The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun...
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![Page 1: The Solar System. Terms Ecliptic –Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun –Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081516/56649e4d5503460f94b42ef3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Solar System
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Terms• Ecliptic
– Imaginary plane within which the 8 major planets orbit the Sun
– Apparent path of Sun across the sky as seen from Earth
PSCI 131: The Solar System
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Terms: EclipticPSCI 131: The Solar System
From: Wikipedia.org
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The Solar System• The Early Solar System• Overview• The Terrestrial Planets• The Jovian Planets• Dwarf Planets• Asteroids• Comets• Meteoroids
PSCI 131: The Solar System
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The Early Solar System
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The Early Solar SystemPSCI 131: The Solar System – The Early Solar System
From: jcconwell.wordpress.com
The Nebular Theory
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The Early Solar SystemPSCI 131: The Solar System – The Early Solar System
Planets formed from collisions of smaller objects
The Nebular Theory
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Solar System Overview
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Overview of the Solar System• Sun: >99% of solar system’s mass
• Major planets– 4 terrestrial– 4 Jovian
• Dwarf planets– 5 recognized so far by IAU
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Overview
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Overview of the Solar System• Asteroids, comets, meteoroids
– Leftover material from solar system formation– Fragments from collisions
• Dust, gas, radiation
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Overview
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The 8 Major Planets
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What Is A Major Planet?
• Spherical
• Orbits Sun
• Not a moon
• Has cleared its orbital path of other objects
PSCI 131: The Solar System
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Major Planets and SunPSCI 131: The Solar System – The 8 Major Planets
The major planets, shown to scale
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The Four Terrestrial Planets• “Terrestrial”: Earth-like• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets
The terrestrial planets, shown to scale
From: wikipedia.org
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The Four Terrestrial Planets
• Small• Rocky• Dense• Thin atmospheres• Short years• Long days• Main heat source: Sun
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets
EARTH VENUS
MARS MERCURY
From: wikipedia.org
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MercuryPSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets
From: wwu.edu
From: wikipedia.org From: wikipedia.org
• Orbital period: 88 days
• Rotation period: 59 days
• Temp range: -270° F – 870° F
• Atmosphere: None
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Venus
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets
Cloud cover of Venus.
From: ircamera.as.arizona.edu
Surface of Venus, photographed with cloud-penetrating radar. From: annesastronomynews.com
• Orbital period: 225 days
• Rotation period: 243 days
• Temperature: 900° F
• Atmosphere: 97% CO2
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Earth
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets
Earth from low-altitude orbit.
From: astexhibits.com
Earth as seen from the Moon.
From: science1.nasa.gov
• Orbital period: 365.25 days
• Rotation period: 23 hr 56 min
• Temperature: 58° F (2012 average)
• Atmosphere: Nitrogen, oxygen, argon, water, CO2
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Mars
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets
Mars from low-altitude orbit, showing atmosphere.
From: wikipedia.org
• Orbital period: 687 days
• Rotation period: 24 hr 37 min
• Temperature: -80° F (average)
• Atmosphere: Thin, CO2
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MarsPSCI 131: The Solar System – Terrestrial Planets
Volcanoes and water ice clouds on Mars.From: jpl.nasa.gov
Olympus Mons volcano
Olympus Mons. Cliff at base is 5 miles high. Inset shows height compared to Earth mountains.From: wikipedia.org
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The Four Jovian Planets• “Jovian”: Jupiter-like• Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets
The Jovian planets, shown to scale
From: cseligman.com
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The Four Jovian Planets
• Large• Gas & ice• Low density• Long years• Short days• Main heat source: internal (from gravitational
compression)
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets
Jovian planets compared to the Sun and Earth (far right) Modified from: wikipedia.org
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JupiterPSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets
Jupiter as it would look if it were the same distance from Earth as the Moon.
From: tholtz.com
• Orbital period: 12 years
• Rotation period: 9 hr 56 min
• Temperature: -234° F (cloud tops)
• Atmosphere: Hydrogen, helium
From: photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov
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Jupiter’s Atmosphere
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets
Cross-section of Jupiter compared with Earth. 125°K is about -234°F; 2000°K is about 3100°F.
