TIE Sl\._:.EKAT ISI.AM

Its Contribution to Indonesian Nationalism

by

Tinur Jaylani

A Thesis submitted to the Institute of I slamic studies

Faculty of Graduate studies and I?.esearch, ":..:cGill University, _:antreal, Canada, in partial fulfili1ent of the requirements for the

degree o£ of Arls ( Islamics) ontreal, April 1959

SAY:

"0 PEOPLffi OF THE, SCRIPTURE.•

COME TO AN AGREEMEK'l' BETr:EEN US AND YOU:

THAT S HALL WOffiHIP NOW BUT GOD • • • "

The Holy Qur'an, Chapter III, verse 64.

T AB L E O F C ONT E NTS

Page : ....... -

.. ..... - . . . . . ..... . - ...... . ,. •• " ... , • , ... .. .,. ,. • • • * . . .... . . . t(r ... • i i i

I . D;1'RODUCTION • • • • ' • • • • - • • • • • • • • • • • 0 ....... ,. •• • , . .. . . _ _ _ # # 1

1 .. A Note en t he Spelling of Indones ian Ylo-:t'Cls • ••• " . - 3 2 .. Indonesian and Titles .. .. .... . . . . ........ ..... . .. . .. .. . • .. 4 F o ot no ... t s s ... . *, .... .. . . . . .. . .. . !j ., .. ... - • ., - ... ,...d #t ,. • ., .. . 7

II. THE BACKQ;'10UND OF INDONESIAN NATION.t.\LISM . . . . . . . . . . . - . . . . - 8

F o o t n o t e s • • - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 • • 18

I II. O!ti OTII OF Tili:- SAH.EKAT ...... . . .. .. .. . .. . . ... . . .. . 22

1. The Socia l Pnvi r o'kent ............ . . . ... . ... . . . ,. .. e. " .. ..... ... . . 2 . 'rhe Birth of the Movement • ... • .. • • • . . . • . . .. • . .. • .. • • •. . •••. " . 3. The Slmping of the Sarekat Islam Ideology . ..... .. ... . ... . . h. Uadji Samanhudi as Pioneer of Indonesian Nationalism .. - • •• F ootnot es

22 25 27 34 44

N. THE RI SE OF THE .. .. ... . . .. . ..... .. . .. .. . .... ..... ,. • • •• 4.... 48 1. Tjokr oaminoto as 11Definor" of Indonesi an nationalism .. . . . .. 2. &pansion and Integt-a.t1on . .... .. . .. .. ,. . .. ,. . • , * •••• .. .. .. .. ..

3. Ideological Development from One .:;ongress to Another . ..... . F ootnot es . ..... . . . .. . *· •· · ·· ·· ·· · .. · •• .. ·4· · · ·· · · ·· · -·

v. TIIB DECLINr 011' THE MOVE'rJRfiT . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l . Co.mtllUllist Intrusion • • , ••. ••••• • . ,.. .. . . ...... , .................. . 2. The Split in t he Sarekat Islam .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .... .. . # •• • • •• •

3. The Tr ansfonnat,ion of the 3. I. into a Pol itical Party • y. • • • •

48 52 68

70

70 89 96

103

VI. CON?RIBUTION OF THE MDV .:MEtrT TO n rDONBSIAN • •• ,. 106

1. Tho Political Achiovementn .. ....... . . . ... .. . . . . . , • •••• . •• • l o6 2. Social and Cultural Achi evements . . . . .. ......... . ..... .. . . . 131 3. The Legacy of the S. I . to the Indonesian . . ..... . 138 F ootnot es

CO NC LU S IO N . . . . . ••• - • ••• fl ••• ••••••••••••••• • •••••••••• 149 D I B L I 0 G It A P TI y • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • . • • . . . • • . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • • 153

T is tJlesis o. i nspix"at.ion ec!locs o::· the

V?.rio JS se'Tl:i.nars and l cctr:.rcs n.t tho rnstitute of Isle.yt\ic St uc1ies of

1 J""'._._.,· .,.,.,.,...,._ t v in ..... 1 . .,..J_t h b · i l '1 _ \ • ,_ , - _ _ ., _ ... , eer) :mS!)_rea JY -v 1e ver;l purpose

of the Inst·i.tnte itself, viz, the attempt to :reach an of

nodern developments in IslBrJ. t brour;h co ... opera-'ijiO"'l. of East and ,.:est .

