THE Simpson PRIZE...and Percy Black, crucified on the wire at Bullecourt, was not.” - Historian...
Transcript of THE Simpson PRIZE...and Percy Black, crucified on the wire at Bullecourt, was not.” - Historian...
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A COMPETITION FOR YEAR 9 AND 10 STUDENTS
SimpsonPRIZE
THE
Elizabeth Spollard
2017 WinnerAustralian Capital Territory
Burgmann Anglican School
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“In public war memory, Simpson, the man with the donkey, was lionised
and Percy Black, crucified on the wire at Bullecourt, was not.”
- Historian Les Carlyon, 2006, ‘The Great War’
In June of 2014, Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott visited Villers-Bretonneux to unveil a
new interpretative centre, aimed towards educating future visitors to the Western Front.1
Declaring his aspiration to eliminate the “historical amnesia” surrounding Australian
contributions within First World War, he stated: “In the past we have not given sufficient
attention to our role on the Western Front, where Australian forces made a disproportionate
contribution to what proved to be, in the end, a great victory”.2 However, whilst Villers-
Bretonneux stands markedly commemorated, the initial efforts of the Australian Imperial
Force (AIF) during 1916 and beyond in the Western Front campaign remain largely overlooked
within the context of public memory.3 The early contributions of the AIF in battles such as
Fromelles and Pozieres prevail as decisive moments within Australian military history: where
a young nation experienced a new scale of warfare, and cemented a national identity as a
capable fighting force.4 Furthermore, as a lack of legendary appeal - and focus upon later
triumphs - has created a moderately neglectful remembrance culture of the period, the
importance of comprehensive public wartime memory has developed as an increasingly
crucial matter within our nation’s role as a beacon of history.5
1 ABC News, 2016, Fromelles and Pozieres: 100 years on, viewed 17 October 2016
< http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-19/the-battles-of-fromelles-and-pozieres-100-years-on/7627170 > 2 ibid. 3 Australian Government, 2016, Australians on the Western Front, viewed 13 October 2016
< http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/australians-on-the-western-front > 4 ABC News, 2016, Why must a war define us?, viewed 12 October, 2016
< http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-24/green-why-must-a-war-define-us/58046 > 5 The Australian, 2016, Fromelles: Australia’s forgotten sacrifice on the Western Front, viewed 19 October 2016
< http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/paul-kelly/fromelles-australias-forgotten-sacrifice-on-the-western-front/news-story/4b7dde761da9cd1e267 48a10f3ac8e89 >
“Don’t Forget Me, Cobber”: Commemorating the European debut of the Australian Imperial Force
during the First World War
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Elizabeth Spollard Burgmann Anglican School Simpson Prize 2017
It is essential to primarily recognise that the Western Front offensive introduced the AIF to a
heightened scale of warfare and devastation never before encountered by the young nation.6
Described by official war correspondent Charles Bean as “one of the bravest and most
hopeless assaults ever undertaken”7, the Battle of Fromelles was an ill-prepared subsidiary
attack by the Australian 5th Division and the British 61st Division on the 19th of July 1916,
designed to utilise any subsequent diversional impairments.8 Both divisions lacked experience
in European trench warfare: escalating the existing disadvantageous factors, including the
increased scale and sophistication of the trench system compared to the Gallipoli campaign,
and the German opposition who held superior skill and artillery capability.9 Outnumbered two
to one, the troops gained no ground and inflicted 1,800 German casualties, contrasting the
5,533 observed by the Australian 5th Division alone: equal to all the Australian casualties
observed in the Boer War, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War combined.10 The debut was
a brutal introduction to large-scale combat, described by historical writer Les Carlyon as “The
worst 24 hours in Australia’s history… on the most tragic battlefield in Australia’s history”.11
In the following weeks from July to September of 1916, the Australian Divisions launched 19
attacks within the Battle for Pozières, swiftly achieving the strategic point. However, the
ensuing German bombardment resulted in the loss of 6,800 lives from the 24,139 Australian
casualties by early September - nearing the 8,159 killed in the entire Gallipoli campaign.12 As
Australian military historian Peter Pedersen stated: “The Pozières sector was the only one in
