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The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Managing Intellectual Property Assets for Enhancing the Competitiveness of
SMEs
Guriqbal Singh Jaiya
Director, SMEs Division
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
From Invention to InnovationFrom Invention to Innovation
While invention depends upon creativity,
successful technological innovation requires integrating new knowledge with multiple business functions.
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Innovation – What is it?Innovation – What is it?
The creation of new ideas/processes which The creation of new ideas/processes which will lead to change in an enterprise’s will lead to change in an enterprise’s economic or social potentialeconomic or social potential
[P. Drucker, ‘The Discipline of Innovation’, Harvard Business Review, Nov-Dec, 1998, 149]
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
What is Innovative Thinking?
– A means of generating innovation to achieve two objectives that are implicit in any good business strategy:
• make best use of and/or improve what we have today• determine what we will need tomorrow and how we can best achieve
it, to avoid the "Dinasaur syndrome«
– Innovative thinking has, as a prime goal, the object of improving competitiveness through a perceived positive differentiation from others in:
• Design/Performance• Quality• Price• Uniqueness/Novelty
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Obstacles to Successful Obstacles to Successful InnovationInnovation
• Competitive positionCompetitive position
• Market judgementMarket judgement
• Technical performanceTechnical performance
• Manufacturing expertiseManufacturing expertise
• Financial resourcesFinancial resources
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
How to classify newness and degree of innovation and what to focus on:
• New to the firm? • First in the market?• First in the world?• Incremental or radical innovation?
Innovation
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
There are several types of new products. Some are new to the market, some are new to the firm, and some are new to both. Some are minor modifications of existing products while some are completely innovative
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Product Development Strategies
OldMarket
New Market
Old Product New Product
MarketPenetration
ProductDevelopment
Market Development
ProductDiversification
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Marketing principles…….Marketing principles…….
• Identify opportunities and threatsIdentify opportunities and threats
• Identify customer needsIdentify customer needs
• React to a competitive environmentReact to a competitive environment
• Careful planning to make a New or improved productCareful planning to make a New or improved product
• Use the 4 P’s….Use the 4 P’s….
Product serviceProduct service
PricePrice
Promotion Promotion
Place (distribution)Place (distribution)
• Retain flexibility to react to changesRetain flexibility to react to changes
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
The Development of Technology: From Knowledge Generation to Diffusion
The Development of Technology: From Knowledge Generation to Diffusion
Basic Knowledge
Invention Innovation Diffusion
IM ITATION
ADOPTION
Supply side
Demand side
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Innovation Process
• The adoption of an The adoption of an innovation by similar firmsinnovation by similar firms
• Usually leads to product or Usually leads to product or process standardizationprocess standardization
• Products based on imitation Products based on imitation often are offered at lower often are offered at lower prices but with fewer prices but with fewer featuresfeatures
InventionInvention
InnovationInnovation
ImitationImitation
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
The Innovation Process• An innovation starts as an idea/concept that is refined and
developed before application.• Innovations may be inspired by reality (known problem).
The innovation (new product development) process, which leads to useful technology, requires: – Research– Development (up-scaling, testing)– Production – Marketing– Use
• Experience with a product results in feedback and leads to incrementally or radically improved innovations.
