The Smart Electricity Grid - Engineers Australia · Radial energy flows “Blind” Operation...
Transcript of The Smart Electricity Grid - Engineers Australia · Radial energy flows “Blind” Operation...
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The Smart Electricity GridEngineers Australia – Sydney Division
Southern Highlands and Tablelands Regional Group
Thursday 24th June
Robin EckermannPrincipal, Eckermann & Associates
Adjunct Professor, University of Canberrarepresenting the CURRENT Group
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Think …
… about how
broadband has
changed the
world over the
last 15 years
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Voice-over-IP (VOIP) Telephony
ATA (Analog Telephony Adapter) interfaces a conventional phone
to the broadband connection
Portable phone number
Voice messages forwarded by email
Local numbers interstate & overseas
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MP3 Music
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New &better
approachesto old
problems
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Check thepremises
fromanywhere
in theworldvia theInternet
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Multi-camera view
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Mobile Phone Access
Record on any camera
Alert others
by SMS
Feed the dog
Open garage &
record
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SimpleInternet
DogFeeder
Receives wireless signal
Activates solenoid& buzzer
Pulls this end of arm up
This end of arm goes
down
Catch releases & bucket tips & dumps dry food
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Dog feeder
under video
surveillance
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The World’s most Globally-fed Dog?
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Sprung!
Caught in the act of trying to guess the password for
the dog feeder
(nobody knows you’re a dog on the Internet!)
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Think aboutthe possibilities
in areas likeaged care!
(helping olderpeople to live
safely at homefor longer)
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VideoConferencing
An enhancedcommunicationsexperience, butit needs:
• speed
• symmetricbandwidth
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High-end “Tele-Presence”
Dare to imagine that the “high end” business technology of today might filter its way down to consumer use tomorrow!
Photo courtesy of
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ThomasEdison1847-1931
AlexanderGraham
Bell1847-1922
?
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Utilities haven’t changed muchfor decades, but there are new
challenges on the horizon!
• Ageing workforce• Environmental concerns• Increasing demand & rising costs
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Radial energyflows
“Blind” Operation
Largely manual faultfinding & service
restoration
Inefficiencies& losses
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DANGER!
2005(actual):380 PPM
2050(predicted):480-580 PPM
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
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350
300
250
Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations(parts-per-million, 1010-1978 AD, from carbon-dated ice cores)
For the last 400,000 yrs CO2 levels
have varied between 180 & 300 PPM
2010
392
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Electricity is under the spotlight!
Australia 2005:559m tonnes
CO2 emissions
About the world’sworst on a per capita basis!
Electricity usagerepresents ~35%
EPRI: 13-25%GHG reduction
from Smart Grids
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1989 BMW 535i
3.4 litres155 kW
0-100 km/h in 8.6s 12.3 l/100km
2007 BMW 525i
2.5 litres160 kW
0-100 km/h in 7.9s9.4 l/100km
Smart engine technology (embeddedmicro-computers & communications)
accounts for most of the improvement
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How can a Gridbe made Smart?
By infusing it with:
1. Sensing
2. Communications
3. Analytics
4. Control
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The Starting Point for Smart Grids(gaining visibility into and control over
the network – from end to end)
SCADA already exists down tozone substations
Distribution transformers are the next most populous element in the network
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Sensing Energy Flows
Rogowski Coil – accurate to 1%
Clamp-on (no outage)
Automatic calibration
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Bolt-on devicewith:
• Processor• Low & mediumvoltage Sensing
• Upstream comms• Downstream comms• Other inputs & outputs
. Transformer Monitoring
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Horses for courses(no silver-bullet solution)
Options include• Optical Fibre (NBN?)
• Wireless (WiMAX, 3G)
• Ethernet (xDSL)
• MV BPL
Upstream Communications(from the transformer)
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. Central Systems
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PortableMonitoring
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Communication requirements areinfluenced by the approach
Dumb sensingand a flood
of rawinformation
Limited sensingand a drip-feed
of scantyinformation
Smart sensingand a timely
feed of qualityinformation
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Critical Requirementsfor SG Communications Fabric
Reliabilityand Security
LowLatency
Load-handlingCapacity
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The Benefits(from the upgrades discussed thus far)
Grid Optimisation
• Conserve voltages, balance phases, reduce losses• 3-5% saving in power & associated carbon• no change in user behaviour required
Distribution Monitoring & Control
• Immediate fault recognition & root cause analysis• Location pin-pointed, crews sent with right equipment• Repairs verified before leaving the site• Equipment operated within tolerances, extending life• Looming failures predicted and avoided
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Next comesthe meter!