which the front forged steadily ahead… but the gains made were disproportionate to the
unprecedented cost”.13 Whilst the desecrated town of Pozières marked the Australian victory
which granted the gains of Thiepval and Mouquet Farm, Australian Brigadier General Charles
Brand commented, “Gallipoli was a picnic compared to this”.14 A ruthless awakening into
mechanised warfare, the early European efforts of AIF saw the introduction of a new scale of
6 Great War, 2016, The Heritage of the Great War: First World War 1914 – 1918, viewed 16 October 2016 7 ABC, 2016, The Battles of Fromelles and Pozières, viewed 17 October 2016
< http://www.abc.net.au/fromelles-pozieres/campaign-overview/ > 8 Ibid. 9 Anzac Centenary Victorian Government, 2016, Australia’s Contribution to WWI, viewed 11 October 2016
< http://anzaccentenary.vic.gov.au/history/australias-contribution-wwi/ > 10 Ross McMullin, Pompey Elliott, Scribe, Melbourne, 2002, p. 222-23 11 Australian War Memorial, 2016, Wartime Issue 36 - Disaster at Fromelles, viewed 13 October 2016
< https://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/36/article/ > 12 A. G Butler, Official History of the Australian Medical Services in the Great War, Melbourne, 3 Vols, 1930-43, vol II, p.864
< https://www.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070025--1-.pdf. > 13 The Australian, 2016, Fromelles: Australia’s forgotten sacrifice on the Western Front, viewed 19 October 2016
< http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/paul-kelly/fromelles-australias-forgotten-sacrifice-on-the-western-front/news-story/4b7dde761da9cd1e267 48a10f3ac8e89 >
14 ABC News, 2016, Australian soldiers lost in Battle of Pozieres 'deserve better', viewed 14 October 2016 < http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-21/australian-soldiers-lost-in-battle-of-pozieres-deserve-better/7184498 >
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Elizabeth Spollard Burgmann Anglican School Simpson Prize 2017
devastation: far greater than that of the Gallipoli campaign, the widely-accepted primary
exemplar of Australia’s contribution to the First World War.
The experiences of the AIF within the Western Front additionally marked a significant turning
point regarding the evolution of Australia’s national identity. The man primarily responsible
at Fromelles was British Commander Richard Haking, notably disdained amongst the
Australian forces as a “butcher of troops”.15 Australian Brigadier-General Harold Edward
“Pompey” Elliott was alarmed at Haking’s confidence towards Fromelles, a view also not
reciprocated by the Australian troops who, since Gallipoli, had requested to be officered by
Australian men. Major Henry Howard examined the prospective battlefield and affirmed
Elliott’s views, stating: “It will be a bloody holocaust”.16 However, British Field Marshal Sir
Douglas Haig was anxious to prevent the Germans from achieving defensive flexibility, and
approved the operation.17 Elliott wept upon observing the slaughter inflicted on his men, and
blamed Haking, as the British command proceeded to lie about the incident in the operation
communique.
“The ANZAC men who helped build up my Brigade are dead. I presume there was
some plan at the back of the attack but it is difficult to know what it was.”
- Brigadier General Elliott (5th Australian Division), 1916, Australian War Memorial18
Initially considered undisciplined, the reputation of the Australian troops as more than men
bound by colonial duty soon emerged: steeped in the values of courage, endurance and
initiative.19 Here ensued a new hostility between the Australian soldier and the British
command, directed at Australia’s lunge for significance as an independent national self. As
Lieutenant Cyril Lawrence described in a letter to his mother, “You will never know, you people
in Australia, what the boys have done - even the people of England do not know because they
call us British troops”.20 Upon these battlefields, a turning point was marked for the entirely
voluntary force, developing the legacy initiated by the ANZAC troops on the shores of
15 ABC, 2016, The Battles of Fromelles and Pozières, viewed 17 October 2016
< http://www.abc.net.au/fromelles-pozieres/campaign-overview/ > 16 First World War Online, 2016, First World War Online - Pompey Elliott, viewed 11 October 2016
< http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/elliott.htm > 17 ibid. 18 Australian War Memorial, 2016, 1916: Australians in France, viewed 16 October 2016
< https://www.awm.gov.au/ww1/1916/essay/ > 19 Australian War Memorial, 2016, Tommy: Australian soliders' relations with the British, viewed 19 October 2016
< https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/1918/soldier/tommy.asp > 20 Carlyon. L, 2006, The Great War, Sydney: Pan Macmillan Australia, pp.56-57.
