The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the...

101
Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini / Bartholomew PowerPoint ® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University The Skeletal System 6 Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition Martini / Bartholomew PowerPoint ® Lecture Outlines prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University The Skeletal System 6 Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slides 1 to 137

Transcript of The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the...

Page 1: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini / Bartholomew

PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines

prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University

The Skeletal

System6

Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th EditionMartini / Bartholomew

PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines

prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University

The Skeletal

System6

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Slides 1 to 137

Page 2: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Skeletal System

What Makes Up the Skeletal

System?

• Bones

• Cartilages

• Joints

• Ligaments

• Other connective tissues

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 3: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Skeletal System

What are the Functions of the

Skeletal System?

• Support against gravity

• Storage

• Calcium, phosphorous

• Fat

• Blood cell production

• Protection of soft internal organs

• Leverage for muscle action

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 4: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Structure of Bone

What is Bone (Osseous

Tissue)?

• Specialized cells

• 2% of bone weight

• Strong flexible matrix

• Calcium phosphate crystals

• Two-thirds of bone weight

• Collagen fibers

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Page 5: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Structure of Bone

What is the Macroscopic

Features of Bone?

• General shapes of bones

• Long bones (e.g., humerus)

• Short bones (e.g., carpal bones)

• Flat bones (e.g., parietal bone)

• Irregular bones (e.g., vertebra)

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 6: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Structure of Bone

Shapes of Bones

Figure 6-1

Page 7: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Structure of Bone

What are the Features in a

Long Bone?

• Diaphysis (shaft)

• Compact (dense) bone

• Marrow cavity

• Epiphyses (ends)

• Spongy (cancellous) bone

• Articular cartilage

• Periosteum (covering)

• Endosteum (lining)Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 8: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Structure of Bone

Figure 6-2

The Structure of

a Long Bone

Page 9: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Structure of Bone

What is the Microscopic Features

of Bone?

• Periosteum

• Outer fibrous layer

• Inner cellular layer

• Osteocytes

• Within lacunae (holes) in matrix

• Between lamellae of matrix

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 10: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Structure of Bone

What is the Microscopic Features of

Bone

• Osteon—Basic functional unit of

compact bone; columnar in shape

• Concentric layers of osteocytes

• Concentric layers of matrix (lamellae)

• Central (Haversian) canal

• Axial tunnel for blood vessels

• Perforating canal

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Page 11: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Structure of Bone

Structure of a Typical Bone

Figure 6-3(a)

Page 12: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Structure of Bone

Structure of a

Typical Bone

Figure 6-3(b)

Page 13: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Structure of Bone

What are the Cells in Bone?

• Osteocytes

• Mature bone cells between lamellae

• Osteoclasts

• Source of acid, enzymes for osteolysis

• Osteoblasts

• Responsible for osteogenesis (new bone)

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Page 14: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Bone Formation and Growth

Intramembranous Ossification

• Ossification—Process of converting other

tissues to bone

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Page 15: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Bone Formation and Growth

Bone Formation in

16-Week-Old Fetus

Figure 6-4

Page 16: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Enlargingchondrocytes within

calcifying matrix

Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.

Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone.

Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. New osteoblasts form a primary ossification center.

The bone of the shaft thickens, and the cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone.

Blood vessels invade the epiphyses and osteo-blasts form secondary centers of ossification.

Cartilagemodel

Boneformation

Epiphysis

Diaphysis Marrowcavity

Primaryossificationcenter

Bloodvessel

Marrowcavity

Bloodvessel

Secondaryossificationcenter

Epiphysealcartilage

Articularcartilage

Figure 6-5

1 of 6Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 17: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Figure 6-5

2 of 6

Enlargingchondrocytes within

calcifying matrix

Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.

Cartilagemodel

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 18: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Figure 6-5

3 of 6

Enlargingchondrocytes within

calcifying matrix

Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.

Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone.