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Translation of a Creative Idea into Useful Application
Analytical Planning
Organizing Resources
Implementation Commercial Application
To Identify:Product DesignMarket StrategyFinancial Need
To Obtain:MaterialsTechnologyHuman ResourcesCapital
To Accomplish:OrganizationProduct DesignManufacturingServices
To Provide:Value to CustomersRewards to EmployeeRevenue to InvestorsSatisfaction of Founders
The Innovation Process
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
The Profitability of InnovationThe Profitability of Innovation
• Legal protection
• Complementary resources
• Ease of imitation of technology
• Lead time
Profits from
Innovation
Value of an innovation
Innovator’s ability to
appropriate value from an
innovation
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Value Value Appropriation Appropriation
from from InnovationInnovation
Barriers to IntegrationBarriers to Integration
Different TimeDifferent Time
InterpersonalInterpersonal
Different GoalDifferent Goal
Formality ofFormality of
OrientationOrientation
OrientationOrientation
OrientatioOrientationn
StructureStructure
Facilitators of Facilitators of IntegrationIntegration
Shared ValuesShared Values
Leaders’ VisionLeaders’ Vision
EffectiveEffective
Budget AllocationBudget Allocation
CommunicationCommunication
Appropriating Value from Appropriating Value from InnovationInnovation
Cross-Cross-Functional Functional
Integration/Integration/Design TeamsDesign Teams
Time to Time to MarketMarket
Product Product QualityQuality
Creation of Creation of Customer Customer
ValueValue
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Product Life CycleProduct Life Cycle
SalesSales
TimeTime
IntroductiIntroductionon
GrowthGrowth
MaturityMaturity
DeclineDecline
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
New Product Development
Stages in a New Product Development process:
• Idea Generation
• Idea Screening
• Concept Development and Testing
• Business Analysis
• Beta Testing and Market Testing
• Technical Implementation
• Commercialization
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Technology Adoption – Diffusion of InnovationTechnology Adoption – Diffusion of Innovation
EarlyAdopters
InnovatorsLaggards
EarlyMajority
LateMajority
Take up Rate
Time
Innovators:Innovators: venturesome; greatest venturesome; greatest needneedEarly adopters:Early adopters: opinion leaders; opinion leaders; needs drivenneeds drivenEarly majority:Early majority: deliberatedeliberateLate majority:Late majority:skepticsskepticsLaggards:Laggards: traditionalists; traditionalists; suspicioussuspicious
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
New Business Models EmergeThen…
One Integrated Company
Now…
Many Distributed Companies
Product Development
Cycle
Product Developmen
t
Tool Compani
es
Testing Services
CRO’s CRM’s
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
New Regional Model EmergeThen…
Manufacturing
Research
Development
Trials/Testing
Services
Self-contained regional clusters
Region A
Region E
Region B
Region F
Region D
Region C
Region G
Now…
Specialized, networked regions
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Commercialization Model• Strategic Investment is the Foundation of a
Successful Commercialization Model
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
What Investors Look for?What Investors Look for?
Novelty; world-class; evidence of commercial Novelty; world-class; evidence of commercial interest; clear path to marketinterest; clear path to market
Unencumbered, or encumbered by reasonable Unencumbered, or encumbered by reasonable conditions (Equity, royalties)conditions (Equity, royalties)
Protection (Non-disclosure agreements, Protection (Non-disclosure agreements, Patents, Designs, Brands, Copyright)Patents, Designs, Brands, Copyright)
IP protected by one or more Patents is the IP IP protected by one or more Patents is the IP required to implement the business planrequired to implement the business plan
““Freedom to Operate”Freedom to Operate”
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Innovation, Intellectual Property and Poverty Reduction
Critical Ingredients for Innovation:
• Intellectual Capital
• Human Capital
• Financial Capital
• Proximity
• Social Network Capital
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Complementary ResourcesComplementary Resources
Bargaining power of owners of complementary resources depends upon whether complementary resources are generic or specialized.
Manufacturing Distribution
Service
Complementarytechnologies
OtherOther
Marketing
FinanceCore
technological know-how
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Risk & Return
CompetingResources
Examples
LicensingOutsourcing
certain functions
Strategic Alliance
Joint Venture
Internal Commercialization
Small risk, but limited returns also (unless patent position very strong
Limits investment, but dependence on suppliers & partners
Benefits of flexibility; risks of informal structure
Shares investment & risk. Risk of partner conflict & culture clash
Biggest risks & benefits. Allows complete control
Few Allows outside resources & capabilitiesTo be accessed
Permits pooling of the resources/capabilities of more than one firm
Substantial resource requirements
Konica licensing its digital camera to HP
Pixar’s movies (e.g. “Toy Story”) marketed & distributed by Disney.