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Gallipoli.21 In The Great War, Carlyon describes the troops: “They were good at war… in a way
that offended the keepers of the orthodoxies: lots of dash, not much discipline away from the
battlefield”.22 The initial operations of the AIF on the Western Front defined the coming-of-
age of the young Australian Divisions, securing their identity as adept soldiers.23
Although indeed somewhat overlooked within public remembrance due to sheer devastation
and lack of legendary appeal, the initial efforts on the Western Front by the AIF developed as
a disproportionate contribution to an immense victory. Gallipoli and Villers-Bretonneux
became conspicuous with the Australian story, overshadowing the mid-war devastation of
Fromelles and Pozières which held no apparent effect upon the final triumph.24
“There was no logic... Gallipoli, the foundation story, had an aura and Fromelles did
not. Gallipoli was a defeat, and yet Mont St Quentin an unlikely victory, but Mont St
Quentin never lodged in the nation’s consciousness.”
- Les Carlyon, 2006, ‘The Great War’25
Historian Joan Beaumont notes that Villers-Bretonneux ended the war on one section of the
front, and paved the way for the British advances of 1918, securing Armistice.26 Whilst
debating the location of the Australian National Monument, General Sir John Monash stated:
“There is no spot more associated with Australian history and the triumph of Australian
soldiers than Villers-Bretonneux”, neglecting the early European experiences of the AIF.27 Yet
the words of Bean in his book, Anzac to Amiens, summarise the true difference between the
early and late operations: “At Bullecourt, Messines, Ypres and elsewhere Australian infantry
suffered… but never anything comparable with Pozières. The Windmill site marks a ridge more
densely sown with Australian sacrifice than any other place on earth.”28 By 1918, Australia
counted within the advances of a victorious multinational force, and as former defence
21 The Courier Mail, 2016, Deadly fields of the Western Front, viewed 26 October 2016
< http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/australias-death-toll-on-the-western-front-a-century-ago-was-five-times-higher-than-gallipoli/news-story/680edd255279129f2c8d5d83e5e00f57 >
22 Carlyon, Op. cit, pp. 23-24 23 Australian War Memorial, 2016, Pompey Elliott, viewed 18 october 2016
< https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/fiftyaustralians/18.asp > 24 ABC News, 2016, Australian soldiers lost in Battle of Pozieres 'deserve better', viewed 14 October 2016
< http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-21/australian-soldiers-lost-in-battle-of-pozieres-deserve-better/7184498 > 25 Carlyon. L, 2006, The Great War, Sydney: Pan Macmillan Australia, pp.56-57. 26 The Australian, 2016, Fromelles: Australia’s forgotten sacrifice on the Western Front, viewed 19 October 2016
< http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/paul-kelly/fromelles-australias-forgotten-sacrifice-on-the-western-front/news-story/4b7dde761da9cd1e267 48a10f3ac8e89 >
27 Ibid. 28 C.E.W. Bean, Anzac to Amiens, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1983, p 264
< https://www.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1069627--1-.pdf >
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Elizabeth Spollard Burgmann Anglican School Simpson Prize 2017
minister Kim Beazley stated: “It was the only time in our history when Australians were
involved… in the main offensive that ended a war of global significance”.29 However, Barry
Gracey from the Pozières Remembrance Association notes that whilst the early operations
inflicted utter devastation, Pozieres itself was a rare victory: “Every soldier deserves
recognition… these men would have been better off dying at Gallipoli, at least Australia would
have commemorated them”.30 In her book Broken Nation, Beaumont notes that the AIF made
up less than 5% of the British Imperial forces, yet suffered 6.9% of all empire deaths.31 Whilst
the early efforts of the AIF saw unparalleled devastation and a lack of legendary appeal, it is
imperative that their contributions should be recognised as an example of disproportionate
service, in the primary phase of an eventual victory.