Cartilagemodel

Boneformation

Epiphysis

Diaphysis

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Page 19: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Figure 6-5

4 of 6

Enlargingchondrocytes within

calcifying matrix

Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.

Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone.

Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. New osteoblasts form a primary ossification center.

Cartilagemodel

Boneformation

Epiphysis

Diaphysis Marrowcavity

Primaryossificationcenter

Bloodvessel

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 20: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Figure 6-5

5 of 6

Enlargingchondrocytes within

calcifying matrix

Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.

Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone.

Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. New osteoblasts form a primary ossification center.

The bone of the shaft thickens, and the cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone.

Cartilagemodel

Boneformation

Epiphysis

Diaphysis Marrowcavity

Primaryossificationcenter

Bloodvessel

Marrowcavity

Bloodvessel

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 21: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Endochondral OssificationPLAY Figure 6-5

6 of 6

Enlargingchondrocytes within

calcifying matrix

Chondrocytes at the center of the growing cartilage model enlarge and then die as the matrix calicifies.

Newly derived osteoblasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone.

Blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. New osteoblasts form a primary ossification center.

The bone of the shaft thickens, and the cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone.

Blood vessels invade the epiphyses and osteo-blasts form secondary centers of ossification.

Cartilagemodel

Boneformation

Epiphysis

Diaphysis Marrowcavity

Primaryossificationcenter

Bloodvessel

Marrowcavity

Bloodvessel

Secondaryossificationcenter

Epiphysealcartilage

Articularcartilage

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 22: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Bone Formation and Growth

Appositional Bone Growth

Figure 6-6

Page 23: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Bone Formation and Growth

What are the Requirements for Normal

Bone Growth

• Minerals

• Calcium, phosphate

• Vitamins

• Vitamin D3

• Vitamin C

• Vitamin A

• Hormones

• Growth Hormone

• Sex hormones, thyroid hormone, othersCopyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 24: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Bone Remodeling/Homeostasis

What is the Role of Remodeling in

Support?

• Remodeling—Continuous

breakdown and reforming of bone

tissue

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Page 25: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Bone Remodeling/Homeostasis

Key Note

What you don’t use, you lose.

The stresses applied to bones

during exercise are essential to

maintaining bone strength and

bone mass

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Page 26: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Bone Remodeling/Homeostasis

What is Injury and Repair?

• Fracture—A crack or break in a bone

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Page 27: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Figure 6-7

1 of 5

Bonefragments

Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops.

Fracturehematoma

Deadbone

Newbone

Periosteum

Spongy boneof internal

callus

Cartilageof external

callus

An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges.

The cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to the break have been removed and replaced.

A swelling initially marks the location of the fracture. Over time, this region will be remodeled, and little evidence of the fracture will remain.

Internalcallus

Externalcallus

Externalcallus

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 28: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Figure 6-7

2 of 5

Bonefragments

Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops.

Fracturehematoma

Deadbone

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 29: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Figure 6-7

3 of 5

Bonefragments

Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops.

Fracturehematoma

Deadbone

Newbone

Periosteum

Spongy boneof internal

callus

Cartilageof external

callus

An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 30: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Figure 6-7

4 of 5

Bonefragments

Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops.

Fracturehematoma

Deadbone

Newbone

Periosteum

Spongy boneof internal

callus

Cartilageof external

callus

An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges.

The cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to the break have been removed and replaced.

Internalcallus

Externalcallus

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Page 31: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Figure 6-7

5 of 5

Steps in the Repair of a FracturePLAY

Bonefragments

Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. Over a period of several hours, a large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops.

Fracturehematoma

Deadbone

Newbone

Periosteum

Spongy boneof internal

callus

Cartilageof external

callus

An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges.

The cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone and the areas of bone closest to the break have been removed and replaced.

A swelling initially marks the location of the fracture. Over time, this region will be remodeled, and little evidence of the fracture will remain.

Internalcallus

Externalcallus

Externalcallus

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 32: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

An Overview of the Skeleton

What are the Bone

Markings (Selected)?

