The Slave South 1820-1860. Cotton Kingdom The Souths climate and geography ideally suited to grow...
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Transcript of The Slave South 1820-1860. Cotton Kingdom The Souths climate and geography ideally suited to grow...
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The Slave South
1820-1860
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Cotton Kingdom
• The South’s climate and geography ideally suited to grow cotton
• The South’s cotton boom rested on slave labor who grew 75% of the crop, under supervision of whites
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Southerners pushed Westward, a million square miles, much of it planted in cotton
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Plantation Houses
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Plantation Masters
• “Christian guardianship” they saw themselves; historians call it paternalism
• Paternalism was not good will, it was a way to improve bottom line
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Values of the Big House
• Slavery, honor, male domination
• Economically shrewd to define slavery as a set of “reciprocal obligations” (part propaganda part delusion)
• Defending honor became a passion in the “Old South”
• Slavery buttressed the power of white men
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Smaller Planters
•Most slave owners owned fewer than five
•Smaller planters supervised slave labor
•Larger planters hired overseers to manage labor and they concentrated on marketing, finance
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Mistresses
• Chivalry, the South’s romantic idea; the glorified and subordinated southern woman
• Proslavery claimed that slavery freed white women from drudgery; in reality, plantation women often worked long hours managing households
• Miscegenation—sexual mixing of races, this was one of white women’s grounds for discontent
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Slave cabins
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Slave Quarter
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Slave laborers
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Slave family life
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Marriage
• Slave marriages not legally recognized, although they were often long-lasting
• At least 300,000 marriages were ended upon the sale of the husband or wife
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Religion
• Slaves created an African American Christianity that served their needs, not those of the masters;
• traditional African beliefs sometimes incorporated
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Plantation life
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Population ratios
– 4 million blacks to 8 million whites – one in every three Southerners was black– one in every 76 Northerners was black
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Slave population
By 1860 the South contained 4 million slaves, more than all other slave societies in the world combined
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Who Owned Slaves?
• Only one-fourth of white population lived in slaveholding families
• Most slaveholders owned fewer than five slaves
• Planters—those 12 percent of slave-owners who owned twenty or more slaves—dominated the southern economy
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Odd Allies in White Supremacy
• Intellectuals joined legislators to strengthen slavery as a “positive good” rather than a ‘necessary evil’
• Champions of slavery defended it by turning to law, history, and biblical interpretation
• Defense was the claim of black inferiority• The system of black slavery encouraged whites
to unify around race rather than to divide by class
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No Diversification in Economy or Society
• Plantation slavery benefited northern merchants, but the north developed a mixed economy—agriculture, commerce, manufacturing—the South remained overwhelmingly agriculture
• Without economic diversification, the South developed fewer factories and fewer cities; therefore it attracted fewer immigrants from Europe
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North Vs. South• Northerners claimed that slavery was an outmoded
and doomed labor system; • Few Southerners perceived economic weakness in
their region• Excessive dependence on cotton and slaves, and the
lack of factories
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Cultural Influence
Large numbers of people of African descent had profound influence on Southern culture—language, food, music, religion
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Eli Whitney
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The Plain Folk
• Plantation Belt Yeomen• Small Farmers—grew mainly food
crops, but also devoted a portion of their land to cotton; – farms ran only on family labor; tied to
planters because they could not afford cotton gins or baling presses and had no link to urban merchants.
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Class Politics• A dense network of relationships laced
small farmers and planters together in patterns of mutual obligation; – planters hired out surplus slaves; – yeomen helped police slaves on slave patrols; – plantation belt yeomen may have envied, and
at times even resented, wealthy slaveholders, but in general, small farmers learned to accommodate; they did not want to overthrow the planter regime; instead, they wanted entry into it.
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Upcountry Yeomen• Geography—Hills and mountains of
the South resisted the penetration of slavery and plantations; higher elevation, colder climate, rugged terrain, and poor transportation made it difficult for commercial agriculture; yeomen dominated these isolated areas, making planters and slaves scarce.
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The Family Farm• At the core of upcountry society was the
independent farm family working its own patch of land; raised hogs, cattle, and sheep; sought self-sufficiency and independence; all members of the family worked, but the domestic sphere was subordinated to the will of the father; production for home consumption was more important than production for the market.
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Defending Slavery• With so few slaves, slaveholders had
much less social and economic power in the upcountry; but people in the upcountry did not oppose slavery; as long as upcountry yeomen were free to lead their own lives, they defended slavery and white supremacy just as staunchly as did other white Southerners.