Ultimately, the early contribution of the AIF on the Western Front stands as a decisive period
within Australian military history: a time where a young nation experienced a new scale of
devastation and warfare, and reached a turning point regarding national identity as a
formidable fighting force. However, as an absence of legendary appeal - and lack of direct
effect to the end of the war - has instigated a neglectful recognition of the period, unexclusive
public wartime memory becomes increasingly important. In 1998, a sculpture entitled
Cobbers was unveiled on the site of Fromelles, recalling the plea of one wounded soldier to
Australian stretcher bearer Sergeant Simon Fraser: "Don't forget me, cobber".32 It is a plea
which rings true today, and in the final words of his works documenting the journey of the
AIF, Bean appealed a similar call:
“The greatness and smallness of their story will stand… It will rise above the mists of
ages, a monument to great-hearted men and, for their nation, a possession forever.”33
Their words outline one modest request: to never forget.
29 Forces War Records, 2016, WW1: Australia's Role in the Great War, viewed 14 October 2016 < https://au.forces-war-records.com/ww1-
australias-role-in-the-great-war/ > 30 ABC News, 2016, Australian soldiers lost in Battle of Pozieres 'deserve better', viewed 14 October 2016
< http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-21/australian-soldiers-lost-in-battle-of-pozieres-deserve-better/7184498 > 31 Beaumont, J. (2013). Broken Nation. Crows Nest, A: Allen & Unwin, pp.12-13. 32 National Library of Australia, 2016, Writing about Pompey Elliott and the Battle of Fromelles, viewed 24 October 2016
< https://www.nla.gov.au/harold-white-fellows/writing-about-pompey-elliott > 33 The Australian, 2016, Fromelles: Australia’s forgotten sacrifice on the Western Front, viewed 19 October 2016
< http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/paul-kelly/fromelles-australias-forgotten-sacrifice-on-the-western-front/news-story/4b7dde761da9cd1e267 48a10f3ac8e89 >
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Elizabeth Spollard Burgmann Anglican School Simpson Prize 2017
REFERENCES
SIMPSON PRIZE SOURCES – AUSTRALIAN WAR MEMORIAL (SOURCES 1, 3 AND 8)
A. G Butler, Official History of the Australian Medical Services in the Great War, Melbourne,
3 Vols, 1930-43, vol II, p.864
< https://www.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1070025--1-.pdf. >
Ross McMullin, Pompey Elliott, Scribe, Melbourne, 2002, p. 222-23
C.E.W. Bean, Anzac to Amiens, Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1983, p 264
< https://www.awm.gov.au/images/collection/pdf/RCDIG1069627--1-.pdf >
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABC, 2016, The Battles of Fromelles and Pozières, viewed 17 October 2016 < http://www.abc.net.au/fromelles-pozieres/campaign-overview/ >
ABC, 2016, The 7.30 Report: Australia’s most significant national public holiday, viewed 18 October 2016 < http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2002/s540368.htm >
ABC News, 2016, ANZACs in the front line trenches during WWI, viewed 16 October 2016 < http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-24/anzacs-in-the-front-line-trenches-during-wwi/5408086 >
ABC News, 2016, Australian military leaders in World War I, viewed 13 October 2016 < http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-08-26/australian-military-leaders-in-world-war-1/5642316 >
ABC News, 2016, Australian soldiers lost in Battle of Pozieres 'deserve better', viewed 14 October 2016 < http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-21/australian-soldiers-lost-in-battle-of-pozieres-deserve-better/7184498 >
ABC News, 2016, Fromelles and Pozieres: 100 years on, viewed 17 October 2016 < http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-07-19/the-battles-of-fromelles-and-pozieres-100-years-on/7627170 >