• Tuberosity

• Condyle

• Trochlea

• Facet

• Fossa

• Foramen

• Sinus

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Page 33: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

An Overview of the Skeleton

Surface Features of Bones

Table 6-1 (1 of 2)

Page 34: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

An Overview of the Skeleton

Surface Features of Bones

Table 6-1 (2 of 2)

Page 35: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

An Overview of the Skeleton

What are the Skeletal

Divisions?

• Axial skeleton

• Skull

• Thoracic cage and sternum

• Vertebral column

• Appendicular skeleton

• Upper, lower limbs

• Pectoral girdle

• Pelvic girdle

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Page 36: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

An Overview of the Skeleton

The Skeleton

Figure 6-8(a)

Page 37: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

An Overview of the Skeleton

The Skeleton

Figure 6-8(b)

Page 38: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

An Overview of the Skeleton

The Axial and

Appendicular

Divisions of the

Skeleton.

Figure 6-9

Page 39: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Axial Division: The Skull

What are the Bones of the

Cranium?

• Frontal bone

• Forehead, superior surface of orbits

• Parietal bones

• Sides, roof

• Occipital bone

• Foramen magnum

• Temporal bones

• Sides, base

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 40: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Axial Division: The Skull

The Adult Skull (Part I)

Figure 6-10

Page 41: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Axial Division: The Skull

What are the Bones

of the Face?

• Maxillary bones

• Zygomatic bones

• Mandible

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Page 42: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Axial Division: The Skull

What are the Bones of the Face?

(continued)

• Palatine bones

• The Vomer

• Nasal bones

• Lacrimal bones

• Inferior nasal conchae

• Nasal complex

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 43: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Axial Division: The Skull

The Adult Skull (Part II)

Figure 6-11(a)

Page 44: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Axial Division: The Skull

The Adult Skull (Part II)

Figure 6-11(b)

Page 45: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Axial Division: The Skull

Sectional Anatomy of the Skull

Figure 6-12(a)

Page 46: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Axial Division: The Skull

Figure 6-12(b)

Sectional Anatomy

of the Skull

Page 47: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Axial Division: The Skull

Figure 6-12(c)

Sectional Anatomy

of the Skull

Page 48: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Axial Division: The Skull

The Paranasal Sinuses

Figure 6-13

Page 49: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

The Axial Division: The Skull

The Hyoid Bone

Figure 6-14

Page 50: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Axial Division: The Skull

The Skull of a Newborn

Figure 6-15(a)

Page 51: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Axial Division: The Skull

The Skull of a Newborn

Figure 6-15(b)

Page 52: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage

What is the Vertebral Column?

(Spine)

• 26 Bones

• 7 Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)

• 12 Thoracic vertebrae (T1 to T12)

• 5 Lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5)

• Sacrum

• Coccyx (tailbone)

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Page 53: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage

Figure 6-16

The Vertebral Column

Page 54: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage

Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic,

and Lumbar Regions

Figure 6-17(a)

Page 55: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage

Figure 6-17(b)

Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic,

and Lumbar Regions

Page 56: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage

Typical Vertebrae of the Cervical, Thoracic,

and Lumbar Regions

Figure 6-17(c)

Page 57: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage

The Atlas and Axis

Figure 6-18

Page 58: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage

Figure 6-19(a)

The Sacrum and Coccyx

Page 59: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage

The Sacrum and Coccyx

Figure 6-19(b)

Page 60: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage

What are the Components of

Thoracic Cage?