Apple and Sharp build the “Newton” PDA
Microsoft and NBC formed MSNBC
TI’s development of Digital Signal Processing Chips
Alternative Strategies for Exploiting InnovationAlternative Strategies for Exploiting Innovation
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Uncertainty & Risk Management in Tech-based IndustriesUncertainty & Risk Management in Tech-based Industries
Sources ofuncertainty
Technologicaluncertainty
Selection process for standards and dominant designs emerge is complex and difficult to predict, e.g. future of 3G
Customer acceptance and adoption ratesof innovations notoriously difficult to predict, e.g. PC, Xerox copier, Walkman
Marketuncertainty
Strategies formanaging risk
Cooperating with lead users early identification of customer requirements
–assistance in new product development
Flexibilility—keep options open—use speed of response to adapt quickly to new information—learn from mistakes
Limiting risk exposure—avoid major capital commitments (e.g. lease don’t buy)—outsource—alliances to access other firms’ resources & capabilities—keep debt low
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Innovation riskInnovation risk
RISKSRISKS COSTSCOSTS
RESEARCHRESEARCH DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT COMMERCIALISATION COMMERCIALISATION
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Mortality of New Product IdeasMortality of New Product Ideas
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
The “ Right” Innovative Product?
The right product is one that becomes available at the right time (i.e., when the market needs it), and is better and/or less expensive that its competition.
To have the right product, therefore, one must: Predict a market need Envisage a product whose performance and
capability will meet that need Develop the product to the appropriate time
scale and produce it. Sell the product at the right price
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPOTimelyTimelyTimelyTimely
Difficult forDifficult forcompetitors to imitatecompetitors to imitate
Difficult forDifficult forcompetitors to imitatecompetitors to imitate
Commercially exploitableCommercially exploitablewith present capabilitieswith present capabilities
Commercially exploitableCommercially exploitablewith present capabilitieswith present capabilities
Innovation and Competitive Innovation and Competitive AdvantageAdvantage
CompetitiveCompetitiveAdvantageAdvantage
CompetitiveCompetitiveAdvantageAdvantage
Provides significantProvides significantvalue to customers value to customers Provides significantProvides significantvalue to customers value to customers
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Strategic Entrepreneurship and Innovation
• Entrepreneurship is concerned with:– The discovery of profitable opportunities– The exploitation of profitable opportunities
• Firms that encourage entrepreneurship are:– Risk takers– Committed to innovation– Proactive in creating opportunities rather than
waiting to respond to opportunities created by others
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
EntrepreneurshipCreativity is at the heart of entrepreneurship, enabling entirely new ways of thinking and working.
Entrepreneurs identify opportunities, large or small, that no one else has noticed.
Good entrepreneurs also have the ability to apply that creativity—they can effectively marshal resources to a single end.
They have drive—a fervent belief in their ability to change the way things are done, and the force of will and the passion to achieve success.
They have a focus on creating value—they want to do things better, faster, cheaper.
And they take risks—breaking rules, cutting across accepted boundaries, and going against the status quo.
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
EntrepreneurshipDefining entrepreneurship is difficult because there is no universal, clear-cut definition of the term. In its most basic sense, entrepreneurship is manifest in a business venture when an individual is able to turn a novel idea into a profitable reality. In practice, however, entrepreneurship is more multifaceted, ranging from operating a small business in one’s own home, to bringing a national franchise to a small town, to turning a new and unique idea into a high-growth company. Entrepreneurship can involve starting a business that brings a new store to main street, offering a product or service previously unavailable to a community, or acquiring an existing business that has had a long-standing presence in a community and helping it evolve to reflect one’s own vision and personality.
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Entrepreneurship
The word entrepreneurship literally means, "to take or carry between" in the sense of an economic transaction; to be a market-maker. It does not literally convey the notion of innovation that we commonly associate with the term.
Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950), one of the more well known theorists on entrepreneurship, defined an entrepreneur as one who reorganizes economic activity in an innovative and valuable way. That is, an entrepreneur is one who engages in a new economic activity that was previously unknown. An entrepreneur is a risk taker because being innovative means there are few rules or history for guidance.
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is the process of creating or seizing an opportunity, and pursuing it regardless of the resources currently controlled.