ABC News, 2016, Why must a war define us?, viewed 12 October, 2016 < http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-24/green-why-must-a-war-define-us/58046 >
Anzac Centenary Victorian Government, 2016, Australia’s Contribution to WWI, viewed 11
October 2016 < http://anzaccentenary.vic.gov.au/history/australias-contribution-wwi/ >
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Elizabeth Spollard Burgmann Anglican School Simpson Prize 2017
Australian Government, 2016, Australians on the Western Front, viewed 13 October 2016
< http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/australians-on-the-western-front >
Australian War Memorial, 2016, 1916: Australians in France, viewed 16 October 2016 < https://www.awm.gov.au/ww1/1916/essay/ >
Australian War Memorial, 2016, Photograph: 19 July 1916 - Remains of Sugar Loaf Salient and its concrete shelters, viewed 13 October 2016 < https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/E03964/ >
Australian War Memorial, 2016, Pompey Elliott, viewed 18 october 2016 < https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/fiftyaustralians/18.asp >
Australian War Memorial, 2016, Simpson Prize 2017, viewed 15 October 2016 < https://www.awm.gov.au/education/simpson-prize/ >
Australian War Memorial, 2016, Tommy: Australian soliders' relations with the British, viewed 19 October 2016 < https://www.awm.gov.au/exhibitions/1918/soldier/tommy.asp >
Australian War Memorial, 2016, Wartime Issue 36 - Disaster at Fromelles, viewed 13 October 2016 < https://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/36/article/ >
Australian War Memorial, 2016, 1916: Australians in France - Australian War Memorial, viewed 17 October 2016 < https://www.awm.gov.au/ww1/1916/essay/ >
Beaumont, J. (2013). Broken Nation. Crows Nest, A: Allen & Unwin, pp.12-13. Carlyon. L, 2006, The Great War, Sydney: Pan Macmillan Australia, pp.56-57. First World War Online, 2016, First World War Online - Pompey Elliott, viewed 11 October
2016 < http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/elliott.htm >
Forces War Records, 2016, WW1: Australia's Role in the Great War, viewed 14 October 2016 < https://au.forces-war-records.com/ww1-australias-role-in-the-great-war/ >
Great War, 2016, The Heritage of the Great War: First World War 1914 – 1918, viewed 16
October 2016 < http://www.greatwar.nl/frames/default-australians.html >
National Library of Australia, 2016, Writing about Pompey Elliott, viewed 24 October 2016 < https://www.nla.gov.au/harold-white-fellows/writing-about-pompey-elliott >
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Parliament of Australia, 2016, Section 4: The Western Front – Parliament of Australia, viewed 23 October 2016 < http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/ Parliamentary_Library/pubs/AnzacDay2016/Western >
Returned and Services League NSW, 2016, Australian Involvement in The First World War, viewed 17 October 2016 < http://www.rslnsw.org.au/commemoration/heritage/the-first-world-war >
The Australian, 2016, Fromelles: Australia’s forgotten sacrifice on the Western Front, viewed 19 October 2016 < http://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/columnists/paul-kelly/fromelles-australias-forgotten-sacrifice-on-the-western-front/news-story/4b7dde761da9cd1e267 48a10f3ac8e89 >
The Courier Mail, 2016, Deadly fields of the Western Front, viewed 26 October 2016 < http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/queensland/australias-death-toll-on-the-western-front-a-century-ago-was-five-times-higher-than-gallipoli/news-story/680edd255279129f2c8d5d83e5e00f57 >
WWI Western Front, 2016, The Australian Remembrance Trail - Australians on the Western Front 1914-1918, viewed 21 October 2016 < http://www.ww1westernfront.gov.au/australian-remembrance-trail/where-australians-fought.php >
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Max ClaessensMax Claessens - ACT Winner