especially deep-sea fishers, divers, and sea cruisers. The hospitable, disciplined and peace loving people are an additional asset for the prospective growth of this industry. Besides, the G o ve r n m e nt p ro v i d e s va r i o u s concessions and incentives to entrepreneurs in tourism related activities.
S i n c e i t s i n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e Government of the State of Eritrea has also committed itself to explore and exploit the natural resources that are available in the country. In this respect a lot effort had been exerted on the mining sector and Eritrea has today become one of the exporters of gold and copper from its Bisha mining. Silver and zinc will be exploited from the same mining as they are found in layers. Other mining sites are in progress and
are expected to start production soon.
The world's shallowest Potash mining is found on the Red Sea coast of Eritrea and exploitation will soon resume adding the country on the list of Potash exporters.
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY:
Water harvesting and leveling of agricultural land was the other focus of the Government. As such, huge dams at d i f fe re n t l o c a t i o n s h a d b e e n constructed and with potential investors will soon start production. Given the country's substantial arable a n d i r r i g a b l e l a n d , a n d t h e infrastructure already in place opportunity exists for investment in large scale farming and value addition and semi processing activities.
FISHING:
The one thousand one hundred kilometers long of the Red Sea coast and around three hundred and fifty islands are not only rich in marine resources but also attractive for the tourist industry as well. The existence of more than one thousand species of aquatic creatures and rare fish species makes Eritrea a destination of immense investment opportunities in this sector.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT:
The government of Eritrea has a strong and clear conviction that the key to rapid and sustainable long term economic development rests with the development of human resources. Eritrean Micro Policy Document foresees that Eritrea, in the long term, is geared towards producing “knowledge intensive” goods and services. Thus, rendering basic social services even in the remote areas of the country is a necessity and a lot had been accomplished towards that end. Education and health services are free
in Eritrea and the people of the rural areas enjoy the benefits. Narrowing the gap between the urban and rural citizens life style is the priority of the Government. Eritrea has paid special attention to higher education and has managed to expand it many fold. In developing this sector the role of Indian Institutions and the Indian elite is highly commended for its contribution.
Thus, Eritrea will celebrate its 23rd Independence anniversary on 24 May 2014 by offering wide range of investment opportunities on the above mentioned sectors and others. The call for potential investors is in place and the Embassy of the State of Eritrea wishes to add its voice for Indian investors to take initiatives which will certainly give quick return to their effort's satisfaction.
Source: Embassy of the State of Eritrea, New Delhi
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIESINVESTING IN ERITREA
agriculture in the lowland river basins is
highly promising. Also, Eritrea is
endowed with suitable animal
husbandry and livestock development,
though the current development of this
subsector is so low. If modern animal
husbandry, improved animal feed,
interbreeding efforts, veterinary and
vaccination services are introduced
high investment returns can be
obtained from this
MARINE RESOURCES – Eritrea's coastal
waters are among the most productive
fishing grounds in the Red Sea. The
continental shelf corers more than
52,oookm2. The maximum sustainable
yield (MSY) is between 50 – 70,000 ton
per year. The existing fish population
include: groupers, jack, catfish,
mackerel, barracuda, shark, queen fish,
tuna, kingfish, sea bream, and sole.
Despite the high potential, the marine
sector is one of the most undeveloped
activit ies in Er itrea. With the
introduction of improved equipments,
facilities, infrastructure and transport
networks via investment high returns
can be harnessed from this sub sector.
In light of this the Government is keenly
interested to promote foreign
investment (including collaborations) in
this area of the economy.
MANUFACTURING – At present, much
of the sector is in need of substantial
investment for rehabilitation and
expansion. Promising manufacturing
opportunities for investment can be
found in textiles, garment, leather
products, general food processing,
cement and other construction
materials, and a wide range of chemical
(including salt) and mechanical
manufacturing that can supply the
domestic, regional and international
markets. Eritrea's strategic location
c o u p l e d w i t h t h e o n g o i n g
improvements in infrastructure is
believed to extensively promote the
Country's comparative and competitive
advantages in developing export
oriented manufacturing sector, thereby
opening up for lucrative investment
ventures in this area.
MINERAL RESOURCES – Geological
works and recent remote sensing
investigations have proved that Eritrea
possess favourable geological settings.