The theme of this ·thesis is a response to the call of t he ideal

so clearly voiced ·by t.he of the Tnsti tute of I sla'T'.ic Studies,

P " -· c rot . •. • • Smith. It i s bis great love t.nd energy- in \vorking towards tbis

ideal t hat r;nco .. ·raged tl:e nresent writer tro contribute a sra.ll drop to

the ocean oi' projec-'tjs YJhlch tbe Inst;:tute is pla:n..11ing.

The -r;rlter of thi s t.hssis -rmulc like to record his indebtedness

to the Inc"' on.cBio.E -;.thich by awarding him a felJ.ovtShip , has

bl N l . t h . t l T T f l-1 •• d . t h t . ' L ena e.... n.m o pursue as:c. o .. ro • ,'l. .....asJ:t e pres en vrrJ.."0or

·.1ould like to exprcfJS his heartfelt t hanks for the encouraEol'!lcnt and the

}ncerstanding of Indonesian of ines ti:.r..able value for the

acco:n.plish::1ent of t:bis thcsts. J ast bt:t. nat least , t he '\-a"i t er would like

to c:-;::1Jress his ttanks to hr W. J. ;atson Vfho has s o sy-:npe.tha-ticallJ aided

him thro-ughout the t,:Lio of crafting as his advisor and [;,uido; furt1 Jer::1ore

as o me11bcr of the Institute's staff and as head cf t he Instit.1.:te 's li-

brar" · his constant interest in the thesis and his conti nuous activit y in

col] ectin · the needed books and other study .... :nater:Lals have been of inval ...

uable advantage.

iii

To the Institute of' Islamic S'Gudies and to all those who 'l7ish to

see the Indonesian and \!estern nations remain friends as the fruit of

their co-oooration, t his thesis is humbl y dedicated ..

Instituto of Iolar.dc 3tudios

University

April 1959.

T Jo.ylani

iv

I

This thesis was started at a time ·lifhen IndonesiD- was in a turmoil

of ideological camps, in which international peace and order could be en-

daneered. The nationalists, according to one of their prominent leaders, 1

Roeslan Abdulgani, are s till in search of an Indonesian identity, fighting

their way to their dim goal, exerting all their strength and their dearly

gained knowledge . The lt'Asscs, responding to the call of their faith,

cherish the aim of' establishing a "Baldatun ?Ja Rabbun Ghafuru,

a "beautiful , pure and prosperous country under t he protection of God the 2

Forgiver" . These have been and are still vdlling to sacrifice

everything which is dear to them, but due to tl1e lack of t he knowl-

edge and skill t he unvr.ieldly can nove only slowly, not yet able to

compete with the educated and skilled nationalists.

In this unhappy the third great ideolobY of Communisn

tried to fish in troubled water s, ·tryin to cat ch political po·wcr at all

costs, not renouncing i ntrusion upon anybody else's realm, and working

upon the lo17er instincts of the peopl e .

History seems to have itself, for at t he time when t he

carekat IslaJ1 !'ove."'."ent reached t he critical point in its struggle,

same situation had occurred . It was t he r usl:L11 masses who started a na-

tionalist movement, but i-t was the nationalist elite who reaped the

f ruits. The nationalist mass•:1ovement was the I slarJ ( ... Js lia

1

2

Anoociation) , vuhile the nationalist e"lite l7as .dudi Ut,omo ( l.oble .21deavour).

