The Sound Unit - Mr. Waggoner's Science Rules Website · Pitch - How high or how low a sound is...
Transcript of The Sound Unit - Mr. Waggoner's Science Rules Website · Pitch - How high or how low a sound is...
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The Sound Unit
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Sound energy needs a medium to travel through.
Solids, liquids, and gases conduct sound.
Sound will not travel in a vacuum, a space with no
matter.
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Sound is a form of energy that travels in waves.
All sounds are created by vibrations.
Vibrations cause a movement of air molecules called a sound
wave.
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Sound waves travel as longitudinal waves with areas of compression (tightly packed air molecules)
and areas of rarefaction (air molecules spread apart).
compression rarefaction
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The crests of these waves are areas of high density, called compressions. The troughs are called rarefactions.
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Sometimes sound waves are shown as a transverse wave. Light and heat are actually transverse waves, not sound. We use the transverse wave because it is easy to study. crest
trough
amplitude
wavelength
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Wavelength - the distance between two waves Crest - the top of a wave
Trough - the bottom of a wave
Amplitude - the height of a wave, a measurement of the amount of energy the wave is carrying. (loudness)
C
T
W A
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Frequency - Vibrations or waves / second, measured in hertz
Pitch - How high or how low a sound is
transverse
longitudinal
transverse
longitudinal
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A B
D C
Compare Waves 1. Which wave has a low frequency and low
amplitude?, high frequency, high amplitude?
2. Which wave has a steady amplitude but changing frequency?, steady frequency but changing amplitude?
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Liquids transmit sound faster than gases. Sound travels 4-5 times faster in
water than in air.
Sound travels 15 times faster
through steel than air. Why??
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760 miles/hour
1mile in 5 seconds
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The Speed of Sound
Air @ 70 degrees F 340 m/s
Air @ 30 degrees F 300 m/s
H2O 1500 m/s
Brick 3700 m/s
Steel 5200 m/s
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SPEED OF LIGHT
300,000,000 Meters /second (remember sound? 340 meter/sec.)
Light can travel 7 times around the world in 1 second. WOW!
This is about 180,000 miles per second.
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neeerrrrrrooooooooooooooooooommmm
Doppler Effect - The apparent change in the pitch of a sound created by a moving object.
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Breaking the Sound Barrier
An aircraft traveling at close to the speed of sound catches up to its own sound waves. These waves form a wall of compressed air called the sound barrier.
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A sonic boom is created by any craft that travels faster than the speed of sound. The loud crack is created by super compressed air.
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Human Hearing Range 20 – 20,000 Hz Infrasound is any sound below our hearing range
Ultrasound is any sound above our hearing range
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http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/hearing.html
http://www.ltscotland.org.uk/5to14/resources/science/oscilloscope.asp
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ULTRASOUND High frequency waves are used to show images inside patients.
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This could be your first baby photo.
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Today’s ultrasound is high definition.
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Ultrasound is used for:
• Diagnosis of an injury.
• Treatment for pulled ligaments and muscles.
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More uses for Ultrasound:
Illness or pregnancy of a Horse
Research about Turtles
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Animals benefit too - it’s painless.
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Echo - A reflected sound wave.
Echolocation - Animals that use reflected sound waves to search for prey or to find their location.
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Echolocation:
In the air
and water.
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Sonar -Sound Navigation and Ranging Electronically produced ultrasonic
waves are sent out and reflected off of objects below. The reflected waves provide an image of underwater objects.
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Work slide
SONAR - used to locate sunken ships
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FISH FINDERS AND ECHO SOUNDERS
different shapes and sizes
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Resonance – Vibrations traveling through a material match that materials natural frequency.
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Decibel level of common sounds
Decibel – The unit used to measure sound loudness.
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Noise – any unpleasant or unwanted sound, usually with an irregular wave pattern.
A
B
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Engineered Solutions to Controlling Noise Pollution:
Acoustics
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How do we hear these vibrations called sound?
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Outer Ear-Pinna
The Ear
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Outer Ear
Pinna - Collects sounds waves and funnels them inward.
Auditory Canal - Lined with tiny hairs, the auditory canal filters out unwanted particles. Ear wax helps with this process. Also, the canal provides a passageway for sound to take.
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Middle Ear Ear Drum (tympanic membrane) - As sound waves hit the ear drum they are turned back into vibrations.
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Healthy
Infected
Perforated
Tubes
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3 Bones (Malleus Incus Stapes) - These bones pass vibrations from the
eardrum to the inner ear.
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Inner Ear Cochlea - This snail shaped organ is filled with fluid and lined with hair. It turns vibrations into electrical messages.
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Neurobiology of the Cochlea
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/ear.html
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/cochlea-lg.mov
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Semicircular Canals – the fluid inside of these organs moves and sends messages to your brain to help you keep your balance.
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Work slide
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Relative loudness of common sounds