THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by...
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Transcript of THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. The Skeletal System The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by...
THE SKELETAL THE SKELETAL SYSTEMSYSTEM
The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System
The skeleton is a framework of bones held The skeleton is a framework of bones held together by _________ to form movable together by _________ to form movable _________. There are 206 bones in the _________. There are 206 bones in the adult skeleton.adult skeleton.
FunctionsFunctions
The skeletal system has 5 main functionsThe skeletal system has 5 main functions Framework – the skeleton gives our body its shapeFramework – the skeleton gives our body its shape Movement – the bones are leavers upon which Movement – the bones are leavers upon which
muscles pullmuscles pull Protection – the skeleton protects vital organsProtection – the skeleton protects vital organs Blood cell formation – the long bones contains bone Blood cell formation – the long bones contains bone
marrow which produces all red blood cells and some marrow which produces all red blood cells and some white blood cellswhite blood cells
Storage – the skeleton stores mineral salts, especially Storage – the skeleton stores mineral salts, especially calcium calcium
SKELETAL DIVISIONSSKELETAL DIVISIONS
APPENDICULAR – 126 BONES APPENDICULAR – 126 BONES EXTREMETIES,SHOULDER GIRDLE, PELVISEXTREMETIES,SHOULDER GIRDLE, PELVIS
AXIAL – 74 AXIAL – 74 ( SKULL, VERTEBRAE, RIBS)( SKULL, VERTEBRAE, RIBS)
- 6- 6( AUDITORY OSSICLES)( AUDITORY OSSICLES)
COMPACT VS. SPONGYCOMPACT VS. SPONGY2 MAIN TYPES OF BONE
COMPACT: Regions of high stress
SPONGY : Light weight, ‘ mesh’, bone marrow , low stress ( skull)
BONE STRUCTUREBONE STRUCTURE
3 MAIN CELLS 3 MAIN CELLS
Osteocytes: Osteocytes: mature bone cells
Osteoblasts: Osteoblasts: build and repair bone
Osteoclasts: Osteoclasts: help reshape in response to stress.
BONE GROWTHBONE GROWTH
INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATIONINTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION- Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix and trap osteocytes- Appearance is spongy bone, compact bone develops
ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION - Cartilage models form and replaced by bone tissue. - Formation begins in the middle of the diaphysis( shaft) and
continues to the epiphyseal regions ( end of bones)
CATEGORIES OF BONE CATEGORIES OF BONE ( BASED ON SHAPE p. 35)( BASED ON SHAPE p. 35)
Diet:Diet: Vitamin A: important for bone growth:Vitamin A: important for bone growth:
• Milk fat, egg yolks, dark green / yellow vegetables;Milk fat, egg yolks, dark green / yellow vegetables;
Vitamin C: important for collagen giving Vitamin C: important for collagen giving bones strength:bones strength:
• Citrus fruits;Citrus fruits;
Vitamin D: Promotes calcium absorption:Vitamin D: Promotes calcium absorption:• Milk, Fish-liver oils;Milk, Fish-liver oils;
Calcium: Creates bone rigidity:Calcium: Creates bone rigidity:• Dairy products.Dairy products.
BONE DISEASEBONE DISEASEINFLAMMATORY AND INFLAMMATORY AND
DEGENERATIVE DEGENERATIVE CONDITIONSCONDITIONS Osteoporosis-bone mass lossOsteoporosis-bone mass loss
Bursitis- inflammation of bursaBursitis- inflammation of bursa Tendonitis-overuse and repetitionTendonitis-overuse and repetition Sprain-stretched or torn ligamentSprain-stretched or torn ligament Cartilage-Tears in cartilageCartilage-Tears in cartilage Arthritis- degenerative diseaseArthritis- degenerative disease Dislocation- bones displaceDislocation- bones displace
AXIAL :The spine/vertebral AXIAL :The spine/vertebral columncolumn
33 individual Vertebrea33 individual VertebreaMade up of five groups:Made up of five groups:
Cervical spine (7);Cervical spine (7); Thoracic spine (12); Ribs and MusclesThoracic spine (12); Ribs and Muscles Lumbar spine (5); Weight of bodyLumbar spine (5); Weight of body Sacrum (5 fused); Muscle attachmentSacrum (5 fused); Muscle attachment Coccyx (4 fused); Muscle attachementCoccyx (4 fused); Muscle attachement
Top two vertebrae are the atlas and axis; RotationTop two vertebrae are the atlas and axis; Rotation
Vertebrae are stacked on top of each other to create a Vertebrae are stacked on top of each other to create a canal in which the spinal cord runs down;canal in which the spinal cord runs down;
Vertebrae are separated by discs that absorb shock.Vertebrae are separated by discs that absorb shock.
APPENDICULARAPPENDICULAR
PECTORAL GIRDLEPECTORAL GIRDLEClavicle (collar bone)
Scapula ( shoulder blade)
UPPER LIMBSUPPER LIMBSUpper Arm: Humerus
Forearm :
Ulna (pinky, medial)
Radius (thumb, lateral)
Hand:
Carpals ( 8)
Metacarpals ( 5)
Phalanges ( 14)
APPENDICULARAPPENDICULAR
PELVIC GIRDLEPELVIC GIRDLE
COXAL BONES= illium, ischium,
LOWER LIMB = femur, patella, fibula (pinkie toe side), tibia (big toe side) tarsals (7), metatarsals (5), phalanges(14)
Structures of the Skeletal SystemStructures of the Skeletal System
JOINTS – joints (articulations) occur when JOINTS – joints (articulations) occur when two or more bones meettwo or more bones meet
There are 3 types:There are 3 types: Immovable – bones are fused together and no Immovable – bones are fused together and no
movement is possiblemovement is possible Slightly movable – joined by cartilage and Slightly movable – joined by cartilage and
small amounts of movement are possiblesmall amounts of movement are possible Freely movable – synovial joints where there Freely movable – synovial joints where there
is movement in at least one directionis movement in at least one direction
Joints - examplesJoints - examples
Structures cont’dStructures cont’d
CARTILAGECARTILAGE A glassy, smooth, slightly elastic tissueA glassy, smooth, slightly elastic tissue Reduces friction between bonesReduces friction between bones The ends of bones in synovial joints are The ends of bones in synovial joints are
coated with hyaline cartilagecoated with hyaline cartilage The vertebrae of the spine are separated by The vertebrae of the spine are separated by
discs of cartilage.discs of cartilage. The hard part of the ear and tip of the nose The hard part of the ear and tip of the nose
are also cartilageare also cartilage
CartilageCartilage
Structures cont’dStructures cont’d
LIGAMENTSLIGAMENTS Slightly elastic tissue that joins bones togetherSlightly elastic tissue that joins bones together Their function is to provide stability to the Their function is to provide stability to the
joint, preventing dislocationjoint, preventing dislocation When ligaments are torn they need to be When ligaments are torn they need to be
repaired surgicallyrepaired surgically Frequent dislocation of the same joint results Frequent dislocation of the same joint results
in overstretched ligaments that are no longer in overstretched ligaments that are no longer able to do their “stability” job correctlyable to do their “stability” job correctly
LigamentsLigaments
Structures cont’dStructures cont’d
TENDONSTENDONS Tendons join muscle to boneTendons join muscle to bone They are elastic and very strongThey are elastic and very strong They allow movement to take place, as they They allow movement to take place, as they
help pull across the joints on the bonehelp pull across the joints on the bone
TendonsTendons