The conmnmist intruders were t he ReJ Sa.rckat lslam which at a later period

more clearly identified itsell' as Sa.rel<:at .:iakjat ( People 1 s Association)

The nationalist elite Dudi Utomo could not develon into a mass-...

r:1ovemcnt, and as it did not find support amonc ·the people, it remained a

cultural organization of t he prijaji (the Javanese civil servants and no-

bili ty) and of t he '7estern educated intellectual e'lite . The Sarekat I slam

movement on the ot.hor hand got millions o:f members very rapidly, covering the

whole Jtrchipe la.go , so much so that it could hnrdly control the mass-moveocnt.

At the s·tage when ·t ho Sarekat Islam ( 0. I . ) movement came int.o _,

being, Indonesian Nationalism nas negative. I t aimed at freeing the In-

donesians t he yoke of a ohase of nationalism a-

mong colonized people. So far Islam was not inconpatib le with it , and

could co- operate •nith the nationalists . But when it came to posi-tive

nationalism, t he conceptions began to differ .

Colonial nationalism does not strive for libert y and C:isappoar

when its aim has been reached, but t he nationalist sentiment continues

to develop into positive nationalism

Although the struggle for national freedom was still far

at the time of the movement, uniquely enough t he Sarokat Islam haei. .::.1-

ready planned to work out its positive content.

It i s the purpose of t l..i s thesis to get a viffi'T beneat h t he

surface of for an insight into the nationalism 11hich the S. I.

contributed to Indonesia, its negative as well as its aspects ,

and its effect s on the Indonesian 1tionali sm.

1. A Note on the Snel ling of Indoneolru1 .. ords -Born out of the Indonesian hao gone three

periods of developl!lent, viz. the Dutch colonial period from the 'ber;inning of

t ho 17t.·h century until 19L.2 , the Japanese occupation period from 1942 to

1945, and t he period of national independence from 17, 19h5 ormards .

As f ar an the latin spelling is cor.ccrned, changes 1.'1ere made U.."l-

officially during t he Japanese occupation period, most i:acortant of which

'VIas the c:h.anging of the Du tch v ouel oe, f'orroorly used in Indonesian to express -t he sound of as in the nord into This change has been con-

firmed by t he 2epublican Minister of ,ducation, Tui tion and Culture on 1!arch 4

19, 1947. Citationr; .from pre-·war writi..l'lgs, i.l'l Vlhich oc YJas still used, are

left unchanr;ed i n this t hesis .

The main differences bet;weon t he Indonesian the English spelling

arc as follcn'ls:

Indonesian Bnglish

dj j

j y

ng as in belonging -nj ny ac in John Bll!!lan

tj ch

The main d.ifferoneos of transliteration from Arabic are as folleh!G:

L11donesian ::nglish Itrabic

t s th ,___)

h h • c ch kh rc

4

Indonesian English Arabic .

dz clh J

sj sh

sh s • dl (d) d •

th t • dh z •

For the long vcrl'lels of Arabic, t he Indones i an transliteration uses

the circumflex accent ( .. . . ) or simply doubles the vowel.

2 . Indonesiru1 Names and Titles

According to the indigenous custom, many Indonesians , especially the 5

Javanese , only one name . According to this custom, a person r s na.oe

should be identical with the condition of tho person to whom that name is

given. A child's nar.ae often changes when the child becomes matlU'"G, or l1..as

chosen a certain occupation. For exampl e, a boy YJhose name i s Suta (meaning

nson") changes hi s name into Sastra (.meaning "letter11 ) ;·1hen he reaches his

maturity and becrunes secretary of the village - administration. It is easy to

understand t hat this custom of name- giving has its origin in ancient times

when mana or magic still ple..yed an important role in Indonesian life.

-.nen Hindu culture had penetrate'-' Indonesia, ma.ny Indonecians

\Vere proud to have nrunes of heroes from epics or names from t he

Sr.'=inskrit literature ..