The Webster’s Third New International Dictionary defines an entrepreneur to be “one who organizes, owns, manages, and assumes the risks of a business”
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
EntrepreneurshipThe entrepreneur shifts resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield.[J. B. Say, French economist, circa 1800] Entrepreneurship is creative destruction. Dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, rather than equilibrium and optimization, is the norm of a healthy economy and the central reality of economic theory and practice. [Joseph Schumpeter, Austrian economist, 1911] The entrepreneur searches for change, responds to it, and exploits it as an opportunity. Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or a different service[Peter Drucker, 1985]
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship drives innovation, competitiveness, job creation and economic growth.
It allows new/innovative ideas to turn into successful ventures in high-tech sectors and/or can unlock the personal potential of disadvantaged people to create jobs for themselves and find a better place in society.
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship, in small business or large, focuses on "what may be" or "what can be".
One is practicing entrepreneurship by looking for what is needed, what is missing, what is changing, and what consumers will buy during the coming years.
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurs have:– A passion for what they do– The creativity and ability to innovate– A sense of independence and self- reliance– (Usually) a high level of self confidence– A willingness and capability (though not
necessarily capacity or preference) for taking risks
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurs do not (usually) have:– A tolerance for organizational bureaucracies– A penchant for following rules– A structured approach to developing and
implementing ideas– The foresight to plan a course of action once
the idea is implemented and established
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Entrepreneurial Success
1. People (Entrepreneur /Entrepreneurial Team)
2. Opportunity (Marriage of Market andProduct/Service)
3. Access to Resources (Land. Labor, Capital, Knowledge)
And the fit amongst these three elements
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Major factors determining success of a new product in the market
• The product provides functional advantages• Lower price for comparable product• More attractive design (look)• Reputation of brand• Easy access: Available in the main retail shops• Consistent product quality• Excellent after-sales services
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Competitive AdvantageCompetitive Advantage
Criteria…Criteria…
Low cost producerLow cost producer
Product differentiationProduct differentiation
Niche marketNiche market
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
New Product
Development
BreakthroughBreakthroughInnovationInnovation
?
Need two processes: NPD and NB(usiness)D
?
Innovative Innovative New ProductsNew Products
NewNewBusinessesBusinesses
New Business
Development
An opportunity driven path to
market- a different
business design
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Protection of IPProtection of IP
IdeasIdeas
ResearchResearch
TechnologiesTechnologies
ProductsProducts
Utility models, Patents
Collaborative ResearchAgreement
Confidentiality or Nondisclosure Agreements (Trade Secrets)
Technology LicensingAgreement, Branding
ValueValue addingadding
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Intellectual Property Questions
Intellectual Property (IP) Issues/questions during New Product Development (NPD):
Can the innovation be legally protected? For how long?
How does one protect an innovation from imitators? How much will it cost? When to protect? Do you need to rely on an IP expert?
The answers are complicated by the fact that one or more types of legal frameworks may be used to protect a particular innovation, product, process, or creative work. These include trade secrets, trademarks, designs, patents, and copyright.
It is necessary to know which are applicable and when each is appropriate. This varies somewhat from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The advice of a lawyer that specializes in these matters is essential
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Intellectual Property Questions
•It is necessary to know which types of intellectual property rights (IPRs) are applicable and when is each type of IPR appropriate. This varies somewhat from one country to another.
•The advice of an IP lawyer is desirable if not essential.
