The Spanish-American War

Chapter 9 Section 2

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Learning Targets:• The Spanish- American War: Why did the

United States go to war against Spain in 1898, and why was the outcome significant?

• Learning Targets: I Can…• Describe the ways in which the United

States took advantages of several incidents in Latin America to reaffirm the Monroe Doctrine.

• Analyze the events leading up to and following the Spanish-American War.

• Identify the areas after the war where the United States gained influence and new territories.

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Expansionists looked to three main areas of the world: Latin American,islands of the Pacific, and China

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Involvement in Latin America• United States in Latin America• 1st – 1891 Chilean mob attacked a

group of American Sailors on shore leave

• 2 killed, 17 injured• U.S. Government forced Chili to pay

$75,000 to families of killed and injured soldiers

• 2nd- 1893 President Cleveland ordered naval units to Rio de Janeiro to protect U.S. shipping interests from rebellion in Brazil – stopped rebellion

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• 3rd - Britain and Venezuela disputed ownership of territory located at border between Venezuela and British Guiana

• Mineral wealth located in border area• 1895 President Cleveland’s Sec. Of

State, Richard Olney, demanded that Britain acknowledge the Monroe Doctrine and submit the boundary to arbitration

• arbitration – settlement of a dispute by a person chosen to listen to both sides and come to a decision

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President Grover Cleveland

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Richard Olney, Sec. of State

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• Britain stated the doctrine had no standing in international law

• Realizing the need to stay on friendly terms with the increasingly powerful U.S., Britain backed down and agreed to arbitration

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The Cuban Rebellion• Cuba first rebelled against Spain in

1868• Spain put meager reforms in place to

appease Cuban people after 10 years of fighting rebels

• 1895 Cuban economy collapsed – rebelled again

• Spain sent 150,000 troops under General Valeriano Weyler

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• Weyler put hundreds of thousands of Cubans in concentration camps to stop aid to rebels (policy of “reconcentration”)

• Within two years 200,000 prisoners died

• Cuban exiles in U.S. urged government to intervene led by journalist Jose Marti

• Both President Cleveland and McKinley refused

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• Cuban guerrillas destroyed American sugar plantations and mills to attract U.S. government attention (business leaders pressure government to intervene)

• 1890s competition for readers between NY World and NY Morning Journal spurred reporting of exaggerated and false news stories.

• Pitted publishers Pulitzer and Hearst against one another – demand for intervention in Cuba increased

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William Randolph Hearst

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Joseph Pulitzer

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William Randolph Hearst• Hearst, son of gold mining tycoon

started publishing San Francisco Examiner in 1887

• His combination of investigative reporting and sensationalist stories to increase circulation successful

• Bought New York Morning Journal in 1895

• Lured experienced journalist from other papers

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• Technique’s – sensational crime stories, illustrations, vivid headlines, lower price to one cent to increase circulation

• Both Pulitzer/Hearst used yellow journalism (sensational headlines and stories) to sway public opinion in favor of rebels.

• Printed horrifying stories about the “Butcher” Weyler

• Jingoism – burst of national pride/desire for aggressive foreign policy from a line in a 1870 British song

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• Hearst served in U.S. House of Representatives

• 1935 owned 28 newspapers, 18 magazines, radio stations and news services

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Patty Hearst• The granddaughter of publishing magnate

William Randolph Hearst• She gained notoriety in 1974 when,

following her Kidnapping by the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA)

• She ultimately joined her captors in furthering their cause. Apprehended after having taken part in a bank robbery

• Hearst was imprisoned for almost two years before her sentence was commuted by President Jimmy Carter.

• She was later granted a presidential pardon by President Bill Clinton.

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Turning Point: The Spanish-American War Steps to War• 1898 riots in Havana, Capitol of Cuba• President McKinley moved battleship

U.S.S Maine into harbor to protect U.S. citizens and property

• U.S. newspaper published a letter stolen from the Spanish Ambassador to Washington Dupuy de Lome two weeks later describing McKinley as weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd

• Explosion sank the Maine, 250 American sailors killed

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• A fire set off ammunition – American public blamed Spanish called for war

• McKinley hesitated• Philippines, possession of Spain,

rebelling as well• Assistant Secretary of Navy,

Theodore Roosevelt, thought it would be a key base to protect U.S. interests in Asia

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• Roosevelt cabled Naval Commanders in Pacific to prepare for military action against Spain

• Pres. McKinley ordered all cables withdrawn except one to Admiral George Dewey

• Dewey was told to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines if war broke out with Spain

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• McKinley sent a list of demands to Spain• Compensation for the Maine• End to concentration camps• Truce in Cuba/Cuban independence

• Spain accepted most of American demands

• McKinley decided he could not resist the growing cries for war.