The Eritrean green stone belt which
hosts precious and base metal covers
70% of the Country. The major mineral
resources include:
Metallic-gold, silver, copper, zinc, iron,
nickel, and chromium. Industrial –
potash, sulphur, gypsum, salt, silica,
sand, feldspar, and kaolin Construction-
marble, granite, chalk, and basalt also
deposits of oil and natural gas are
believed to be promising.
Source : http://www.eritrean-embassy.se/
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ERITREA: FREE TRADE ZONE
The investment policy of Eritrea
provides the following incentives to
foreign and domestic companies.
• Both local and foreign private
sector investors are allowed to
participate in all sectors of the
economy with no restriction and
discrimination
• Pr ior i ty fore ign exchange
allocation given to exporters;
• Up to 100% retention of foreign
currency earning;
• No taxes on dividends declared;
• Capital goods, intermediates,
industrial spare parts and raw
materials are subject to nominal
customs duty of 2%
• Raw materials and intermediate
inputs are subject to 3% sales tax;
however, all sales tax will be
rebated on all materials and
inputs that have been used for
export production.
• Exports are exempted from
export duties and sales taxes;
• Any loss incurred during the first
two years of operation by an
investor may be carried forward
for three consecutive years;
• Marginal tax rate on personal
income from 2%-38%: on non-
corporate profit from 2%-38%; on
corporate profit from 25%-35%;
on commercial agriculture from
2%-320%; and on rent income
from 1%-48%;
• Profit derived from mining
activities will be taxed as per the
mining legislation; and
• Corporate profit that is set aside
from reinvestment taxed at the
rate of 20%.
Source: http://www.shabait.com/categoryblog
/8210-investment-in-eritrea
INVESTMENT INCENTIVE IN ERITREA
MINING IN ERITREA
The greenstone belt of Eritrea, which hosts precious and base metals, covers 70% of the country. The discovery of the Bisha high-grade zinc-copper-gold d e p o s i t , a n d s u b s e q u e n t announcements made by several other exploration companies operating in Eritrea, have demonstrated the potential the nation possesses for major mineral deposits.
A l iberal economic pol icy with competitive tax regimes, full guarantees and protect ion of investments, untapped geological terrains, highly motivated, disciplined and hard-working people, an administration free from corruption, a safe and free country, make Eritrea an ideal destination for investors. The incentives provided to investors will be briefly spelt out in this supplement. The Eritrean mining law provides simple procedures for the submission and processing of licence application.
Eritrea's natural mineral resources include gold, copper, potash, zinc, oil, natural gas, cement, gypsum, granite, marble, ceramics, limestone and iron ore. The government of Eritrea and a Canadian company (NEVSUN), have started extraction 2010. The company produced 895,000 oz of gold during the first two years of its operation. Copper Production resumed last year and will continue for the next two years producing 184 million pounds. The mine will produce zinc in its sixth year. There are many more mining contracts on the making. The potash mine in Danakil Depression with a planed output of up to 10,000 ton a day life span of over 150 years, the Zara and Dubarba copper/gold mining Eritrea stands to share in billions of dollars in mining profits.
Ministry of Energy and MinesAsmara, Maekel, Eritrea 5285Tel.: +291 1 120089Fax: +291 1 127652
FISHERIES IN ERITREA
Brief Background of the Eritrean Fisheries Sector
The Eritrean Fisheries Sector had been active in the 1950's and 1960's. The sector was at a relatively developed stage compared to other fisheries in the
Sub-Saharan Africa and the Red Sea region as well. In the then period there were many plants operating in the sector like fishmeal production, ice production, freezing plants, and blank button production and others.Almost all types of fisheries resources had been exploited and as a result many fishing grounds were discovered. However, the once prosperous sector became obsolete since the end of the 1970's due to the war of liberation and policy negligence of t h e co l o n i a l re g i m e . F i s h e r i e s infrastructures were destroyed and those experienced fishermen were displaced leaving the activity to dormancy.
After liberation, the Government of Eritrea committed its resources to revitalize the sector virtually from zero. In effect the Ministry of Fisheries evolved in 1992 and under which various projects and programs are being run. Fisheries i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i s b e i n g u n d e r development and research is being encouraged for the purpose of proper management and development of resources.
