The Science of ChemistryThe Science of Chemistry

Chapter 1 Section Reviews Chapter 1 Section Reviews 1-1 (pg 9 #1-4);1-2 (pg 19 #1-4, 1-1 (pg 9 #1-4);1-2 (pg 19 #1-4, 8); 1-3 (pg 24 #1-7); 1-4 (pg 32 8); 1-3 (pg 24 #1-7); 1-4 (pg 32

#1-5)#1-5)

1-1 (pg 9 #1-4)1-1 (pg 9 #1-4)1.1. What are the common physical What are the common physical

states of matter? states of matter? The common The common physical states of matter are solid, physical states of matter are solid, liquid and gas.liquid and gas.

2.2. How do the particle models for the How do the particle models for the states of matter differ? states of matter differ? The The particles of solids are closely particles of solids are closely packed; Liquid particles are close packed; Liquid particles are close together but free to move around; together but free to move around; Gas particles are separated by Gas particles are separated by empty space and move freely.empty space and move freely.

1-1 (pg 9 #1-4)1-1 (pg 9 #1-4)

3.3. What is the difference between an What is the difference between an endothermic reaction and an endothermic reaction and an exothermic reaction? exothermic reaction? An An endothermic reaction absorbs endothermic reaction absorbs energy. An exothermic reaction energy. An exothermic reaction releases energy. releases energy.

1-1 (pg 9 #1-4)1-1 (pg 9 #1-4)

4.4. In what ways do the three In what ways do the three fundamental states of matter differ? fundamental states of matter differ? Solids have a fixed volume and Solids have a fixed volume and shape. Liquids have a fixed volume shape. Liquids have a fixed volume but can flow and take the shape of but can flow and take the shape of the container. Gases have no fixed the container. Gases have no fixed shape or volume.shape or volume.

1-2 (pg 19 #1-4, 8)1-2 (pg 19 #1-4, 8)

1.1. What two physical properties What two physical properties characterize matter? characterize matter? Two physical Two physical properties that characterize matter properties that characterize matter are mass and volume.are mass and volume.

2.2. What SI unit is usually used to What SI unit is usually used to express the density of liquids? express the density of liquids? Density of liquids is usually Density of liquids is usually expressed in grams per milliliter expressed in grams per milliliter (g/mL) or cubic centimeter (cm(g/mL) or cubic centimeter (cm33).).

1-2 (pg 19 #1-4, 8)1-2 (pg 19 #1-4, 8)3.3. How does mass differ from weight? How does mass differ from weight?

Weight is a measure of downward Weight is a measure of downward force due to gravitational attraction. force due to gravitational attraction. Mass is the quantity of matter.Mass is the quantity of matter.

4.4. Why is density considered a Why is density considered a physical property rather than a physical property rather than a chemical property of matter? chemical property of matter? The The density of a material may be density of a material may be observed and measured without observed and measured without any change in chemical nature.any change in chemical nature.

1-2 (pg 19 #1-4, 8)1-2 (pg 19 #1-4, 8)

8.8. Perform the following conversionsPerform the following conversionsa.a. Milliliters in 21.59L = Milliliters in 21.59L = 21,590 mL21,590 mL

b.b. Centimeters in 1.62 m = Centimeters in 1.62 m = 162 cm162 cm

c.c. Nanometers in 0.064 mm = Nanometers in 0.064 mm =

6.4 x 106.4 x 1044 nm nm

a.a. Kilograms in 2648 cg = Kilograms in 2648 cg = 0.02648 kg0.02648 kg

1-3 (pg 24 #1-7)1-3 (pg 24 #1-7)

1.1. How does an atom differ from an How does an atom differ from an element? element? The atom is the The atom is the fundamental particle of matter; a fundamental particle of matter; a subunit of an element. subunit of an element.

2.2. How is an atom related to a How is an atom related to a molecule? molecule? A molecule may consist A molecule may consist of two or more atoms of the same of two or more atoms of the same element or different elements.element or different elements.

1-3 (pg 24 #1-7)1-3 (pg 24 #1-7)3.3. What are allotropes? What are allotropes? An allotrope is An allotrope is

one of a number of molecular forms one of a number of molecular forms of an element.of an element.

4.4. How do you think the symbols for How do you think the symbols for newly discovered elements are newly discovered elements are determined? determined? The symbols for newly The symbols for newly discovered elements are based on discovered elements are based on the locations of their discovery as the locations of their discovery as well as on the people who discover well as on the people who discover them.them.

1-3 (pg 24 #1-7)1-3 (pg 24 #1-7)

5.5. List the symbols for the following List the symbols for the following elements:elements:

a. Carbon = a. Carbon = CC

b. Nitrogen = b. Nitrogen = NN

c. Hydrogen = c. Hydrogen = HH

d. Gold = d. Gold = AuAu

e. Neon = e. Neon = NeNe

f. Astatine = f. Astatine = AtAt

1-3 (pg 24 #1-7)1-3 (pg 24 #1-7)

6.6. Write the names of the elements Write the names of the elements with the following symbols:with the following symbols:

a. He = a. He = HeliumHelium

b. Na = b. Na = SodiumSodium

c. Cl = c. Cl = ChlorineChlorine

d. S = d. S = SulfurSulfur

e. Mg = e. Mg = MagnesiumMagnesium

f. Sb = f. Sb = AntimonyAntimony

1-3 (pg 24 #1-7)1-3 (pg 24 #1-7)

7.7. Why don’t we use As as the symbol Why don’t we use As as the symbol for astatine? for astatine? As is already in use for As is already in use for Arsenic. Arsenic.

1-4 (pg 32 #1-5)1-4 (pg 32 #1-5)

1.1. Define the term compound. Define the term compound. Compounds are pure substances Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements.composed of two or more elements.

2.2. What are some of the properties of What are some of the properties of an acid? an acid? Acids have a sour taste, Acids have a sour taste, turn blue litmus paper red, have a turn blue litmus paper red, have a pH lower than 7, and react with pH lower than 7, and react with bases and some metals to form bases and some metals to form salts. salts.

1-4 (pg 32 #1-5)1-4 (pg 32 #1-5)

3.3. What element do all organic What element do all organic compounds contain? compounds contain? All organic All organic compounds contain the element compounds contain the element carbon. carbon.

4.4. What information is shown in a What information is shown in a molecular formula? molecular formula? The overall The overall arrangement of the atoms in a arrangement of the atoms in a molecule is shown in a structural molecule is shown in a structural formula.formula.

1-4 (pg 32 #1-5)1-4 (pg 32 #1-5)

5.5. How is a homogeneous mixture How is a homogeneous mixture different from a heterogeneous different from a heterogeneous mixture? mixture? In a heterogeneous In a heterogeneous mixture, substances are not evenly mixture, substances are not evenly mixed. In a homogeneous mixture, mixed. In a homogeneous mixture, the substances are uniformly mixed the substances are uniformly mixed at the molecular level. at the molecular level.