The Shape of World History The Shape of World History during the Early Modern during the Early Modern

PeriodPeriod

I. Geographical Overview

A. Land Masses

B. Oceans, Seas, and Bays

C. River Systems

Types of State Formations (Dynasty → Nation-State)

A. Empires (mostly agrarian based)

B. Small-scale City-States (often coastal; usually trade based)

C. City-States That Became Empires

D. Overseas Empires

Definitions of EmpireDefinitions of Empire

1. lands ruled by single authority1. lands ruled by single authority: : a group of nations, territories, a group of nations, territories, or peoples ruled by a single authority, especially an emperor or peoples ruled by a single authority, especially an emperor or empress.” −from MSN Encarta Dictionaryor empress.” −from MSN Encarta Dictionary

2. 2. “an aggregate of peoples and territories, often of great extent, under the rule of a single person, oligarchy, or sovereign state.” −Free Dictionary by Farlex

A. Empires (mostly agrarian based)

1. Ottoman 5. Qing

2. Sharifian (Morocco) 6. Mataram (Java)

3. Safavid (Persia) 7. Inca

4. Mughal (India) 8. Songhay (Africa)

Four Islamic EmpiresFour Islamic Empires

Land Empires of Afro-EurasiaLand Empires of Afro-Eurasia

Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire

Russian, Qing, and Mughal EmpiresRussian, Qing, and Mughal Empires

Inca Empire in 1532Inca Empire in 1532

Major Polities of AfricaMajor Polities of Africa

Songhay, ca. 1500Songhay, ca. 1500Songhay, ca. 1500Songhay, ca. 1500

B. Small-scale City-States (often coastal; usually trade based)

1. Kilwa 5. Genoa

2. Hormuz 6. Melaka

3. Calicut 7. Novgorod

4. Venice 8. Sofala

East African Trading CitiesEast African Trading Cities

Indian Ocean Trade, ca. 1500Indian Ocean Trade, ca. 1500

Novgorod and Its HinterlandNovgorod and Its Hinterland

C. City-States That Become Empires

1. Vijayanagara → Vijayanagar Empire (S. India)

2. Tenochtitlan → Mexica (Aztec) Empire

3. Muscovy → Russian Empire

Vijayanagara (ca. 1500)Vijayanagara (ca. 1500)

Aztec Empire in 1519Aztec Empire in 1519

Muscovy, ca. Muscovy, ca. 15051505

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

D. Overseas Empires

1. Portuguese

2. Spanish

3. British

4. Dutch

5. French

Overseas Empires (ca. 1700)Overseas Empires (ca. 1700)

Land Empires in the Americas, ca. Land Empires in the Americas, ca. 17001700

III. Demographics

World Asia China

1500 335 mil.–375 mil. 200 mil.–225 mil. 80 mil.

1650 500 mil. 300 mil. 110 mil.

1750 700 mil. 420 mil. 180 mil.

III. Demographics

Select Cities (Population ca. 1500)

Beijing 672,000 Guar (India) 200,000

Vijayanagara 500,000 Paris 180,000

Cairo 400,000 Kyoto 150,000

Hangzhou 250,000 Melaka 100,000–200,000

Tabriz 250,000 Tenochtitlan 100,000–200,000

Istanbul 200,000 London 100,000–150,000

III. Demographics (continued)

Select Cities (Population in 1800)

Beijing 1,100,000 Paris 547,000

London 861,000 Naples 430,000

Guangzhou 800,000 Hangzhou 387,000

Edo (Tokyo) 685,000 Osaka 383,000

Istanbul 570,000 Kyoto 377,000

Aspects of the Western Ascendancy (1500–1800)

I. “Western” —area “whose culture and society are most influenced by traditions rooted in Greek and Roman culture and in Christianity” (Encarta World English Dictionary, s.v. “West”)

Problem with the use of the term “the Problem with the use of the term “the West”West”

At least, 7 different spatial usages of “the West”

− Martin W. Lewis and Kären E. Wigen, The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 47–72 (esp. the maps on 50).

Includes only England: “The wogs Includes only England: “The wogs begin at Calais”begin at Calais”

Standard minimal West: Britain, Standard minimal West: Britain, France, Low Countries, and France, Low Countries, and

SwitzerlandSwitzerland

The West of medieval Christendom, The West of medieval Christendom, ca. 1250ca. 1250

The West of the Cold War Atlantic The West of the Cold War Atlantic Alliance, or Europe and its “settler Alliance, or Europe and its “settler

colonies” (plus Japan)colonies” (plus Japan)

The greater “cultural” West, often The greater “cultural” West, often includes Latin American and European includes Latin American and European

settlement in South Africasettlement in South Africa

The maximum West of the eco-radical and The maximum West of the eco-radical and New Age spiritual imagination: includes New Age spiritual imagination: includes

Islamic and Christian areasIslamic and Christian areas

The future, global West: Arnold The future, global West: Arnold Toynbee’s vision of entire globe under Toynbee’s vision of entire globe under

Western hegemonyWestern hegemony

Aspects of the Western Ascendancy (1500–1800)

II. The Components and the Historical Periods with Which Their Origins Are Associated

II. The Components and the Historical Periods with Which Their Origins Are

AssociatedA. Competitive Spirit—Renaissance

1. artistic

2. commercial—profit motive and beginnings of capitalism

3. political

B. Widespread Literacy — Reformation

1. literacy — printing press; Bible translated into local languages

2. “Everyman his own priest”—people can decide for themselves

II. The Components and the Historical Periods with Which Their Origins Are

AssociatedC. Constitutionalism— English Revolution

1. democratic institutions constitutionally guaranteed

2. checks and balances built into system

3. bringing of lower social classes into the governing process

D. Implementation of Scientific Thinking — Scientific Revolution

1. “spirit of number and reason” — trivium and quadrivium

2. experimentation and measurement

3. government support of scientific research

II. The Components and the Historical Periods with Which Their Origins Are

AssociatedE. Secularization of Society — Enlightenment

1. secularization of social practices and ways of thinking

2. separation of Church and State

3. application of scientific method to social problems

F. Nationalism— French Revolution

1. equality before the law

2. metric system

3. medical advances

4. merit promotion//professionalism

II. The Components and the Historical Periods with Which Their Origins Are

AssociatedG. Industrialization— Industrial Revolution

1. capitalism replaces mercantilism

2. incentives to spur technological innovation

3. market economy//free trade

4. urbanization

H. Equal Opportunity for Women — 20th and 21st Centuries

1. right to vote

2. right to work outside home

3. legal, social, economic, and political equality