The regulation and coordination of planned investment for the economic and social benefit of the Eritrean people being its mission; the Ministry so far recorded considerable achievements in an attempt to refurbish the sector.
The Eritrean coastline is a low-lying area, ver y dr y and desert l i ke . The temperature lies at about 25-35°C in the cooler season and from 35-45°C in the hot season.
Eritrea’s open sea area offshore is approximately 121,000 sq.km out of which the continental shelf covers about 56,000 sq.km. The main land coastline is
approximately 1, 340 Km long. In the Eritrean Red Sea, there are at least 360 off shore islands with greater than 50m wide or long. The total islands’ coastline is approximately 1,980 km long. The islands have a land area of around 1300 sq.km.
About 25% of the continental shelf are occupied by Dahlak archipelago plateau, in depths up 35m. The width of the Eritrean waters varies, being widest (120km) at the latitude of Dahlak and narrowing to the north (15km) and south
(30km) of the Archipelago. A much larger area of coral reefs, sea grasses, and Sandy bottoms surround the islands of the Dahlak archipelago.
Sandy deserts and large salt marshes, b ro ke n b y s a n d â € œ w a d i s â € • characterize the Eritrean coastline. Along the shore, there are substantial lengths of sandy beaches. Some Mangrove stands are located in the North around Marsa Ibrahim, in the central region around Massawa and Marsa Fatuma, and to the south around Assab and Barasole, especially in the Islands.
Resources Potential
The waters of the Red Sea are highly productive, supporting substantial populations of diverse marine species, with around 1,000 known species of fish and 220 species of coral. The relative isolation of Red Sea waters and some of its unique water characteristics have produced a high proportion of species not found anywhere else.
The Eritrean part of the Red Sea has not yet been fully utilized due to various reasons. Thus, is very rich in abundance and diversity of resources. There are numerous commercially valuable species, which include:
• high value reef fish, especially
snappers and groupers concentrated around the coral  reefs and on areas of rocky bottom;
• a range of other Demersal species, expecially Threadfin bream and lizard fish in the shallower sandy bottom areas;
• sharks, currently perhaps the most heavily exploited of Eritrea’s marine resources
• crustaceans, including rock lobster, crab and shrimp;
• small pelagic fish especially sardine and anchovy, seasonally abundant and close to the shore;
• large pe lag ic f i sh , inc lud ing mackerels, tunas and related species;
• Other commercial species including aquarium species, sea cucumber, conches (for snail), trochus and perhaps pearl oysters.
As in many parts of the world, the main
objective of establishing a free trade
zone in Er i t rea i s to prov ide
employment opportunities, to develop
a know-how technology, to develop the
human resource capacity, and to
enhance foreign trade and exchange. A
draft of the free trade zone design was
prepared right after independence in
1993. However, following an extensive
research and meeting the required
preparations, it become ready in 2006.
During this period, different designs
were completed and work visit to
similar zones in other countries was
conducted in order to come up with and
effective work plan.
Although we started late, time helped
us learn from the experience of other
countries very much,said Dr. Araya
Tsegay, Director General of the Eritrean
Free Trade Zone Authority. According to
him, the port cities of Massawa and
Assab have been declared free trade
zone areas and all the needed works
have been made to that end. Expanding
the infrastructural work of Massawa
and enhancing port services by
introducing advanced technology were
some of the major tasks the
Government completed. In Massawa,
17 hangers of different sizes were built
at a cost of 58 million Nakfa and a
modern international airport and roads
were also built. Regarding the oil
refinery in Assab, experts from Russia
have made the necessary studies in
order to upgrade its standard to the
highest level. The city of Tesseney,
located in a strategic place and
bordered by two countries, Sudan and
Ethiopia, has a potential of being a free
trade zone in the future.
According to the Eritrean Free Trade
Zone Authorities report, Eritrea is
endowed with a very rich economic
potential that could make it a center of
free trade zone in the region for both
local and foreign investors. So far, many
investors have made their investment
and many others have agreed to take
similar measures soon. The Eritrean
Free Trade Zone Authority identifies
areas based on their economic
importance and believes that all
regions of the country would make
signif icant contribution to the
development of the national free trade
zone. Assab, for example, is located in a
very important strategic part of the Red
Sea. Since, there are few ports in the
area, Assab has a potential of being a
center for all transit works, porting and
a station for fuel to all shipping lines.
