The Source January 26, 2010 Voice Quality Review ATLTMCFlow Modalmoderatevariesmoderatemed....
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Transcript of The Source January 26, 2010 Voice Quality Review ATLTMCFlow Modalmoderatevariesmoderatemed....
![Page 1: The Source January 26, 2010 Voice Quality Review ATLTMCFlow Modalmoderatevariesmoderatemed. Creakyhighlowhighlow Breathylowvarieslowhigh.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649cc15503460f9498858c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Source
January 26, 2010
![Page 2: The Source January 26, 2010 Voice Quality Review ATLTMCFlow Modalmoderatevariesmoderatemed. Creakyhighlowhighlow Breathylowvarieslowhigh.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649cc15503460f9498858c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Voice Quality ReviewAT LT MC Flow
Modal moderate varies moderate med.
Creaky high low high low
Breathy low varies low high
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Some Leftovers1. Louie Armstrong: ventricular voice
2. This American Life: Alix Spiegel
3. The Shining & “Tony”
4. Steve Sklar’s high pitch tense voice
• “Tense voice” maintains the high medial compression and adductive tension of creaky voice…
• But adds higher airflow
• And longitudinal tension can vary.
• There are a couple more voice quality options…
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Tense Voice• Tuvan throat singing (khoomei): xorekteer voice
• The high medial compression squares off the glottal waveform on both top and bottom.
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4. Whispery Voice• When we whisper:
• The cartilaginous glottis remains open, but the ligamental glottis is closed.
• Air flow through opening with a “hiss”
• The laryngeal settings:
1. Little or no adductive tension
2. Moderate to high medial compression
3. Moderate airflow
4. Longitudinal tension is irrelevant…
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Nodules• One of the more common voice disorders is the development of nodules on either or both of the vocal folds.
• nodule = callous-like bump
• What effect might this have on voice quality?
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Last but not least• What’s going on here?
• At some point, my voice changes from modal to falsetto.
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5. Falsetto• The laryngeal specifications for falsetto:
1. High longitudinal tension
2. High adductive tension
3. High medial compression
• Contraction of thyroarytenoids
4. Lower airflow than in modal voicing
• The results:
• Very high F0.
• Very thin area of contact between vocal folds.
• Air often escapes through the vocal folds.
![Page 9: The Source January 26, 2010 Voice Quality Review ATLTMCFlow Modalmoderatevariesmoderatemed. Creakyhighlowhighlow Breathylowvarieslowhigh.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649cc15503460f9498858c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Falsetto EGG
• The falsetto voice waveform is considerably more sinusoidal than modal voice.
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Voice Quality SummaryAT LT MC Flow
Modal moderate varies moderate med.
Creaky high low high low
Tense high varies high high
Breathy low varies low high
Whisper low N/A high med.
Falsetto high high high low
• Check out Mel Blanc one last time…
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Sine Waves!• “Sinusoidal” = resembling a sine wave.
• A sine wave is a purely mathematical concept;
• it reflects the change in position--in one dimension only--of a point moving around a circle.
• Check it out: http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/ntnujava/index.php?topic=148
time
amplitude (displacement)
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Waveforms• Remember: a waveform plots amplitude on the y axis against time on the x axis.
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Other Basic Sinewave concepts• Sinewaves are periodic; i.e., they recur over time.
• The period is the amount of time it takes for the pattern to repeat itself.
• A cycle is one repetition of the acoustic pattern.
• The frequency is the number of times, within a given timeframe, that the pattern repeats itself.
• Frequency = 1 / period
• usually measured in cycles per second, or Hertz
• The peak amplitude is the the maximum amount of vertical displacement in the wave
• = maximum (or minimum) amount of pressure
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Sine vs. Complex• Periodic motions are not necessarily sinusoidal; they can often exhibit a complex pattern of repetition.
• A (perhaps familiar) example--my modal voicing EGG:
• Note: complex waves may have the same properties that sine waves do (period, frequency, peak amplitude)…
• But we need to know more than this to describe them completely.
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Combinatorics• Q: What do complex waves have that sine waves do not?
• A: More than one sine wave.
• Any time you add two different sinewaves together, you get a complex wave.
• At any given time, each wave will have some amplitude value.
• A1(t1) := Amplitude value of sinewave 1 at time 1
• A2(t1) := Amplitude value of sinewave 2 at time 1
• The amplitude value of the complex wave is the sum of these values.
• Ac(t1) = A1 (t1) + A2 (t1)
• Let’s play with an example in Praat…
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Complex Wave Visual• Take waveform 1:
• high amplitude
• low frequency
• Add waveform 2:
• low amplitude
• high frequency
• The sum is this complex waveform:
+
=
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Pin
Fad
Fad
• Recall our trill scenario:
Why does this matter?
• Air emanates from the vocal tract in a series of short, sharp bursts.
• = it’s periodic.
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Sound: The Microscopic View• Air consists of floating air molecules
• Normally, the molecules are suspended and evenly spaced apart from each other (and in three dimensions)
• What happens when we push on one molecule?