• Mostly H and He
• Would have become a sun if it had been bigger
• Pressure within atmosphere is high enough to make liquid and metallic hydrogen
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Jupiter: The Great Red SpotPSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets
High-res photo of the Great Red Spot, an ancient storm the size of three Earths.
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SaturnPSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets
Saturn imaged by the Cassini-Huygens spacecraft, 2008. From: nasa.gov
• Orbital period: 30 years
• Rotation period: 10 hr 30 min
• Temperature: -288° F (cloud tops)
• Atmosphere: Hydrogen, helium
Saturn’s rings and Earth, taken by Cassini-Huygens spacecraft, 2008. From: nasa.gov
Earth as seen from Saturn
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Saturn’s Moon TitanPSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets
Comparison of Titan with Earth and Earth’s moon.
• Atmosphere: Nitrogen, methane
•Only moon known to have an atmosphere
• Bodies of stable liquid on surface
•Methane, ethaneTitan’s surface. From: nasa.gov
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• Orbital period: 84 years
• Rotation period: 17 hr 14 min
• Temperature: -357° F (cloud tops)
• Atmosphere: Hydrogen, helium, frozen ammonia and methane
•Rotates on its side:
UranusPSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets
Uranus showing rings and cloud
bands. From: nasa.gov
Axis
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• Orbital period: 165 years
• Rotation period: 16 hr 7 min
• Temperature: -392° F (cloud tops)
• Atmosphere: Hydrogen, helium, frozen ammonia and methane
NeptunePSCI 131: The Solar System – Jovian Planets
Neptune with cloud bands, cirrus clouds (white) and storm systems (dark spots). From: nasa.gov
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The Dwarf Planets
PSCI 131: The Solar System
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What Is A Dwarf Planet?
• Spherical
• Orbits Sun
• Not a moon
• Has NOT cleared its orbital path of other objects
PSCI 131: The Solar System
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Five Recognized Dwarf Planets(Listed in order of decreasing size)
• Eris• Pluto• Makemake• Haumea• Ceres
• All are located in “debris belts”
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Dwarf Planets
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Debris Belt LocationsOrbit of Earth
Orbit of MarsASTEROID
BELT
SUN
KUIPER BELT
Orbit of Uranus
Orbit of Neptune
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Debris Belt Locations
ASTEROID BELT
KUIPER BELT
Orbit of Uranus
Orbit of Neptune OORT CLOUD
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Five Recognized Dwarf Planets
• Eris: Kuiper Belt• Pluto: Kuiper Belt• Makemake: Kuiper Belt• Haumea: Kuiper Belt• Ceres: Asteroid Belt
• Oort Cloud: No recognized dwarf planets; trillions of comets
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Dwarf Planets
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The Smaller Objects: Asteroids, Comets, &
Meteoroids
PSCI 131: The Solar System
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Asteroids• Size: 10s to 100s of miles
• Shape: Irregular
• Composition: Rock, metal
• Atmosphere: None
• Location: Mostly in Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects
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(doesn’t look like this)
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects
The Asteroid Belt
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What Does the Asteroid Belt Look Like?
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects
It’s mostly empty space
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Asteroids: Earth CrossersPSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects
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Comets• Size: average diameter about 5 miles
• Shape: Irregular
• Composition: Ice, rock & metal fragments
• Atmosphere: None
• Location: Kuiper Belt & Oort Cloud
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects
Halley’s Comet, 1986
From: dailygalaxy.com
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CometsPSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects
Structure of a comet
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CometsPSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects
A comet’s coma and tail only form near the Sun. The tail always points away from the Sun.
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CometsPSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects
Comet Shoemaker-Levy struck Jupiter in 1994.
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Meteors• Size: sand grain
(average)
• Composition: Rock, metal
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects
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Meteors• Meteor: within a planet’s atmosphere
• Meteorite: has struck the ground
• Meteoroid: still in space
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects
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The Chelyabinsk “Meteor”, February 15, 2013
• Approx. mass: 11K tons • Approx. size: 60 ft• Velocity: 41K mph• Altitude of airburst: 76K feet• Energy: 500K tons of TNT• Injuries: 1,491• Damage: 7,200 buildings
PSCI 131: The Solar System – Smaller Objects
VIDEO: Chelyabinsk meteor airburst and building damage