Moreover, it could provide water supply
and adequate storage service to the
30,000 to 40,000 ships that cross the
lane every year.
The Free Trade Zone will play a
s ignif icant role in transferring
technology to other parts of the region
and goods that are manufactured and
processed there could reach other
A f r i ca n co u nt r i e s a t a l o we r
transportation cost. Furthermore,
Eritrea has an efficient work force
compared to other areas. The Eritrean
Free Trade Zone has the capacity of
providing a 24-hours service, thanks to
the Warsay Yekealo Development
Campaign.
The economic benefit that Eritrea
would receive from this huge project is
substantial. Employment opportunities
and hard currency are some of the
major ones. Different service rendering
institutions will also be established that
would improve the livelihood of many
people. Since Eritrea is also member of
d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n a l e c o n o m i c
organizations, such as COMESA and CIN
SAD, the trade zone will play crucial role
in facilitating trade exchange among
member states. Investors are required
not only to have capital, but also a clear
investment strategy. According to Dr.
Araya Tsegay, all investors are entitled
to: tax free import and export goods;
free exchange of hard currencies; free
from paying any amount of their
income; and the Authority guarantees
safety to investors who want quit their
investment.
There are many institutions that have
completed their preparations and are
r e a d y t o w o r k a n d d i f fe r e n t
departments are opened to help the
effective implementation of the trade
activities. There are the Departments of
Controll ing, Clients, Standards,
Emigration, and Environment. The
national economic strategy in general,
and the Eritrean Free Trade Zone in
particular, would make Eritrea an
economic center in the region in a short
period of time thanks to the endeavors
of the government, said Dr. Araya
Tsegay.
Facilities Offered by Massawa Free
Zone
In addition to the usual benefits of Free
Zone Operation, Massawa Free Zone
offers a host of facilities that investors
can take advantage of: -
Trading Offices:
Trading offices unfurnished (investor
c a n f u r n i s h a c c o rd i n g t o h i s
requirements) can be leased for import,
export and re-export operations.
Warehousing and logistics : Units of
different sizes can be taken on lease for
use as import, export and re-export of
different commodities as well as
general trading. Investors can operate a
distribution center including storage,
packaging and repackaging. This hub
could be operated efficiently with the
very attractive costs available in
Massawa.
Manufacturing : Investors can lease pre
built units or request the construction
o f u n i t s c u sto m i ze d to t h e i r
requirements with the option of
additional land for manufacturing
purposes.
Hotel Asmara PalaceWarsay Avenue, P.O. Box 5455 Asmara EritreaTelephone +2911 153700Fax +2911 153701Reservations: [email protected]:[email protected]
Albergo ItaliaP.O.Box 11816
13 Nakfa Avenue, Asmara EritreaTel +2911 120740Fax +2911 126993E-mail [email protected] site: http://www.albergoitaliaasmara.com
Embasoira / Hamasien HotelHailu Kebede Street, Asmara EritreaTelephone +2911 123222/120233 (Ambasoira) 123411 (Hamasien)Fax +2911 122595Web Site: http://www.embasoirahotel.com
Sunshine HotelEmperor Yohannes no. 76 (Adjacent to NICE Building)P.O. Box 3406 Asmara EritreaTelephone +2911 127880/127882/127874Fax +2911 127866Web: www.sunshinehotelasmara.comE-mail: [email protected]
Crystal Hotel
Bihat Street No. 171-3P.O. Box 5287 Asmara EritreaTelephone +2911 120944Fax +2911 200911E-mail: [email protected]: www.crystalhoteleritrea.com
Midian HotelP.O. Box 4989 / Street 172/4 Asmara Eritrea (Behind the Nyala Hotel)Telephone +2911 126232Fax +2911 114006Web http://www.midianh.com.er/
Savanna International HotelGheregar Sudan 172 AsmaraP.O. box 3754 Asmara Eritrea.Telephone +2911 116183 / 202141 /
202142Fax +2911 202 146E-mail: [email protected]
Alla Scala HotelP.O. Box 2481Andenet Street No. 122Asmara EritreaTel: +2911 151540Fax: +2911 151541
Bologna HotelRuba Hadas Street no. 746 Asmara EritreaTelephone +2911 186695 - 186690Fax +2911 186686
Expo Hotel
Bada Street 746-6 / P.O. Box 3737 Asmara EritreaTelephone +2911 184242 - 186708 - 185012 - 185013Fax +2911 186714E-mail: [email protected]: www.expohotelasmara.com
Lion HotelBakla Street # 20/22 Asmara EritreaTelephone +291-1-159572Fax. +291-1-120766E-mail: [email protected]
Ambassador HotelHarnet Avenue #38, Asmara - EritreaTel +2911 126 544 / 126 545Fax +2911 126 365
Selam HotelMaryam Gmbi Street,P.O. Box 181 - Asmara Eritrea.Telephone +291 - 1 - 127244Fax +291 - 1 – 120662
Top Five HotelMarsa Teklay Avenue No. 8, Asmara Eritrea.