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Background
• In September 2000, the WIPO Assemblies approved the creation of “a substantial new program of activities, focusing on the IP-related needs of SMEs worldwide”
• SMEs Division established in October 2000
• Nine professionals and three administrative staff in the SMEs Division of WIPO
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Strategy
• 1. Demystification
• 2. New audience
• 3. New Areas
• 4. Proactive
• 5. E-Services
• 6. Partnership
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification
• Studies
• Guides
• Events and expert missions
• Website and newsletter
• CD-ROM
• Magazine articles
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification (Studies)
• National Studies (on IP and SMEs) completed or under way in Argentina, Bhutan, Mongolia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Sierra Leone, Romania, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Paraguay, Egypt, Morocco, Lebanon
• WIPO Survey of IP Services to Tenants of European Technology Incubators
• Norwegian SMEs and the IPR system
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification (Guides)
• WIPO/ITC Guide on Marketing of Crafts and Visual Arts; Role of Intellectual Property; A practical guide
• WIPO/ITC Guide on Secrets of Intellectual Property: Guide for Small and Medium Sized Exporters
• WIPO/ITC Guide on Exchanging Value: Negotiating Technology Licensing Agreements - A Training Manual
• ITC Guide on Exporting Automotive Components
• ITC Guide on Pharmaceutical SMEs (Forthcoming)
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification (Guides)
Published• Making a Mark
(Trademarks)
• Looking Good (Designs)
• Inventing the Future (Patents)
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification (Guides)• Translation and/or customization: Under
way, with funding from several sources, in the following countries: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, India, Israel, Kenya, Lebanon, Malaysia, Malta, Mongolia, Morocco, New Zealand, Philippines, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Tanzania, Tunisia, Vietnam
• 16 Countries members of the OAPI
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification (Events)
• Special programs, seminar and workshops organized by the SMEs Division in Geneva in partnership with selected associations and organizations (IASP, INSME, IPI, MOST, WASME)
• Annual WIPO Forum on IP and SMEs for IP Offices of OECD Countries
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification (Events)• WIPO-Italy Forum on Textile
and Clothing Industries of the Mediterranean Basin Countries (Prato, Italy - December 2003)
• Participants from Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification (Website)
• The Website of the SMEs Division is in six UN languages (English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese)
• More than 60,000 pages viewed every month in 2004
• Contents include sections such as IP for Business, IP and E-Commerce, Activities, Best Practices, Case Studies and Documents
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification (Website)
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification (Newsletter)
• Monthly e-newsletter in the 6 UN languages (Free)
• Content includes articles, updates with information, links and documents
• Launched in August 2001
• Total number of subscribers: >19,000
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification (CD-ROM)
• 50,000 copies of the SMEs Division CD-ROM distributed to SME support institutions, IP Offices and others worldwide
• Marketing and customization
• E-learning CD ROM (in partnership with KIPO: “IP Panorama”)
• SAARC CD-ROM (in preparation)
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(1) Demystification (Articles)• Some articles recently published:
– What to do if you are accused of copyright infringement
– Tapping into Patent Information: a buried treasure– International trade in technology – licensing of
know-how and trade secrets
– Intellectual Property and E-commerce: how to take care of your business’ website
– Offshore outsourcing and IP– Savvy marketing: merchandising of IP rights
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(2) New Audience
• Bringing IP issues to SME events• Bringing new business perspective to IP
events• New partnership: Open door policy• IGOs, government focal points, SME support,
training and financial institutions, chambers of commerce and industry, SME associations, SME research institutions, private sector institutions, universities, etc...
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(3) New Areas• Creative Industries
• IP for financing (venture capital, securitization)
• Accounting and valuation of IP assets
• IP Asset Management, IP Due Diligence and IP Audit
• Fiscal policies and IP (tax incentives for R&D activities, patenting, licensing etc.)
• IP services to SMEs by incubators, technology parks, chambers of commerce and SME associations
• IP needs of SMEs in agriculture, biotechnology, handicrafts, software, textiles, etc
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(4) Being Proactive
• Original Content
• Links
• Best Practices
• Case Studies
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(5) E-Services
• Web site content
• SME mail
• E-mail newsletter
• Distance learning (proposed)
• Discussion forum (proposed)
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
(6) Partnership• National and Regional IP Offices
• National SME focal points in government, private sector
• Chambers of Commerce and Industry
• SME Associations; Cooperatives
• Incubators, Science Parks, Technology Parks
• Universities; R & D Institutes
• Private Sector Consultants
• SME Finance Institutions (including venture capitalists)
• Other UN Agencies (ITC, ILO, UNIDO, AfDB)
The Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) Division of WIPO
Thank You
Guriqbal Singh Jaiya
www.wipo.int/sme/en/index.html
www.wipo.org