(in extending visibility & control)
Critically located at the point of interfacebetween the grid andthe consumer’s world
Most expensiveelement to replace
Central role inDemand-Response
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Designing & Building for Peaks
0
100
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300
400
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7000
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“Smart Meters”(Advanced Metering Infrastructure)
Time-of-day
pricing to
change human
behaviour &
discourage
discretionary
use during
peak periods
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That’s >100 million foldincrease in computingpower over the period!
In 1965 Gordon Moore predicted a doubling of silicon densities (and computing power) every 24 months
Moore’s Law is now 45 years old and power has been doubling every 18-24 months
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Human
EquivalentBrainPower
Bacterium
NematodeWorm
Spider
Lizard
Mouse
Monkey
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
1
1000
Million
1Billion
1Million
11000
UNIVAC1
IBM 650IBM 1620
IBM704
IBM7090
IBM 360/50
IBM 7040
DEC PDP10 VAX 11/750
CDC7600DG NOVA
Apple2
VAX 11/780
Sun3
IBM PC
MAC II
IBM PS2/90
PowerMac 8100/80Gateway G6-200
MIPS (millionsof instructionsper second)
per $US1,000
Year
ColossusENIAC
Zuse-1
MonroeCalculator
BurroughsClass 16
IBM Tabulator
Source: Hans Moravec (1997)
ProfoundConsequences!
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In 15 yrs a 1000-foldincrease inICT power
Smartdigital
appliances
Focuson energy
management
Over theHorizon
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Renewables
From traditionalradial energy
flows to a mesh
Volatile – eitherunderwrite capacity
or dynamicallybalance supply
& demand
Highlights theneed for end-to-end
visibility & control
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Think about the challenges ofhigh photo-voltaic uptake
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Demand
“Hotspots” where supply>demand!k
W (
kil
ow
att
s)
Solar Supply
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Huge opportunities withemerging appliances likeplug-in electric vehicles
Latitude in the timing ofovernight recharging
Huge, distributed energystore for the grid
Needs communications!
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OK … it’s Tuesday, so you can have 10 kWh and that will still leave me enough energy to get home after work
I’m desperate. How about $1.00/kWh?
No deal!
The Grid Plug-inElectricVehicle
Things are starting to run hot here! Can you pause recharging?
Sure! I’ve got nothing on for the next 8 hours
Its just gone from bad to worse. I’ll offer $0.50 per kWh for anything you can give me …
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The communication requirementsof a Smart Grid start to look very
different from those of Smart Meters!
“Smart Meters” using comms solutions lacking real-time performance and the capacity to handle flurries of high-volume traffic will either:
• limit progress or • need upgrading!
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Smart MetersEnabler or blocker?
Questionable effectiveness of pricing signals
Limited commsrequirements
Risky to startreplacing meters
ahead of SG plan!
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Potential to use theNational Broadband Network?
No questions abouttechnical capability
Pragmatic issues:
• Location of Optical NetworkTermination (ONT)
• ONT powering• ONT connection• Customers with no otherNBN services
In-grid alternatives mayprove easier (eg: PRIME)
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Greenfields Opportunity
Brownfields issuesresolved by design
Will utilities want to support separategreenfield/brownfieldapproaches?
Slow attainment ofcritical mass!
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Optical Fibre?
NBN aerial deployment will pass many transformers,and meter and ONT may be as little as 1 metre apart
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Summary: Smart Grids are Coming!
They represent a wave of innovation that will transform the way we generate, distribute, store and use energy
They lay the foundations for mitigating the impact on the environment of our unrelenting appetite for energy
There will be lots ofchallenges … and lots of new business opportunities
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Thank You
Robin Eckermann
Principal, Eckermann & AssociatesAdjunct Professor, University of Canberra
Representing CURRENT GroupEmail: .
Phone: +61-2-61-61-61-61
for allowing me to share these thoughts with you!