• Thoracic vertebrae

• Ribs

• Seven pairs of true ribs

• Cartilaginous joint with sternum

• Five pairs of false ribs

• Sternum

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Page 61: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage

The Thoracic Cage

Figure 6-20(a)

Page 62: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Vertebral Column/Thoracic Cage

The Thoracic Cage

Figure 6-20(b)

Page 63: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Appendicular Division

The Clavicle

Figure 6-21

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Appendicular Division

The Scapula

Figure 6-22

Page 65: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Appendicular Division

The Humerus

Figure 6-23

Page 66: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Appendicular Division

The Radius

and Ulna

Figure 6-24

Page 67: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Appendicular Division

Bones of the

Wrist and Hand

Figure 6-25

Page 68: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Appendicular Division

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 6-26(a)

The Pelvis

Page 69: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Appendicular Division

Figure 6-26(b)

The Pelvis

Page 70: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Appendicular Division

The Pelvis

Figure 6-26(c)

Page 71: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Appendicular Division

Differences in the Anatomy of the Pelvis

in Males and Females

Figure 6-27Male and Female PelvisPLAY

Page 72: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Appendicular Division

The Femur

Figure 6-28

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Appendicular Division

The Right Tibia and

Fibula

Figure 6-29

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Appendicular Division

The Bones of the

Ankle and Foot

Figure 6-30(a)

Page 75: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Appendicular Division

Figure 6-30(b)

The Bones of the

Ankle and Foot

Page 76: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Articulations

What is the Classification of Joints

(Articulations)?

• Joint—Where two bones interact

• Three functional classes of joint

• Synarthroses

• Immovable

• Amphiarthroses

• Slightly movable

• Diarthroses

• Freely movable

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 77: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Articulations

Figure 6-31(a)

The Structure of Synovial Joints

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Articulations

Figure 6-31(b)

The Structure of

Synovial Joints

Page 79: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Articulations

What are the Synovial Joint

Movements?

• Flexion

• Extension

• Hyperextension

• Abduction

• Adduction

• Circumduction

• Rotation

• Pronation, supinationCopyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Page 80: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Articulations

Angular

Movements

Figure 6-32(a)

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Articulations

Angular

Movements

Figure 6-32(b)

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Articulations

Figure 6-32(c)

Angular Movements

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Articulations

Angular

Movements

Figure 6-32(d)

Angular MovementsPLAY

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Articulations

Rotational

Movements

Figure 6-33(a)

Page 85: The Skeletal System · An Overview of the Skeleton The Axial and Appendicular Divisions of the Skeleton. Figure 6-9

Articulations

Figure 6-33(b)

Rotational

Movements

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What are the Special

Movements?

• Foot and ankle

• Inversion, eversion

• Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion

• Hand

• Opposition of thumb, palm

• Head

• Protraction, retraction

• Depression, elevation (jaw)Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Special Movements

Figure 6-34

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Articulations

What are the Structural

Classification of Synovial

Joints?

• Gliding (e.g., vertebra–vertebra)

• Hinge (e.g., knee)

• Pivot (e.g., atlas–axis)

• Ellipsoidal (e.g., distal radius)

• Saddle (e.g., thumb)

• Ball-and-Socket (e.g., hip)

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Structural Classification of Synovial Joints

Figure 6-35(a)

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Structural Classification of Synovial Joints

Figure 6-35(b)

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Structural Classification of Synovial Joints

Figure 6-35(c)

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Structural

Classification

of Synovial

Joints

Figure 6-35(d)

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Structural

Classification

of Synovial

Joints

Figure 6-35(e)

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Articulations

Structural

Classification

of Synovial

Joints

Figure 6-35(f)

A Functional

Classification

of Synovial

Joints

PLAY

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Articulations

Key Note

A joint cannot be both highly mobile and

very strong. The greater the mobility,

the weaker the joint, because mobile

joints rely on support from muscles and

ligaments rather than solid bone-to-

bone connections.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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Articulations

Figure 6-36

Intervertebral

Articulations

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What is the Shoulder Joint?

• Ball-and-socket design frees movement

• Bursae reduce friction

• Bursitis restricts motion, causes pain

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The Shoulder

Joint

Figure 6-37

Humerus

Rotation

PLAY

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The Elbow Joint

Figure 6-38Elbow Flexion/ExtensionPLAY

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Figure 6-39

The Hip Joint

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Figure 6-40

The Knee Joint