Telephone +2911 124922 / 124919Fax +2911 124931
Nyala HotelSemaetat Avenue,PO Box 867 - Asmara Eritrea.Telephone +2911 123 111Fax +2911 122 914E-mail: [email protected]
Asmara Central HotelMatae Street No. 42 Asmara EritreaTelephone +2911 120041 / 120446Fax +2911 122320
Khartoum Central HotelAli Osman Buri #35, P.O. Box 5747 Asmara EritreaTelephone +2911 121394 / 128008Fax +2911 121427
Concord PensionStreet No 176/21 House No 19P.O. Box 2475 - Asmara EritreaTelephone +2911 110 073Fax +2911 110186Mobile +2917 111760
Bristol Pension175-4 Street No. 9 Asmara EritreaTelephone +2911 121 688
Berhe Aiba HotelHday Street Asmara EritreaP.O. Box 3916 Asmara EritreaTelephone +2911 186097Fax +2911 186066E-mail: [email protected]
Africa PensionTelephone +2911 121 436
Red Sea Pension 194 Nakfa Street House No. 238 P.O.Box 1004, Asmara Eritrea Tel +2911 126778
HOTELS IN ERITREA
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IACCI IACCI IACCI IACCI IACCI IACCI IACCI IACCI IACCI
Indo-African Chamber of Commerce & Industries | 4ERITREA
Eritrea is an LDC (GDP around US$ 2.9 billion) and is heavily dependent on subsistence farming (25% of GDP, 80% workforce). Remittances from Diaspora form 30% of GDP. Agricultural (rain-fed) exports include cotton, fruits and vegetables, hides, meat and fish. Mineral resources include gold, copper, iron ore and potash. Industry contributes to around 20% of GDP. Real GDP growth of Eritrea for 2011 accelerated to around 10% with revenues from commercial mining. Inflation is estimated to have decreased to around 13%. Total trade is estimated to have grown to around US$ 1.28 billion during 2011 of which exports are estimated to have jumped to around US$ 380 million (from US$ 30 million in 2010). Per capita GNI is around US$ 300. Eritrea is a member of the 19-member COMESA Common Market for East and Southern Africa).
Indian traders traded at the Eritrean port of Massawa since the 17th century. There was an Indian presence in Eritrea at the turn of the 20th century. There were many casualties among Indian soldiers at the battle of Keren in Eritrea in 1941. Eritrea is a former Italian and
British colony. In 1952 the UN established it as an autonomous entity federated with Ethiopia. The latter amiexed Eritrea by force violating the federal arrangement and this led to a 30 year bloody and destructive war after which it got its independence in 1991. A n i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y o b s e r v e d referendum was held in 1993 where Eritreans from within the country and abroad including from Ethiopia itself overwhelmingly (99.8%) voted for independence. It was after this referendum that Eritrea was accepted as a sovereign nation and India formally gave its recognition thereafter. India formally recognized Eritrea soon after its independence in 1993.
Over the years, India has offered capacity building assistance in several fields to Eritrea ranging from legislative drafting, technical scholarships (agriculture, education, health), and also food aid. In 2009, Indian government extended a Line of Credit of US$ 20 million to the Eritrean government. India is a destination for Eritreans for higher studies.
BILATERAL EXCHANGES
The Eritrean Foreign Minister H.E. Mr. Osman Saleh Mohammed met with the
Hon'ble Minister of State for External Affairs Smt. Preneet Kaur on 7 June 2011 in New Delhi. He had also visited India for the India-LDC Ministerial Conference organized by Government of India in February 2011, when he met Hon'ble Minister of External Affairs, Shri S.M. Krishna. High Commissioner called on Eritrean President H. E. Isaias Afwerki in Asmara when he presented Credentials in March 2012.
