The Sea Floor. Origin of the Ocean Water vapor released during degassing of early earth –volcanism...
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![Page 1: The Sea Floor. Origin of the Ocean Water vapor released during degassing of early earth –volcanism Salt from chemical weathering.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062315/5697bf711a28abf838c7e0fc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Sea Floor
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Origin of the Ocean
• Water vapor released during degassing of early earth–volcanism
• Salt from chemical weathering
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Methods of Studying the Sea Floor
• Rock Dredge• Corer• Sea-Floor Drilling• Submersibles• Echo Sounder
• Seismic Profiler
• Surveys - Magnetic, Gravity, Seismic Refraction
• Deep Sea Cameras
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Features of the Sea Floor
• Continental Margins– Passive – Active
• Oceanic trench• Mid-oceanic ridge• Seamounts
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Continental Shelves and Continental Slopes
• Vertical exaggeration in diagrams• Continental shelf• Continental slope• Continental rise
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Active Continental Margins
• On land- earthquakes, young mountain belt, volcanoes
• Continental shelf, continental slope, oceanic trench
• Oceanic Trenches– Earthquakes of the Benioff seismic Zones– Volcanoes – Low Heat Flow– Negative Gravity Anomalies
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Submarine Canyons
• Abyssal Fans• Bottom Currents• Down-canyon movement of sand• Bottom currents• River erosion• Turbidity Currents
– Graded bedding– Shallow water fossils
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Passive Continental Margins
• Continental shelf, slope, rise• The Continental Rise
– Types of Deposition• From turbidity currents• From contour currents
• Abyssal plains
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Fracture Zones
• Offset rift valleys• Transform Fault
– Portion that has earthquakes
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Seamounts, Guyots, and Aseismic Ridges
• Seamounts• Guyots• Aseismic ridges
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Reefs
• Fringing Reefs• Barrier Reefs• Atolls
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Sediments of the Sea Floor
• Terrigenous Sediment• Pelagic Sediment
– thickness increases away from crest of mid-oceanic ridge
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Deep-sea sediments, those found at depths greater than about 500 m, cover roughly two-thirds of the Earth. The predominant deep sediment is carbonate ooze, which covers nearly half the ocean floor
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The Mid-Oceanic Ridge
• Rift Valley• Geologic Activity on the Ridge
– Shallow-focus Earthquakes– High Heat Flow– Basalt Eruptions– Hot springs
• Black Smokers
• Biologic Activity on the Ridge– Geomicrobiology
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Oceanic Crust and Ophiolites
• Evidence for composition of the oceanic crust
• Ophiolite (from top to bottom)– Marine sedimentary rock– Pillow basalt– Sheeted dike complex– Gabbroic intrusions– Ultramafic rock
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The Age of the Sea Floor
• Younger than 200 million years old• Parts of continents much older