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• April 11th, he sent a war message to Congress “Remember the Maine”!

• Congress recognized Cuban Independence and authorized force against Spain

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“A Splendid Little War”• May 1, Dewey launched a surprise

attack on Spanish ships anchored in Manilla Bay

• Destroyed Spain’s entire Pacific fleet in 7 hours

• U.S. Warships bottled up Spain’s Atlantic fleet in the harbor at Santiago

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Rough Riders•1st volunteer Calvary, led in a charge up San Juan Hill by Roosevelt who resigned his former position

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•Recruited volunteers included cowboys, miners, policemen, college athletes, several units of African American troops•Became most famous incident of war

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Results:• July 3, Spanish fleet attempted to

escape, U.S. Navy sank every Spanish ship = wild independence day celebration in U.S.

• 2500 Americans died/400 in battle – others from food poisoning, yellow fever, malaria, and inadequate medical care

• Secretary of State, John Hay, captured public mood – wrote Roosevelt it was a “Splendid Little War”

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Nurses during the Spanish American War on the hospital ship Relief in Cuban waters Image above from www.army.mil/cmh-pg/ documents/spanam/WS-ANC.htm

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After the War • U.S. signed treaty of Paris with

Spain Dec. 1898• Spain recognized Cuba’s

independence• Gave up Philippines, Puerto Rico,

and Guam to U.S. for $20 million• “ unincorporated” territories of U.S.

– their citizens would not become American citizens

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Dilemma in Philippines• Some American troubled – violating

peoples right to liberty by colonizing• Pres. McKinley explained rebels on

edge of war with one another in Philippines – Filipino people “unfit for self-government”

• If U.S. did not act Europeans might seize the Islands

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• Senate ratified treaty n 1899• Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo

proclaimed Philippines a republic – U.S. ignored him

• 3 year war ensued – 4200 American killed/2800 wounded 16,000 Filipino rebels killed/200,000 civilians killed

• 1946 Philippines gained complete independence

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Fate of Cuba and Puerto Rico• Teller Amendment 1898 – promised

U.S. would not annex Cuba (added by supporters of Cuban Independence)

• To protect U.S. business interests, President McKinley installed a military government in Cuba led by General Leonard Wood – ruled three years

• Organized school systems, restored economic stability, Commission of Army Medical Corp found cure for yellow fever

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• 1900 military government began to draft constitution modeled on U.S. Constitution

• U.S. insisted Cubans include Platt Amendment

• Platt Amendment stated Cuban government could not enter any foreign agreements, must allow U.S. two naval bases, give U.S. right to intervene whenever necessary

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• Platt Amendment remained in force until 1934

• Puerto Rico did not become independent

• U.S. granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship in 1917

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Annexation of Hawaii• 1887 duty free agreement with

Hawaii• leased Pearl Harbor to U.S.• White Hawaiian born planters forced

King Kalakaua to accept a constitution that gave them control of government

• King died in 1891, his sister opposed U.S. control of Islands

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• 1893, Pineapple planter Sanford B. Dole with help of U.S. Marines removed Queen Liliuokalani from power

• He proclaimed a republic and requested Hawaii be annexed by U.S.

• McKinley supported annexation as Manifest Destiny

• 1898 Congress approved annexation – needed naval bases in Hawaii in order to be a world power

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Samoa• 1878 U.S. treaty offering protection in

return for lease on harbor at Pago Pago

• European nations competed for control in 1880s almost led to war

• Britain/Germany/U.S. arranged a three-way protectorate of Samoa in 1889

• 1899 Great Britain withdrew• 1899 U.S. acquired harbor at Pago

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An Open Door to China• Russia, Germany, Britain, France,

and Japan were seeking spheres of influence – areas of economic and political control in China

• In 1899, John Hay, wrote to powers persuading them to keep an “open door” to China

• Wanted to ensure through Open Door Policy that U.S. would have equal access to China’s millions of consumers

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• Cool response from others• Chinese resented foreign influence• Righteous and Harmonious Fists – called

Boxers by Western Press, led a massacre of 300 foreigners and Christian Chinese

• European Powers defeated Boxers• Secretary Hays feared imperialists would

use this to seize more Chinese territory• Reissued the Open Door notes – stronger

statement about the intention of the U.S. to preserve it.

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