Cooperation in Capacity Building Shortly after Eritrea's independence, India offered assistance in its legislative drafting process. Assistance in form of scholarships through the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme has evolved. Over the years, India has offered capacity building assistance in several fields to Eritrea including in agriculture, medicine and education.
A trilateral agreement between Eritrea, India and the FAO was signed in Rome in 1998 under which nearly 100 Indian agricultural experts were deputed to Eritrea to help increase agricultural productivity and production, inland fisheries and aquaculture.
A Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the field of agriculture between Eritrean authorities and the Indian Council for Agricultural Research was signed in 2006 during the visit of the Minister of Agriculture of Eritrea to India.
In 2003 India donated 5,000 metric tonnes of wheat to Eritrea. Earlier, India had provided 1,500 metric tonnes of wheat and 200 metric tonnes of sugar to Eritrea as relief assistance.
Government of India's Pan-African e-network project for Eritrea was inaugurated in August 2010. All three sites (VVIP node, medical and education) are functional.
At the request of the Eritrean Government, India provided a legal expert, under the ITEC scheme, to Eritrea for two years. 15 ITEC scholarships were offered to Eritrea during 2009-10. 3 other slots were utilized under India-Africa Forum Summit scholarship scheme (2010-2011). Pursuant to the 2nd Africa-India Forum Summit held in Addis Ababa in May 2011, the ITEC training slot availability during 2011-12 was enhanced to 35. During 2011-12, Eritrea utilized a total of six slots - two each offered under the ITEC, IAFS and C.
V. Raman scholarships. One Eritrean official attended the 52nd Professional Course for Foreign Diplomats (PCFD) during August-September 2011. Eritrea availed of the one slot offered under the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR) scholarship programme. 20 ITEC slots and 8 ICCR slots have been offered to Eritrea during 2012-13.
Eritrean off icials attended the Conference on Government of India Lines of Credit held in New Delhi on November 22-23 2011. One Eritrean official visited India to participate at the 4th International Civil Aviation
Negotiations Conference (India-ICAN) held in Mumbai during October 17-22 2011.
An Eritrean delegation visited India in 2010. It visited Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), Jawaharlal Nehru University, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Delhi University and Hamdard University. An agreement was concluded for cooperation with IGNOU.
Economic & Commercial Links
During 2010-11, India-Eritrea bilateral trade declined by around 5% to a figure of around US$ 25 million. During 2009-10, bilateral trade had grown to around US$ 30 million from US$ 23 million in
2008-2009.
Exports from India include electrical and miscel laneous engineering e q u i p m e n t , d r u g s a n d pharmaceuticals, cotton yarn and fabrics. India is among the largest exporters to Eritrea along with Italy and the UAE. Eritrea imported millets worth US$ 200,000 from India during 2010.
