The Scientific Revolution &

Enlightenment1550-1789

Chapter 10

Scientific RevolutionSection 1

Roots of Modern ScienceScientific Revolution – New way of thinking about

the natural world.Scholars published ideas that challenged the ideas of

ancient thinkers and the Catholic Church.New ideas based on careful observation & question

accepted beliefs.

Causes of the Scientific RevolutionExploration of Africa, Asia, & the Americas led to

discoveries Invention of the printing press helped spread the

new ideasAstronomy & mathematical scientific research –

navigation during the age of explorationNeed to learn more information about the natural

world: QUESTIONING!

Revolutionary Model of the Universe

Geocentric Theory: earth-centered view of the universe Aristotle-4th century BC philosopher Ptolemy-2nd century AD expanded the idea The Church-taught God placed the earth at the center

of the universe

Heliocentric Theory: Center of the universe was the sun Copernicus: Polish astronomer (1500s), Studied

planetary movements for 25 years reasoned that the planets moved around the sun He knew his ideas went against scholars (ancient) & the

Church, which he would be considered a heretic. Published his findings in 1543, the last year of his life

Johannes Kepler: discovered planets revolve around the sun in an elliptical motion. His laws proved Copernicus’s theory.

Galileo Galilei

Italian scientist that studied the heavens through a telescopeHe IMPROVED, not INVENTED, the telescope.

Starry Messenger: book that described his observations with his telescopeHis ideas supported Copernicus’s heliocentric theory.

His ideas went against church authority & teachings (C & P)Summoned by Pope to denounce his theories &

support of Copernicus’s ideasUnder house arrest until his death

Newton’s Law of Gravity

Sir Isaac Newton: English mathematician/professorMathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy = Principia

Three Laws of Motion Law of Universal Gravitation: planetary bodies move in an

elliptical orbit around the sun; every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by the force of gravity.

His law changed ideas about the universe– now it was thought of as uniform and was ruled by natural laws.

Studied mathematics and physics at Cambridge University

AnatomyHuman Body

Middle Ages – doctors accepted the writings of Galen, an ancient Greek physician. He had never dissected the

human body. (Why not?) He studied the anatomy of

pigs and other animals Andreas Vesalius proved

Galen’s assumptions WRONG He dissected human

corpses and published his observations

On the Fabric of the Human Body – detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscle.

Medicine

Vaccinations/Inoculations Edward Jenner (E) in the

late 1700s infected people with smallpox germs to give them a mild form so their immune systems would build up a tolerance to the germs.

Scientific MethodA new approach to scientific research – Biology Class!

Francis Bacon (English statesman): Believed scientists would generate practical knowledge that would improve people’s lives Urged scientists to draw conclusions from doing

experiments & research = empiricism (experimental method)

Rene Descartes (scientist): “I think; therefore, I am.” Developed analytical geometry = new tool for scientific

research Scientists need to reject old assumptions & teachings Relied on mathematics & logic (not experiments)

Scientific Revolution

Changing Idea: Scientific Method

Old Science New Science

Relied on ancient authorities (Who?), church teachings, common sense, and reasoning to explain the physical world

Scholars began to use observation, experimentation, and scientific reasoning to gather knowledge and draw conclusions about the physical world.

Scientific Revolution Spreads

Scientific InstrumentsMicroscope – Created by Zacharias Janssen

Bacteria first observed in 1670s by Anton von Leeuwenhoek

Mercury Thermometer – Created by Fahrenheit Gabriel Fahrenheit (Freezing Point?) Anders Celsius (Freezing Point?) – New scale for

thermometer

Comprehension Check

1. True or False: Copernicus believed the earth was the center of the universe.

2. True or False: Galileo published the Starry Messenger, in which he agreed with the heliocentric idea of the universe.

3. Explain Newton’s Law of Gravitation.

4. What are the steps in the scientific method?

5. True or False: Rene Descartes was a philosopher and said, “I think therefore I am.”

Enlightenment in Europe

Section 2

Setting the Stage

Have you ever wondered where the words “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” in the Declaration of Independence come from?

What are natural rights? You mean, I’m born with RIGHTS?!

Why do you stop at a red light? What is the benefit you get from stopping at the light?

Government, Religion, Economics, and Education were all topics the Enlightenment thinkers sought to either improve or change completely.

Views on Government

Changing Idea: The Right to Govern

Old Idea New Idea

Monarch’s rule was justified by divine right.

**Absolute Monarchs

Government’s power comes from the consent of the governed.

**Constitutional Monarchs, democracy, autocracy…

Views on GovernmentTwo Enlightened Views of Government

Thomas Hobbes John Locke

Human Nature:•Humans were naturally wicked & selfish

•Without government there would be constant war because of human nature

•Humans had to give up some freedom in exchange for law & order

Human Nature:•Humans had a natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society

•People had natural rights: born free & equal, life, liberty, and the pursuit of property

•Consent of governed

Government:Strong ruler (Monarchy)

Government:Self-Government (Autocracy)

Favored traditional absolute monarchy

Foundation of Modern Democracy

Baron de Montesquieu

He believed the British government was the best- governed and most politically balanced

On the Spirit of Laws

Separation of Powers: would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government

Checks and Balance: each branch of government has its own duties and ways to check the power of other branches

Jean Jacques Rousseau

“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”

Believed that good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the “general will” of society (a direct democracy)

Social Contract: agreement between a society and its government – give up a few rights for protection

Voltaire “I do not agree with a word you say but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Use satire to comment on social and political issues

Targeted: clergy, aristocracy, and the government

Sent to jail twice by French & then exiled in England for more than 2 years

Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech

Cesare Becarria Italian Philosophe who promoted

Criminal Justice

Believed laws existed to preserve social order, NOT TO AVENGE CRIMES

Criticized: Torturing of witnesses and

suspects Irregular proceedings in trails Punishments that were arbitrary

or cruel Argued a person should receive a

speedy trial Believed capital punishment

should be abolished.

