The Speech Chain Outline 1. The Speech Chain LLCM30ES...

LLCM30ES English Phonetics

Class 2 The Speech Chain

and the organs of speech

16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 2

Outline

• 1. The Speech Chain

• 2. Phases of the Speech Chain and branches

of phonetics

• 3. The organs of speech

1. The Speech Chain


The Speech Chain

• What are the necessary conditions for

speech communication to take place?

16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 5Speaker Listener

(acoustic)

signal16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 6

Then, three conditions …

• Savoir (+ savoir-faire)

• Pouvoir

• Vouloir


The Speech Chain

From Denes and Pinson The Speech Chain

Speaker Listener

(acoustic)

signal

Encoding Decoding


Stage 1: Conceptualization


Speaker

Encoding

Input: psychic impulseInput: psychic impulse

Output: preverbalOutput: preverbal

messagemessage

Vouloir


Stage 2: Linguistic encoding


Speaker

Encoding

Input: preverbal messageInput: preverbal message

Output: phonetic sequenceOutput: phonetic sequence

(including prosody)(including prosody)

This encoding device needs linguistic

knowledge:

Semantics and pragmatics

Vocabulary

Morphology

Syntax

Phonology (vowels and consonants,

prosody)

Savoir

Pouvoir


Stage 3: Physiological encoding


Speaker

Encoding

Input: phonetic sequenceInput: phonetic sequence

(including prosody)(including prosody)

Output: sound (acousticOutput: sound (acoustic

signal)signal)

The brain orders the

appropriate muscles of the

appropriate speech organs

to move properly, through

motor nerves.

The result: the speech

organs produce sound.

Savoir-faire

Pouvoir

(acoustic)

signal


Stage 4: Acoustic transmission


Speaker Listener

(acoustic)

signal

Encoding Decoding

Movement of particles is

transmitted through a

medium such as the air,

water, etc., and reaches the

listener’s ear.


Stage 5: Physiological decoding


Listener

(acoustic)

signal

Decoding

The human ear decodes the acoustic

signal into different frequency zones.

The information is send to the brain

through sensory nerves.

Input: sound (acousticInput: sound (acoustic

signal)signal)

Output: auditory cuesOutput: auditory cues

Pouvoir


Stage 6: Linguistic decoding


Listener

DecodingInput: auditory cuesInput: auditory cues

Output: preverbalOutput: preverbal

messagemessage

This decoding device needs linguistic

knowledge:

Phonology (vowels and consonants,

prosody)

Syntax

Vocabulary

Morphology

Semantics and pragmatics

Savoir

Pouvoir

Savoir-faire


Stage 7: Comprehension


Listener

DecodingInput: preverbal messageInput: preverbal message

Output: psychic pulseOutput: psychic pulse

Feeling that the listener has understood

something.


Feedback circle


Speaker

(acoustic)

signal

Encoding

DecodingThe speaker listens to

his/her own speech,

understands it at the

same time; monitors

his/her production, then

adjusts it if necessary.

2. Stages of the Speech Chain

and branches of phonetics


Branches of phonetics


Speaker

Encoding

Articulatory phonetics studies how

speech sounds are produced by the

organs of speech.

1. Traditional approach: observation,

reproduction and introspection.

2. Instrumental and experimental

approach: use of instruments such as

camera, video, endoscope,

electrodes, sensors of air pressure,

brain imaging, etc.




(acoustic)

signal

Acoustic phonetics

studies the acoustic,

physic characteristics

of speech sounds, by

using instruments

such as oscillograph

or spectrograph.




Listener

Decoding

Auditory phonetics studies how

listeners decode and understand

speech sounds.

1. Psycholinguistic approach:

analysis of the behaviour (task of

choice, judgement, etc.) in

response to speech sounds, or

synthesised sounds.

2. Neuroscience approach: direct

observation of the brain by brain

images obtained by MRI, PET, etc.

3. The organs of speech

16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 21Clark and Yallop (1995)

Outer earOuter ear

Inner earInner earMiddleMiddleearear

3.1. Ear: the three main components


PhonationPhonation

3.2. Organs of speech production

InitiationInitiation

ArticulationArticulation•• Three functionsThree functions

generates an airstream

generates voicing

modifies (filters) the source

sound to generate speech sounds


PhonationPhonation


LungsLungs

generate an (outward) airstreamInitiationInitiation

DiaphragmDiaphragmrelaxes and rises

when breathing out

ArticulationArticulation

Except non-pulmonicconsonants



PhonationPhonation


LarynxLarynx



Larynx

Roach (1991)


Larynx

Roach (1991)


Larynx

Roach (1991)


Larynx

• The larynx contains a pair of vocal folds.

• The vocal folds are wide apart for normal

breathing, voiceless consonants.

• They are brought close together by arytenoid

cartilages and vibrate (Bernoulli effect) for

voicing.

• The opening between the two vocal folds is

called glottis (adj. glottal).


Functions of the vocal folds used

in languages

• Phonation (voicing, vibration of vocal folds)

and its timing.

• Generating different pitches.

• Generating different voice qualities (modal,

creaky, breathy)


-

suite

16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 31 16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 32

• Cycle of vibration of the vocal folds

16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 33 16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 34


Vocal folds


Vocal folds



PhonationPhonation




Articulators

P. Ashby (1995)


Articulators

Clark & Yallop (1995)


Articulators: tongue

P. Ashby (1995)


Articulators: velum

P. Ashby (1995)16/10/2007 T. Kamiyama LLCM30ES English Phonetics 2007-2008 Week 3 42

Articulators

• X-ray film of articulators


Articulators



Articulators


End of Class 2

Class 3: Review of vowels and consonants,

reduced vowels, stress placement

The Speech Chain Outline 1. The Speech Chain LLCM30ES...

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