The Shaft Grave Period and the Rise of the Mycenaeans
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Transcript of The Shaft Grave Period and the Rise of the Mycenaeans
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The Shaft Grave Period and the
Rise of the Mycenaeans
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BA Chronology
Crete Minoan (Minos - mythical king) Cyclades Cycladic (Aegean island chain) Mainland Helladic (Hellas = Greece)
• EarlyEBA EM EC EH (3100-2000)• Middle MBA MM MC MH (2000-
1650)• Late LBA LM LC LH (1650-1050)
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MH Burial Types
• Pithos (jar) burial• Built Grave or
Warrior Grave (Kollonna, Aegina; Thebes)
• Pit Burial• Cist Grave
• Intramural or Extramural
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Cist Grave
• Most Common MH Burial Practice
• Single Burials• Fetal Position• Return to
mother earth?• No, smaller
hole!
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Mycenae• Grave Circle A
• “Mycenae Rich in Gold”
• Schliemann
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Shaft Grave: Grave Circle A
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Shaft Grave Ware: Mainland Polychrome
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Shaft GraveStructure
enlarged cist grave entered from above through a shaft several feet deep
dug from the contemporary ground surface
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Inside the Shaft Grave
• Extended body• Multiple burials
over time possible
• Older Remains pushed to side
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Marking the Grave
• Slabs, waterproof clay cover
• Shaft filled • Rectangular border of
stones may mark spot• Stele (1st large-scale
relief sculptures on Greek Mainland)
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Shaft Grave Sites
Mycenae(Intact)
Lerna (robbed out)
Ayios Stephanos, Lakonia (bare bones)
Argos
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Lavish Grave Goods• Rhyton, Rhyta
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The Dead
• Bigger, sturdier than earlier MH corpses or contemporary burials in other sorts of graves
• Why bigger?
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Big Eaters or Big Invaders?
• Better nutrition for elite group?
• Different racial group?
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Who are they?
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Mycenae: Grave Circles A & B
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Grave Circle B
• Earlier than Grave Circle A
• John Papademetriou & Greek Archaeological Society
• 14 Shaft Graves out of 24 tombs
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Grave Circle Origins
• MH Tumulus at Vrana
• Plural Tumuli
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The Shaft Graves and Myth
• 2 Heroic Periodsa) Late MH to LHI-IIShaft Grave period & laterb) LHIII
• Danaos & the Shaft Grave Period
• Trojan War & LHIII
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FAMILY TREE OF DANAOS
POSEIDON_____________LIBYA I
________I________ I I AGENOR BELUS
________I______ I I AEGYPTUS DANAOS I I I I 50 SONS 50 DAUGHTERS
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The Danaids• Danaos & daughters
flee Egypt, but sons of Aegyptos follow
• Danaids marry, then kill sons of Aegyptos
• Mercy of Hypermestra• Purified by gods• “Widows” have
difficulty attracting new husbands
• No dowry, daughters as sports prizes!
• Danaans (Greeks), children of Danaids
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Danaids Historical?
Danaids = Hyksos?
• heka khasewet "rulers of foreign lands")
• Semitic, Hurrian, Indo-Aryan people?
• Migrants/Invaders?
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Theories from Archaeological
Evidence?
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Shaft Grave Dead as Cretan Conquerors?
• Minoan style artifacts
• Un-Minoan style burials
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Nomadic Tribe of Central or Northern Europe?
• Chariots• Grave steles• New Art Style• “Aegeanized” by
more advanced local culture
• BUT no chariots in N or C Europe. Only in Near East, a MORE sophisticated culture
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Locals looted Crete?
• Lots of Minoan style treasures
• BUT wealth gradually accumulated
• No evidence of destruction on Crete
• Minoan naval strength
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Mercenaries Rewarded by Egypt against Hyksos?
• But Hyksos BETWEEN Mycenae and Egyptian Thebes
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Mycenaean Control of
Trade Route for Valuable Commodity?• Tin (for bronze)?• Disruption of Near
Eastern trade for tin by Hyksos, Hittites, Hurrians, et al.
• Evidence for Mycenaean trade with Northern Europe (pottery, amber)
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Gold (& Amber) from Transylvania (Romania)
• Mycenaeans: lavish use of gold
• Minoans: economical use
• Gold traded for Early Mycenaean daggers
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Identity, Origins & Source of Wealth Still Matters of Debate
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Readings for Next Class: Iliad 9, Rutter 20
(Mycenaean Residential Architecture)