Age of ReasonPhilosophes (French for philosopher): French social critics

of the mid-1700 Believed that people could apply reason to all aspects of life Salons: place for conversations & spread ideas of

Enlightenment

Five Core Concepts of Philosophes: 1. Reason – truth could be discovered through reason or

logical thinking 2. Nature – what was natural was good and reasonable 3. Happiness – Urged people to find joy & well-being on earth 4. Progress – Stressed that humankind and society could

improve 5. Liberty – called for the liberties the English people had won

in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights

Women & the Enlightenment

Mary Wollstonecraft

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Argued that women

needed education to become virtuous and useful, urged women to enter male-dominated fields of medicine and law/politics

Women helped to spread the ideas of the Enlightenment through Salons

Religion in the Enlightenment

Religion was STILL an important part of Enlightenment society

John Wesley – Methodism Brought religion to lower

and middle class of England

Methodist Societies stressed importance of hard work and encouraged behaviors that led to spiritual contentment

Will become a separate Protestant denomination

The Impact of the Enlightenment

Section 3

MusicJohann Sebastian Bach

German composer

Baroque style

Brandenburg Concerto

George Frederick Handel

German composer who lived in England

Baroque style

Hallelujah Chorus from Messiah

Franz Joseph Haydn

Worked for Hungarian princes

Classical style

Andante from Opus 77.Wolfgang Amadeus

Mozart

Child prodigy - Classical

Subject of the film Amadeus

Wrote final drafts on his first try

Marriage of Figaro

Enlightenment & Monarchy

Enlightened Despot – absolute ruler who governed with Enlightenment idealsCatherine the Great of RussiaFrederick the Great (Frederick II) of PrussiaMaria Theresa of Austria

Enlightenment + Absolutism=?

Enlightenment said government should allow religious toleration, free speech, free press, private property, art, science, and education.

Was Enlightened Absolutism possible?

Frederick II (Frederick the Great) of Prussia Expanded the

Prussian Army.

Abolished torture.

Granted free speech & press.

Religious toleration.

Kept serfdom & nobility.

Remained absolutist.

Catherine the GreatDaughter of a German

prince.

Betrothed to Peter the Great’s grandson (who was insane).

Catherine seized power and had her husband locked up (& murdered).

Tried to reform feudalism to no avail.

Expanded Russia’s territory.

Joseph II of AustriaLaunched

widespread reforms in Austria.

Ended serfdom, death penalty, and religious intolerance.

Made everyone mad.

Died a failure.

Maria Theresa & Joseph II

Queen of Austria & her son, Joseph II of Austria “I have made philosophy

the lawmaker of my empire.”

Abolished serfdom, eliminated the death

penalty, established the principle

of equality Reforms largely FAILED

American RevolutionSection 4

Seven Years War

War fought around the world… England and France become rivals because of

competition for colonial empires Areas of Conflict: Europe, India, and North America

Europe – Seven Years War Alliances: Britain-Prussia vs. Austria-Russia-France Europe war ended in 1763 with STALEMATE (no one wins)

India – Great War for Empire British won in India

The Seven Years War went by another name on the North American continent…

Causes of the Revolution

French and Indian War (Seven Years War) 1754-1763 France & GB Colonists fighting in N America Treaty of Paris 1763 & Proclamation Line of 1763 Debt incurred in GB, needed repaying by COLONISTS…

Treaty of Paris 1763 Colonists could not settle the land they had fought the French for…

No Taxation Without Representation Colonists did not have a representative in GB Parliament Colonists had local colonial governments/representative bodies –

House of Burgesses

Trade Restrictions passed by Parliament & George III Navigation Acts End of Salutary Neglect

British Colonies in America

American colonies had grown into large, thriving settlements with their own governments. In America, for nearly 150 years considered

themselves NOT EXACTLY British, but Virginians, etc. Created a new identify and culture apart from Great

Britain

Grew from trade with other European countries, not exactly what Britain had in mind. King George III was not happy – he wanted the wealth

from the colonies for himself and GB.

George III & Parliament passed laws to restrict colonial trade with other countries caused turmoil & rebellion in the colonies

American Independence

Patriots (rebels) vs. Torries (Loyalists)

Olive Branch Petition – George III ignores itLast ditch effort at peace with GB

Declaration of Independence – signed July 4, 1776Written by Thomas Jefferson

Colonists felt justified in rebelling against a tyrant who had broken the social contract (John Locke/Rousseau)

American Republic – New Nation

Articles of Confederation = WEAK!FIRST constitution of the Untied StatesCreated a LOOSE confederation of stateNo executive branch or national government

U.S. Constitution of 1787Federal System of Government – Layer Cake Enumerated powers of states and federal

governmentBill of Rights