The spread of Islrun among the Indonesians has brought about com-

binations of liuslim names attached to native na.ues like :'Tahidin ( l'rom

5

V/a hi d al-Din) Sudirohusodo (fron Su-, and. Old- Javru"!Bso prefix, meaning . -1 good ' or •supe:·iol'' , often put, l c.t.'cre nruaes; diro fro:r.1 the Old- Javanese

word ' dh:Lra' , mca.ning t haro t or 1 couro.gGous 1 ; husodo J.':"om the Bc.nskri t

Y/ord 1 •, menning 'remedy t ; .Su:Jirohusod.o vw.s a Ja \Ia. ph .. sici.:!.!l

who f ounded tho Budi Utomo raovement) . tJe:tJly converted lnclones:i.nn .Jusl:Lrns

used t o put the name of the prophet i n front o:: their nntl·:c

Sanskrit no.me .. la.tcr on :us lim namns in f JU,l are VC!7/ often used .

After the revol ution fo:- ma.cy a i ' Lstocra.!vs hav

d d + h · i t ti titl . ..., j r di + • ' 1 roppe ..., eJ.r ar s ocr.a · c - ec, as . .aoen J;.r a 1 pavl., · ,a"'"f-!

A eroun of !)utch In-.ioneslan intellectuals bea:- acauemic

titles ·which are still mt..eh prtzed . These conform -rJith those l n usc in

Holland , and some of them are still used nntil today. To prevent these

titles be:i.n: contused by 't1H:; read r·, the i'ollouing uost ir:ncrtant 6

ones are cet da&n:

Mr. i s an abbrevi a'ltion oi in de l=tochten, i .. e. of Ia\1s , a -law degree invol·1ir..g four years oi university ctudy .

Ir. i s an abbreviation of Ingenieu.r, i . e. Engineer, a in engin . .:erL'1g

involving five to s i x years of u ork at university l e :ol ..

Drs . is an abl>revifltion of Doct or andus , which that the person

bearinp; this title has co:rrrolctc,.\(f all 11orl: toward his doctorate '\:iith

tho exeption of the 'h ... dissertati on, w! ic'1 t: e title of Jr ..

(Doct or) may be used.

':he old Javanese title f ijahi, .. neat ling ' ::c.nourab lc ' or ' Chic.: ' ,

has taken the mcanine of aykh ' since Islam has entc ed :ndonecia .. I t

6

is nO':I often placed before the name of CuJ.a.ni, (::us lim scholars) liho are

in high esteem among tho Indonesians.

Another honourable titl e which Islam has brought t o Indonesia is 1

t he t itle of (from Arabic eajj) borne by those ·who have performad

the pilcrimage to .::Jakkah and thus enjoy t he honol.l!" and trust of their

fel10'."1- villagers .

7

J o o t n o t ,.,..,J . Plll l rt'SI'oW_,_...

l • :J .. , !P ... .tZuonnw:x'\a fU.JlichJ.ng !o:y. , .. , Oil · 19;1)1 p . iOt it,:c

na' :ln the r..dd.at or a ,"'roooao to £"o.:.-..:niit!2J- · oux -mt: nati onn.l U..''ld stat e ! h ·1o"'"' 1hy or ottr · which '"a can use ao tt e foundntiion of our stnt , t;o as our

tilG Utd a'n .. "IV: 15. ... :ase hs:. beco:--:Je :-- ic: 5-"1 th . ·ntroduct ·on of the ' ._\n ,

an .. : :ill!1?1..mdijuh dan \ .. :1 { Gonatitat. :.en !adijab O!nect c .. \UOD) . Tt ls ly trans int-o Ir o, "·'oirJ.n os ... o!J.a.;o: n tu

lJer:nro sutj don !:.mur, d;Lbmv,h :an 7u:P • .an Jane .. ah":l

i; .. l':,:. noto,

4

6

7 .... ! '

I -..4· .,; ...

in Indonesia

'\l' 1 I '¥' ""' 1 . _J.., p . J

c

II

Tlfi: II NATIOHALIS!.!

