The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?
-
Upload
jeffry-terry -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
2
Transcript of The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?
![Page 1: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Science of Biology
What is Science?
The Scientific Method
Tools Used in Science
What is Biology?
![Page 2: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is Science?
• An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
• Body of knowledge that scientists have built up
![Page 3: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Steps used in science…
• Observation – using one or more of the senses to gather information
• Inference – a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience
• Data – information gathered from observations– Quantitative –
involve numbers– Qualitative – involve
characteristics that cannot be easily measured or counted, such as color or texture
![Page 4: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Observation vs. Inference
Statement Observation Inference
Object A is round and orange.
Object A is a basketball.
Object C is round and black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a table-tennis ball.
Each object is used in a different sport.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
![Page 5: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Scientific Method
• 1. Stating the Problem – based on observations, identify a problem to be solved
![Page 6: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Scientific Method cont.
• 2. Forming a Hypothesis – a possible explanation for a set of observations or an answer to a scientific question– Prior knowledge– Logical inferences– Imaginative guesses
![Page 7: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Scientific Method cont.
• 3. Setting up a Controlled Experiment – an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time– Manipulated variable (independent) – the
variable that is changed by the scientist– Responding variable (dependent) – the
variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable
– If an experiment cannot be done, field studies will be done
![Page 8: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Spontaneous Generation Experiment
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.PROCEDURE
Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,location, temperature,time
Manipulated Variables:gauze covering thatkeeps flies away from meat
Uncovered jars Covered jars
Several days pass
Maggots appear No maggots appearResponding Variable: whether maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.
![Page 9: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Another Spontaneous Generation Experiment
Gravy is boiled. Flask isopen.
Gravy is teeming with microorganisms.
Gravy is boiled. Flask issealed.
Gravy is free of microorganisms.
![Page 10: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Another Spontaneous Generation Experiment
Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.
Curved neckis removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
![Page 11: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Scientific Method cont.
• 4. Record and Analyze Results – keep written records of observations or data– Notebooks, journals, drawings, computer
![Page 12: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Scientific Method cont.
• 5. Drawing a Conclusion – determine whether the hypothesis is supported or refuted
Yes
No
![Page 13: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Then what?
• Publish study in a scientific journal
• Other scientists review the procedures and may perform their own experiments to verify the results
• If the hypothesis is continually supported it may become a theory
****No theory is considered absolute truth!!!!!
![Page 14: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Tools used in Science…
• Microscopes– Three kinds: compound light microscope,
transmission electron microscope, and scanning electron microscope
– Magnification – determined by multiplying the eyepiece times the objective
– Resolution – ability to distinguish between two objects
![Page 15: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Compound Light Microscope
• Light passes through the object
• Magnification up to 1000 times
• Resolution up to 500 nanometers
![Page 16: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Compound Light Microscope
![Page 17: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Compound Light Microscope
![Page 18: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
• Passes a beam of electrons through the object
• Focused by magnets• Only dead cells can be
viewed• Cells must be embedded
in plastic and sliced thin• Much greater
magnification & resolution (.2nm)
![Page 19: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Transmission Electron Microscope
![Page 20: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
• Beam of electrons sweeps over and bounces off of object
• Produces a 3-D image• Less magnification
than TEM• Possible for living
cells
![Page 21: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Scanning Electron Microscope
![Page 22: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Metric System or System Internationale (SI)
• Reasons scientists use the metric system:– Based on the
number 10– Easy to convert– Universally
understood
![Page 23: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Metric Units
• Length – meter (m)
• Mass – gram (g)
• Volume (liquid) – liter (L)
• Time – second (s)
• Temperature – Celsius (°C) or Kelvin (K)
![Page 24: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Metric Prefixes
Deca da 10
Hecto h 100
Kilo k1000
Deci d1/10
Centi c1/100
Milli m 1/1000
Nano n1/billionth
Micro 1/millionth
METERGRAMLITER
SECOND
King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk
Monday Night
![Page 25: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
What is Biology?
• Bios – life or living things
• -ology – study of
• Study of life or living things
![Page 26: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Characteristics of Living Things
• Living things are made of cells– Cells are the smallest
units of an organism that can be considered alive
– Unicellular – one-celled
– Multicellular – many-celled
![Page 27: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Characteristics of Living Things
• Living things reproduce– Production of new organisms
![Page 28: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Characteristics of Living Things
• Living things are based on a universal genetic code (DNA)
![Page 29: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Characteristics of Living Things
• Living things grow and develop– Growth – an
increase in size– Development –
changes that occur as an organism grows
![Page 30: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Characteristics of Living Things
• Living things obtain and use materials and energy– Producers – make
their own food– Consumers – eat
other living things
![Page 31: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Characteristics of Living Things
• Living things respond to their environment– Temperature
• Ex. Birds fly south for the winter– Light
• Ex. Plants grow towards the sunlight if placed in a window
![Page 32: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Characteristics of Living Things
• Living things maintain a stable internal environment– Homeostasis – keep internal conditions
relatively stable– What does your body do when you are cold?
• shivers
– What does your body do when you are hot?• sweats
![Page 33: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Characteristics of Living Things
• As a group, living things change over time– Evolution – change over time– Ex. The brain cavity of human skulls is larger,
our jaws are smaller, on average we are taller
![Page 34: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Characteristics of Living Things
• Living things…– Are made of cells– Reproduce– Are based on a universal genetic code– Grow and develop– Obtain and use materials and energy– Respond to their environment– Maintain a stable internal environment– Change over time
![Page 35: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Levels of Organization
• Molecules-chemical components which are the building blocks of organelles
• Organelles-perform certain organ-like tasks within cells.
• Cell-smallest unit of life • Tissue-group of specialized cells• Organ-all tissues which work together as one• Organ System-all organs which perform common
functions
![Page 36: The Science of Biology What is Science? The Scientific Method Tools Used in Science What is Biology?](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ee75503460f94bf7f1c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Levels of Organization
• Organism – an individual living thing– A cow
• Population – group of organisms– A herd of cows
• Community – populations that live together– A herd of cows, the grass, and flies
• Ecosystem – community & non-living factors– The cows, grass, flies, rocks, and streams
• Biosphere – contains all ecosystems– The entire Earth