Eritrean exports to India consist mainly of leather, hides (excluding raw hides) and skins. Indian companies have supplied agricultural equipment to the Eritrean Ministry of Agriculture and laboratory equipment for high schools and colleges through the Ministry of Education. Indian companies are also among suppliers of equipment for a sugar factory present ly under construction. India extended a Line of Credit of US$ 20 million (US$ 10 million
H.E. Mr. Alem Tsehaye WoldemariamAmbassador EMBASSY OF THE STATE OF ERITREAC-7/9, Vasant Vihar,New Delhi-110057Phone: +91-11- 2614 6336; 2614 0398 Fax: +91-11- 2614 6337Email: [email protected]: www.eritreaembindia.com
Indian Consulate in Asmara, Eritrea Jelhanti Avenue P.O. Box 1491 Asmara EritreaTel.: (+291) 1-186 742Fax : (+291) 1-186 633E-mail: [email protected]
Mr. Sanjay Goenka,Consul (Honorary),CONSULATE OF THE STATE OF ERITREA116, Bajaj Bhavan, 11th Floor, Nariman Point, Mumbai - 400 021.Phone: 22854662/3Fax: 66352932Email: [email protected]; [email protected]
ERITREAN NATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE – ASMARA ERITREAP.O. Box 856Asmara EritreaTel +291-1-121589/121388Tel +291-1-120096/120045Fax +291-1-120138
e-mail: [email protected]
ASMARA GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC OFFICES
Asmara MunicipalityPO Box 259,Phone +2911 - 124333 / 125702
Bank of EritreaPO Box – 849,Phone +2911 - 123036 / 123033Fax +2911 - 123162
Department of Immigration & NationalityPhone +2911 - 116835 / 118380
EritelPO Box – 234, Phone +2911 - 127800 Fax +2911 - 124847
Eri TVPO Box – 243Phone +2911 - 117199 / 119933
Eritrea ProfilePO Box – 247,Phone +2911 - 114114 / 125013Fax +2911 - 127749
Eritrean RailwayPhone +2911 - 123365, Fax +2911 - 201785
High CourtPO Box - 241, Phone +2911 - 115210
PFDJPO Box – 1081Phone +2911 - 121399 / 126177
Fax +2911 - 120889
ERITREAN MINISTRIES
Ministry of AgriculturePO Box – 1048Phone +2911 - 181499 / 181077Fax +2911 - 181415
Ministry of DefencePO Box – 629,Phone +2911 - 202874 / 202196124990
Ministry of EducationPO Box – 1056Phone +2911 - 116644 / 127817Fax +2911 - 118351
Ministry of Energy and MiningPO Box – 5285Phone +2911 - 116872 / 127944Fax +2911 - 127652
Ministry of FinancePO Box – 895Phone +2911 - 118131 / 127755Fax +2911 - 127947
Ministry of FisheriesPO Box – 923,Phone +2911 - 114271 / 552010Fax +2911 - 122185
Ministry of Foreign AfairsPO Box – 190Phone +2911 - 127838 / 115166Fax +2911 - 123788
Ministry of HealthPO Box – 212Phone +2911 - 202917 / 120297Fax +2911 - 122899
Ministry of InformationPO Box – 242Phone +2911 - 117111 / 201820Fax +2911 - 124847
Ministry of Labour and Human WelfarePO Box – 5252,Phone +2911 - 151986 / 151846Fax +2911 - 182760
Ministry of Land Water and EnvironmentPO Box – 76, Phone +2911 – 118021Fax +2911 - 123285
Ministry of National DevelopmentPO Box – 257Phone +2911 - 120905 / 124964Fax +2911 - 126422
Ministry of Public WorksPO Box – 841,Phone +2911 - 202763 / 122477Fax +2911 - 120661
Ministry of TourismPO Box – 1010Phone +2911 - 120073 / 126997Fax +2911 - 126949
Ministry of Trade and IndustryPO Box – 1844Phone +2911 - 120080 / 117944Fax +2911 - 120586
Ministry of Transport and CommunicationPO Box - 569Phone +2911 - 114093 / 120555Fax +2911 - 127048
INDIA - ERITREA BILATERAL TRADE RELATIONS
IMPORTANT CONTACTS
each for education and agriculture projects) to Eritrea in July 2009.
India in UN Peacekeeping in Eritrea
More than 1,500 Indian troops served in the UN Mission for Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE), deployed in both countries until February 2007). Maj. Gen. Rajender Singh was the UNMEEForce Commander from 2004-2006. Over the life of the mission, Indian medical personnel attended to some 17,000 cases. The Indian contingent also assisted in drilling of wells and construction of roads and dams. India is the Chair of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Somalia-Eritrea Sanctions Committee since January 2011.
Indian Community and Diaspora in Eritrea
The Indian community in Eritrea, comprising mostly of school teachers and businessmen, numbered around 2000 in the 1960s. According to the Report of the High Level Committee on Indian Diaspora, there were around 400 Indians in Eritrea in 2001, including teachers and professors at the University of Asmara. Presently it is estimated that the Indian community
totals around 1200. Most Indians live and work in the following areas – Anseba, Debub, Northern Red Sea region and the Dahlak islands. Indians work as teaching staff at secondary schools and technical colleges such as the Eritrean Institute of Technology. There are also medical doctors and construction workers.
India appointed an Honorary Consul in Asmara (Mr. Semere Petros, email: [email protected], tel: +291-1-186742) in November 2008. Eritrea has an embassy in New Delhi.
Source: Department of Commerce, India