Nationalisl.Ti is a YJhenomcnon lwc shown a dccisiv8 :L11-...

fluence and f orce in history that it is to its

for the future s·t.ability, progress and welfare of the country and the

people of Indonesia It is a sto te of .mind, in whi ch the supreme loyalty

o.f the indivi dual is felt to be due to the nation, i .. c. an entity bound 1

by the desire to 1i ve t ogether . 11te .sentimontol and emotional content

of nationalism is in various and forms , as attach-

cent t o the native soil and hatred of foreign domination, loyalty to

rental traditions and to established territorial authorities , and, in

t he sta(-e of modern nationalisr1, loyalty to the na t lon- stace, i.e. a cer-

tain country with a sovereizn and loyal citizens. The 1'"JOrd

'nation ' , which oriq,inates fron the Latin · .. 'lord 'natio', ".7hich lk"ls tl1e

san1e stem an 'natus' 1 from •nascor' , :meanine simpJ;y· ' I am born'.

Si nce the seventeenth century the te1--;n tnat:i on ' :has meant t:0e po ulation

of a sovr;re) r;n political state, rec;tn.'dless any racial or 2

.. As for the term 1 ru'ltionality1 , this to a f:rou ) o:: : ersons ....

the s a;ne lan[l.lage and observing the Bab"le custor!S.

It is di.1 ficult to dete rmine where an t when nattonalis n was

born originally as an i deological movement .. :Jike rurJ.ny other ::i.nds of

move1aent it :ni snt star·t in dif ·crent ond times , depending on

many circumstances .. 1\s Indonet1ia, being a colony of t he DutcL

8

9

from the beginning of the seventeenth century to 1942 with five years of

British interregnum (1811-16) and followed by a three years ' Japanese oc-

cupation (1942-45), the emergence of nationalism in the Netherlands and

in England was probably of great importance.

It is notable that in the emergence of nationalism in both

countries r eligion had played an important part. The Dutch revolt against

Spain in the sixteenth century was a nationalist as well as a religious

movement. The English nationalist movement in the seventeenth century,

perhaps the mast important in Europe, was born of the Puritan Revoluti on.

The optimistic thoughts of the Puritan r evolutionalists, probably in-

fluenced by their increasing politi cal and the f lourishing of in-

dustrial and commercial activities , disapproved of Queen Elizabeth's

choice of a middle path between the Roman Catholic Church and Calvinism,

t herewit h seeking purification of t he Chur ch of England and giving to

it a national i dentity. Ins pired by the Ol d Testament, thes e Puritans

identified the Knglish people wit h ancient Israel as God's chosen people

to liber ate other peoples.

Generally speaking, the population of the Indonesian Archipelago

is of religious disposit ion. The gener osity of the fertile nature of the

"glorious realm of Insulinde that lvinds yonder round the equator like a 4 5

girdle of emerald" can only but bring "the ohildren of Mother Earth"

close to the Almighty Creator. The average Indonesian, from whatever

creed and breed, usually gives response to a call voi ced in the name of

God. This indigenous characteristi c of the Indonesian people is of pri-

mary importance in considering the force of the Indonesian nationalist

10

Tho religious characteristic forms in large part the answer

to the problem of why a based on religion, such as the Sare-

kat Islam, gets much more rosponse from the mansfls than n novcm nt based 6

on culture, such as tho Budi Utomo. I t gives the answer to the question

why the first basis of the state-phllosophv ie 3odhead, \thy the

of the revolution have al aye been pious patriots and such a revolut onary

leader as Bung Tomo in hie radio speeches or at mass-meetings, appealing

to his to struggle for independence, always concluded with

calling three times ''Allm"lu Akbar ", i.e. "God is the Grent11 • F...ven in

the early nineteenth century, when Dutch colonialism was still at its

hei ht and when exploitation and oppression war taken tor granted, it

was Islam which could stir the to fight for justice and indc-

p3ndence. in 1225-50 as the great progenitor of Indonesian 7

Nationalism got many f ollowers, his heroic figure itr..buod the

minds and hearts of the people with a sort ncstalgia because of the

fact that his struggle wae religiously motivatod.