A B C D E F
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What does sound look like?• The force knocks that molecule against its neighbor
• The neighbor, in turn, gets knocked against its neighbor
• The first molecule bounces back past its initial rest position
initial rest position
A B C D E F
A B C D E F
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What does sound look like?• The initial force gets transferred on down the line
rest position #1
rest position #2
• Note: the initial push has been transferred from A to B to C…
• Also note: molecules A and B swing back to meet up with each other again, in between their initial rest positions
• Think: bucket brigade
A B C D E F
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Compression Wave• A wave of force travels down the line of molecules
• Ultimately: individual molecules vibrate back and forth, around an equilibrium point
• The transfer of force sets up what is called a compression wave.
• What gets “compressed” is the space between molecules
A B C D E F
A B C D E F
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Compression Wave
area of high pressure
(compression)area of low pressure
(rarefaction)
• Compression waves consist of alternating areas of high and low pressure
• We experience fluctuations in air pressure as sound.
A B C D E F
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Wave Types• In a compression wave, the particles travel in the same direction as the wave being propagated.
• In a transverse wave, the particles travel perpendicularly to the propagation of the wave.
• Try the slinky experiment.
Source: http://paws.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/waves/wavemotion.html
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More Visualization
• It is possible to convert a compression wave, like sound, into a transverse wave representation by using a pressure level meter.
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Pressure Level Meters• Microphones
• Have diaphragms, which move back and forth with air pressure variations
• Pressure variations are converted into electrical voltage
• (Note: a speaker performs the opposite operation:
• it converts waveforms into air pressure variations.)
• Ears
• Eardrums move back and forth with pressure variations
• Amplified by components of middle ear
• Eventually converted into neurochemical signals
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Importance!• Almost all of the sounds we hear are complex compression waves.
• E.g.: glottal opening and closing cycles.
• The out-of-phase factor is reduced with thinner vocal folds.
• i.e., the glottal cycle becomes more sinusoidal
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An Interesting Fact• Remember: adding different sine waves together results in a complex periodic wave.
• This complex wave has a frequency which is the greatest common denominator of the frequencies of the component sine waves.
• Greatest common denominator =
• biggest number by which you can divide both frequencies and still come up with a whole number (integer).
• Q: if I add together sine waves of 300 Hz and 500 Hz, what is the frequency of the resulting complex wave?
• A: 100 Hz.
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Well, that’s weird.• Why is this so?
• Think: smallest common multiple of the periods of the component waves.
• Both component waves are periodic
• i.e., they repeat themselves in time.
• The pattern formed by combining these component waves...
• will only start repeating itself when both waves start repeating themselves at the same time.
• Example: 3 Hz sinewave + 5 Hz sinewave
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For Example• Starting from 0 seconds:
• A 3 Hz wave will repeat itself at .33 seconds, .66 seconds, 1 second, etc.
• A 5 Hz wave will repeat itself at .2 seconds, .4 seconds, .6 seconds, .8 seconds, 1 second, etc.
• Again: the pattern formed by combining these waves...
• will only start repeating itself when they both start repeating themselves at the same time.
• i.e., at 1 second
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3 Hz
5 Hz
.33 sec. .66 1.00
.20 .40 .60 .80 1.00
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Combination of 3 and 5 Hz waves
(period = 1 second)
(frequency = 1 Hz)
1.00
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Tidbits• Important point:
• Each component wave will complete a whole number of periods within each period of the complex wave.
• Comprehension question:
• If we combine a 6 Hz wave with an 8 Hz wave...
• What should the frequency of the resulting complex wave be?
• To ask it another way:
• What would the period of the complex wave be?
![Page 33: The Source January 26, 2010 Voice Quality Review ATLTMCFlow Modalmoderatevariesmoderatemed. Creakyhighlowhighlow Breathylowvarieslowhigh.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032611/56649cc15503460f9498858c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
6 Hz
8 Hz
.17 sec. .33 .50
.125 .25 .375 .50
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Combination of 6 and 8 Hz waves
(period = .5 seconds)
(frequency = 2 Hz)
.50 sec. 1.00
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Fourier’s Theorem• Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
• French mathematician
• Studied heat and periodic motion
• His idea:
• any complex periodic wave can be constructed out of a combination of different sine waves.
• The sinusoidal (sine wave) components of a complex periodic wave = harmonics
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The Dark Side• Fourier’s theorem implies:
• sound may be split up into component frequencies...
• just like a prism splits light up into its component frequencies
• Also: sine waves effectively function as the atoms of sound.
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Spectra• One way to represent complex waves is with waveforms:
• y-axis: air pressure
• x-axis: time
• Another way to represent a complex wave is with a power spectrum (or spectrum, for short).
• Remember, each sinewave has two parameters:
• amplitude
• frequency
• A power spectrum shows:
• intensity (based on amplitude) on the y-axis
• frequency on the x-axis
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Two PerspectivesWaveform Power Spectrum
+ +
= =
harmonics
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Example• Go to Praat
• Generate a complex wave with 300 Hz and 500 Hz components.
• Look at waveform and spectral views.
• And so on and so forth.
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Fourier’s Theorem, part 2• The component sinusoids (harmonics) of any complex periodic wave:
• all have a frequency that is an integer multiple of the frequency of the complex wave.
• This is equivalent to saying:
• all component waves complete an integer number of periods within each period of the complex wave.
• Note: the frequency of the complex wave is known as its fundamental frequency.
• …to contrast it with the frequencies of the component (harmonic) waves.