The Spandrels of San Marco Adaptation or Drift?. Gould and Lewontin (1979) The spandrels of San...
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Transcript of The Spandrels of San Marco Adaptation or Drift?. Gould and Lewontin (1979) The spandrels of San...
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The Spandrels of San Marco
Adaptation or Drift?
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Gould and Lewontin (1979)
• The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: a critique of the adaptationist programme.
• Do not assume that every trait is an adaptation
• Cited more than 4000X
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The Cathedral of San Marco
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• Are spandrels necessary architectural elements or byproducts of having adjacent arches?
• How many traits of living organisms are spandrels rather than adaptations?
• Organisms are more than collections of traits.
Stephen Jay Gould, 1941-2002, USA
Richard Charles Lewontin, 1929-present, USA
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• Empedocles: adaptation does not require a purpose (final cause)
• Aristotle: adaptation requires a purpose• Paley (Natural Theology): organisms perfectly
adapted through design toward a purpose• Lamarck: adaptation through increased
complexity and influence of circumstances• Darwin and Wallace: adaptation is ‘good
enough’ outcome of natural selection
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Adaptation• Genetic change in
response to changes in habitat (Red Queen Hypothesis)
• Co-adaptations (diversification between insects and flowering plants in Cretaceous)
• Compromise (e.g. sexual selection)
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Classic Research on Adaptation• Peter and Rosemary
Grant (1973-present)
• John Arthur Endler (1980)
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Genetic Drift
A B O AB United States 42% 10% 45% 3%
Chinese 31% 28% 34% 7%Blackfoot 76% ----- 24% -----
Navajo 24% ----- 76% -----
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Genetic Drift in Mice
Genetic drift in inbred mouse colonies happens slowly, subtly, and is difficult to detect and control. It is caused by the same factors (Bailey 1977; Bailey DW. 1982. Immunology Today 3:210-14) that lead to substrain divergence.
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Developmental Allometry
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Developmental Allometry of Humans
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Developmental Allometry of Humans
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Khrameeva et al. 2014. Neanderthal ancestry drives evolution of lipid catabolism in contemporary Europeans. Nature Communications. 5:3584 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4584
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Importance of Gould and Lewontin (1979)
• Cited ~4,000X• Functioned as a heuristic• When we examine traits should we assume
that they are adaptations or drift?• G&L (1979) helped to make evolutionary
biology more rigorous.