Religion, and in the ease of I ndonesia it was Islam, formed a

factor for tho emergence of nationaliem. It was firstly that

ave ion to any foreign domination stimulated by Ielam, s condly the

strong sanae of eu riority which l elam gave to its followers, am

thirdly its politico-religious nature and its ideal of world supremacy,

that ude Islam the most important factor in the eser ence of nationalism

in I ndonesia.

Indonesian Nationalism in its infant state, es cia l y becau.s

11

8 OI its negative aspects, vas often regarded as a sort of di sease . Such

misunderstanding nas caused by laying too much otress on the negative

character of nationalism. Evon Nehru had such a conception when he wro·te

in his autobiography, stating : nnationalism is essentially a.n anti-feeling,

arul it feeds and fattens on hatred and anger a gainst other national groups, 9

and especially a gainst t he f oreign rulers of a subject country" . !f..

Bouman, who ,.Jrote soUle considera-tions about t he c;.ovcl optlent of Indonesian

nationalism on the of StUP.a t r a connent ed that

such opinion as Nehr u 1 s lit tle undo1 ... standing of the ley'sticiso of

nationalism. He also said that we could otll y speak o: nationalism if t he

sense of unity was imbued with a certain religious element, something 10

like t he ecst,asy of mys·ticism.

The importance of t he role of Islam t he emergence or nation-

alism in Indonesia could not be overemphasi3ed . IJe£t to Islam, foreign

dol'llirultion formed the s-trongest stimulus for the b irth of na.tionalism in

Indonesia. The exploi't,ation of the Dut ch Zas t Indinn Company from 1602

to 1798, t he transitional rule of t he Batavian f'ro::n 179S to

18o6, t ile iron hand of Governor Gc:1eral Daendels (leoe-11), mrked by

increased forced labour and his system of contingents and compulsary

deliveries in t he liberal r ul e oi the Eritish intcrrerrnum from

1811 to 1816, foll0\1ed o11ce more by a Dutch ·t,ransiticnal gcverr..mcnt by

Commissi oners-3eneral until 1830 when Govcrno_ J . Qj."aaf van don

J osch came to p011er and pro:!'lulJated t he rorccd cult.:.vation

system - all t hese forreed the fore ign domination -r1hich provided a f ertile

ground for t he seeds of nn.tlonalism. Just to give an exampl e of the

12

ion tn'i'Je • "":utch colo. ial 2u1e, -:_ o p .. csent -w1 .. ite .. uou - ill:e to

I brought mto the I"otherL"lnds ' ,10::119 • a t.r·ibute of not less n

r-dl..lion c a.ilJors , Ol. which ... 3 tri llio...11 ·to.dJ uso..i fo;..· t !IC .. "'du:..;ticn

Of UtC .. l taJ;:nc,,. J53 !!lill.iOtl f:Ulldors fo_· the ct . .:.on of the

:rn ad<iiti.J!1 o tltio, t 'lO "'70::;:'\0 .o rnd by 'the Dutch .... aot

COt\

,.. ...... .......

to ·- act

tho

1 ... o .. ·>ru1 continc t,, f.:u , ·J.y ...n t!1e pare, .m t nn _.ovinc::o s!owl.y JJ

un or• ;o.lng en evolution ru _d tal:in,; different

:en t lO rl.dst or y--nastic a.nd colo" · l wars, iv tooL · :1e 0.! r · n-

of tho near futuro. -t f I

act.er ich cu .innted ii. the :!)c bin n"llis.u of t 10 - lC , !"OVolution

13 15

of 1789. As a :reaction against Jacobin Nationalism, a r.10re refined and

aristocratic nationalism appeared under t he name oi' Traditional 16 alism. At a tr.ti.<h'Jajr point batueen Jacobin and ?radit;ional !:ationalism,

17 Liberal r:ationalinm developed in Germany a.ad Italy. A very

rit;id type of naticnalis.n, which took shape in 3uropc, especially in

the Central, and Southern pa..-ts, nas t lle so-called Intogral J.e Nationalism e

