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THE SCIENCE OF THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGYBIOLOGY
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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science?
Science is Science is an organized way of using an organized way of using evidence to learn about the evidence to learn about the natural worldnatural world
A word that refers to the A word that refers to the body of knowledge that body of knowledge that scientists have built up scientists have built up after years of using this after years of using this process.process.
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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science? Scientific thinking Scientific thinking
begins withbegins with ObservationObservation
process of gathering process of gathering information about information about events or processes in events or processes in a careful orderly way.a careful orderly way.
DataData Information gathered Information gathered
from observationfrom observation
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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science?
InferenceInference Logical interpretation based on prior Logical interpretation based on prior
knowledge or experienceknowledge or experience
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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science?
After observations After observations
HypothesisHypothesis A proposed scientific A proposed scientific
explanation for a set explanation for a set of observationsof observations
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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science?
Science is an Science is an ongoing process, ongoing process, involves:involves:
Asking questionsAsking questions ObservingObserving Making inferencesMaking inferences Testing hypothesisTesting hypothesis It is always changingIt is always changing
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1.1 What is science?1.1 What is science?
Make a list of things that Make a list of things that you need to understand you need to understand to protect your life and to protect your life and the lives of others close the lives of others close to youto you..
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Statement Observation Inference
Object A is round and orange.
Object A is a basketball.
Object C is round and black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a table-tennis ball.
Each object is used in a different sport.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Object A is a basketball.Object A is a basketball.
Object B is a table-tennis ball.Object B is a table-tennis ball.
Object C is a soccer ball.Object C is a soccer ball.
Section 1-1
Observation and Inference
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Moldy BreadMoldy Bread
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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work Steps for designing an Steps for designing an
experiment:experiment: Ask a questionAsk a question Form a hypothesisForm a hypothesis Set up a controlled Set up a controlled
experimentexperiment Record and analyze Record and analyze
resultsresults Draw a conclusionDraw a conclusion
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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work
Steps for designing an experiment:Steps for designing an experiment: Ask a questionAsk a question How do new living things come How do new living things come
into being?into being? Form a hypothesisForm a hypothesis Life could arise from Life could arise from
nonliving matternonliving matter Set up a controlled experimentSet up a controlled experiment (Redi´s (Redi´s
experiment)experiment) Record and analyze resultsRecord and analyze results Keep records Keep records Draw a conclusionDraw a conclusion Evaluate the hypothesis Evaluate the hypothesis
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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work
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Designing an Experiment
Section 1-2
Flowchart
State the Problem
Form a Hypothesis
Set Up a Controlled Experiment
Record Results
Analyze Results
Draw a Conclusion
Publish Results
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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work
Anton van Anton van LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek
Tiny animalsTiny animals
John NeedhamJohn Needham Spontaneous Spontaneous
generation could occur generation could occur under the right under the right conditionsconditions
LeeuwenhoekLeeuwenhoek
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HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
PROCEDURE
Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,location, temperature,time
Manipulated Variables:gauze covering thatkeeps flies away from meat
Uncovered jars Covered jars
Several days pass
Maggots appear No maggots appear
Responding Variable: whether maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.
Section 1-2
Redi´s Experiment
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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work
Spallanzani´s test of Spallanzani´s test of Redi´s findings.Redi´s findings.
Supported the Supported the hypothesis that new hypothesis that new organisms are organisms are produced only by produced only by existing organismsexisting organisms
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Gravy is boiled. Flask isopen.
Gravy is teeming with microorganisms.
Gravy is boiled. Flask issealed.
Gravy is free of microorganisms.
Section 1-2
Figure 1-10 Spallanzani’s Experiment
Spallanzani´s experiment
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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work
Pasteur´s test of Pasteur´s test of SpontaneousSpontaneous generationgeneration
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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work Pasteur´s test of Spontaneous Pasteur´s test of Spontaneous
generationgeneration
Broth is boiled.Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Curved neckis removed.
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1.2 How scientists work1.2 How scientists work
Theory:Theory: A well-tested explanation that unifies a A well-tested explanation that unifies a
broad range of observations.broad range of observations.
Scientists make accurate predictions Scientists make accurate predictions about new situations.about new situations.
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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life Biology seeks to understand the living Biology seeks to understand the living
world.world.
