The Spinal Cord

Honors Anatomy& Physiologyfor copying

Spinal Cord• w/spinal nerves

contain neural circuits that mediate some of your most rapid reactions to environmental changes

Protective Structures• 2 types of CT coverings surround &

protect delicate nervous tissue1. bony vertebrae2. tough CT meninges, w/cushion of

CSF

Meninges • 3 CT coverings that encircle spinal

cord & brain:• Spinal meninges covers spinal cord• Cranial meninges covers brain

Meninges Layers: Dura Mater• “tough mother”• most superficial layer• made of dense, irregular CT• continuous with cranial meninges• forms sac from foramen magnum S2• layer of adipose tissue between dura

mater & wall of vertebral cavity (epidural space)

Middle Meninges: Arachnoid Mater

• “spider-like”• deep to dura mater, superficial to pia

mater• contiguous with cranial arachnoid • between dura & arachnoid =

subdural space

Innermost Meninges:Pia mater• “delicate”• thin, transparent CT• adheres to spinal cord & brain• between arachnoid & pia =

subarachnoid space

Spinal Tap• aka lumbar puncture• long needle inserted into subarachnoid

space• adults: between L3 –L4 or L4 – L5

(inferior to lowest portion of spinal cord)

• purpose: withdraw CSF for– diagnostic purposes– insert antibiotics/contrast media for

myelography/ anesthetics/ chemotherapy

Spinal Cord• cylindrical with flattening of its AP

diameter• adults:extends from medulla

oblongata L2 vertebra• newborns: extends to L3 or L4• elongation of spinal cord stops ~age

3-4 but growth of vertebral column continues

Spinal Cord: External View• 2 obvious enlargements noted:– cervical enlargement• C4 – T1• serve upper limbs

– lumbar enlargement• T9- T12• serve lower limbs

Spinal Cord: External View• conus medullaris: tapered conical

structure of spinal cord below lumbar enlargement ending @ L1 – L2

• filum terminale: extension of pia mater extends inferiorly & anchors cord to coccyx

• cauda equinae: “horse tail” nerves that arise from lumbar, sacral, & coccygeal portions of spine

Spinal Nerves• 31 pairs spinal nerves emerge thru

intervertebral foramen• 8 pair cervical nerves: C1 – C8• 12 pair thoracic nerves: T1 - T12• 5 pair lumbar nerves: L1 – L5• 5 pair sacral nerves: S1 – S5• 1 pair coccygeal nerves: Co1

Spinal Nerves• 2 bundles of axons, called roots,

connect each spinal nerve to segment of spinal cord

Spinal Cord Roots1. posterior (dorsal) root– only sensory axons– each has dorsal root ganglion

containing cell bodies of sensory neurons

2. anterior (ventral) root– only motor axons

Internal Anatomy of Spinal Cord

• 2 grooves penetrate white matter & divide it in right & left sides:

1. anterior median fissure1. deeper, wider of the 2

2. posterior median sulcus1. shallower, narrow furrow

Spinal Nerves• & the nerves that branch off them

are part of PNS• emerge from vertebral column thru

intervertebral foramina

Spinal Nerves• typically has 2 connections to spinal

cord1. dorsal root (sensory)2. ventral root (motor)

• classified as “mixed”

Distribution of Spinal Nerves

Spinal Nerve Plexuses• a network of nerves (or veins, or

lymphatic vessels)

Cervical Plexus• supplies skin &

muscles of the head, neck, & superior portion of shoulders, chest, & diaphragm

• C1 – C 5

Brachial Plexus• supplies the

shoulders & upper limbs

Lumbar Plexus• supplies

anterolateral abd wall, external genitals, part of lower limb

Sacral Plexus• supplies buttocks,

perineum, & lower limbs

Dermatomes• cutaneous area developed from one

embryonic spinal cord segment & receiving most of its sensory innervation from one spinal nerve

• knowing which spinal cord segments supply each dermatome makes it possible to locate damaged regions of the spinal cord

Spinal Cord Injuries• most due to trauma– cervical, lower thoracic, upper lumbar

most common regions involved• paralysis – depends on location, extent of damage–monoplegia: 1 limb– paraplegia: both lower limbs– hemiplegia: upper limb, trunk, lower limb

on 1 side of body– quadriplegia: all 4 limbs & trunk

Extent Muscle Paralysis• C1 – C3: no function neck down, requires

ventilator to breathe• C4 – C5: diaphragm, allows breathing• C6 – C7: some arm, chest, allows breathing,

moving wheelchair• T1 – T3: intact arm function• T4 – T9: control of trunk above umbilicus• T10 – L1: most thigh muscles, walk w/long leg

braces• L1 – L2: most leg muscles, walk w/short leg

braces

Shingles • acute infection of PNS • caused by herpes zoster (chicken

pox)• virus stays in posterior root ganglion– becomes reactivated normally immune

system will prevent it from spreading– reactivated virus can overcome

weakened immune system leaves ganglion travels down sensory neurons supplying skin

Medical Terminology• meningitis: inflammation of

meminges due to infection, bacterial (worse) or viral, vaccine protests against some bacterial causes: headache, N/V, fever, stiff neck

• neuralgia: pain along a sensory nerve, trigeminal neuralgia

• neuritis: inflammation of 1 or several nerves

• paresthesis: abnormal sensation