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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life Characteristics of living things:Characteristics of living things: Are made up of units called Are made up of units called
cellscells ReproduceReproduce Are based on a universal Are based on a universal
genetic codegenetic code Grow and developGrow and develop Obtain and use materials and Obtain and use materials and
energyenergy Respond to their environmentRespond to their environment Maintain a stable internal Maintain a stable internal
environmentenvironment Change over timeChange over time
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Characteristic ExamplesLiving things are made up of units called cells.Living things reproduce.
Living things are based on a universal genetic code.
Living things grow and develop.
Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
Living things respond to their environment.Living things maintain a stable internal environment.
Taken as a group, living things change over time.
Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees.Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies.Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat.
Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.
Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature.
Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.
Section 1-3
Characteristics of Living Things
Characteristics of living things
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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life
Made up of cellsMade up of cells
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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life
ReproductionReproduction SexualSexual AsexualAsexual
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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life
Based on a Based on a genetic codegenetic code
Offsrping usually Offsrping usually resemble their resemble their parents.parents.
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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life
Growth and Growth and developmentdevelopment
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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life
Need for materials Need for materials and energyand energy
MetabolismMetabolism PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis ConsumersConsumers DecomposersDecomposers
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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life Response to the environmentResponse to the environment Stimulus: signal to which an organism Stimulus: signal to which an organism
respondsresponds
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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life
Maintaining internal Maintaining internal balancebalance
HomeostasisHomeostasis
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Is it alive?????
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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life
EvolutionEvolution
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1.3 Studying life1.3 Studying life Branches of Biology:Branches of Biology: Zoologists study animalsZoologists study animals Botanists study plantsBotanists study plants Paleontologists study ancient lifePaleontologists study ancient life
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Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
The part of Earththat contains allecosystems
Community and its nonliving surroundings
Populations thatlive together in a defined area
Group of organisms of onetype that live in the same area
Biosphere
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Bison herd
Figure 1-21 Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
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Organism
Groups ofCells
Cells
Molecules
Individual livingthing
Tissues, organs,and organ systems
Smallest functionalunit of life
Groups of atoms;smallest unit of most chemicalcompounds
Bison
Nervous tissue Nervous systemBrain
Nerve cell
Water DNA
Levels of Organization continued
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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures
Scientists collect Scientists collect datadata
Record in a tableRecord in a table Make a graphMake a graph
See the patternSee the pattern
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10 AM
2 PM
6 PM
2
10
9
112
16
3
Water released by leaves
Water Released and Absorbed by Tree
TimeAbsorbedby Roots
(g/h)
Releasedby Leaves
(g/h)
8 AM
12 PM
4 PM
8 PM
5
14
6
1
17
10
Water absorbed by roots
Rel
ati
ve
Rat
es
(g/h
) 20
Time
0
15
10
5
8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 2 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM
On which axis is time recorded?
On which axis are the relative rates recorded?
What pattern does the graph show at a glance about water given off and taken in by a tree?
4
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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures
Microscopes Microscopes
Light MicroscopesLight Microscopes Electron Microscopes Electron Microscopes
Produce magnifies images by focusing visible light rays
Produce magnified images by focusing beams of electrons
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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and proceduresMagnification of about 1000 times
Allow light to pass Through the specimen and useTwo lenses to form an image
Techniques and procedures
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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and proceduresELECTRON
MICROSCOPE Use beams of electrons to produce images
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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures
TEM: Transmission Electron Microscopes:Shine a beam of electrons through the specimenTems reveal details inside the cell
SEM: Scanning Electtron Microscopes:Scan a narrow beam of electrons back and forth acrossThe surface of a specimenSEMs produce realistic three-dimensional images of theSurfaces of objects
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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures
Cell cultures:Cell cultures: Dish containing a Dish containing a
nutrient solution nutrient solution where a cell or cells where a cell or cells are placed to are placed to reproducereproduce
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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures Cell FractionationCell Fractionation Technique to separate the different cell partsTechnique to separate the different cell parts
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1.4 Tools and procedures1.4 Tools and procedures
THE MOST IMPORTANT RULE FOR YOUR THE MOST IMPORTANT RULE FOR YOUR SAFETYSAFETY
ALWAYS FOLLOW YOUR TEACHER´S ALWAYS FOLLOW YOUR TEACHER´S INSTRUCTIONS AND THE TEXTBOOK INSTRUCTIONS AND THE TEXTBOOK
DIRECTIONS EXACTLYDIRECTIONS EXACTLY
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CHAPTER 1
THE END