Especially Hmnanit:.arian Nationalism seems to have influenced 19 the Dutch political leaderG, such as Fransen van de PQtte ,

20 Kuyper, Van Jevonter , etc- Kuyper, as a leader of t he

Antirevolutionary Party, a Christian political part;y, :md long denounced

tho policy of eA.'"Ploitation and had pleaded for a po.Licy of moral obli-21

ga.tion and preparation for self-government, nding the passage o-2 t he

Indian Constitutional Act of 1854- (this was t he pseudonym

of :Jomves Dekker) wrote in 1860 an uu't,obiographical account of his

experiencies as a colonial civil servant .. This literary l7ork of his was

called Max Havelaar after a famous coffee-auctioneer at Amst,crdam.

Coffee, one of t l1o plantation products which laid the heaviest burden

upo11 t he people of L"1uoncsia, i'orned the inspiration f or a sharp satire,

but witl1 a novin: .ly brilliant style which could galvanizG t he public

:L:.to actior .• Ur. Coen:caad Theodor van .)eventcr, uitne3sing t ne lack

Of educational O!_)portunity for the Indonesians W:ilO C.eservcd it , and

Lnowing that ·this lack was caused by tho inability of the government to

finance it while Dutch ente1·priscs ·were earning t ens o.t millions, 1'7I'ote ._2

t he famous articl-a flA .Jebt of T1onourrt in J e rJids of l C..,, • He :nainzy

14

advoca"tccl t hat. the Dutch, having drained hundrerls of millions O'lt of In .. 23

donesia, were morally obli6ed to restore at least a part of' the sun,

since Indonesia had fallen short of for the so sorely needed de·

velop:nent of the people. 1'tis "Debt of Honottr11 s hould not be pai<i once

in tl.Le form of money, he saia, but the Dutch gover t'..ment should take upon

itself the afore-mentioned. mornl obligation as expressed in t he vmrds of

the speech from t he throne in 1901: "As a Christian e.'Tlpire, the

lands are obliged to inbue the -.·;hole of the goverrrnent • s pol ::cy vri t h the

conviction that the netherlands have to fulfill a 710ral vocation to,,-nrd 24

the population of their l"'et,ions . n

Thus with this speech fron the throne in 1901, the Dutch colonial

policy turned tor;ard a policy of benevolence , as t he ithical Policy ,

the narte of flhich introduco2 for the first time by P. Drooshooft in

1901 in a pa!phlet, called Do Kocrs in de Koloniale Politick 5

(The Ethical Course in the Colo:1ial Policy) . .Erooshooft , , won-

de red how far the new ideal woi.lld be realized . ,.,bile the above-nentioned

stateoPnt from the throne was nade on the instigction of the Christian

h h 1 d . 1-h ' t - d . . . 1 +' tl !Jarties in t e ,-;ct er an s) ·u e ;e,as J.n 1 -r.sC-.i 1e new course \em.s

initiated by the liberals.

Apart the ques tion whether this £thical Policy r eally

meant to inprove the bad condition of the colony or not, indirectly it

increased tho stimulus for t!:.e er 1erzcnce of nationalis . • Anong the fa-

vourable results could be mentioned the land-policy which after 1874 tended to preserve t he pattern of ar;ricul tural Hol c:t.nr;s and

the c'cvelopment of a lar ·e alien group, the improve::1ent of public

26 health-services , a slight :L"'lcrcase in the nu."':lbel" of educaticnal i_ns ti-

2? tutions, 17:1il'} t he mcreasc 11as n::in1J due to t he o:

28 t !1.e t:"'opic.:ll products. still t he Ct h:tcal i olicy di d

succeed in:

2 ) ch::mgi:1;_ t 11c ccono:::ic :Ihic .. l st. ill tended t o stifle busi1ess

.:1erchant clas:; ,

3) olll1ir'..ati."'1g entirely tiw reluctance ·to Indonosia.r1G to gain ex-

peri e:1cc i.-: seli'- ·;overrunent,

4) provi dlllg a baslo for educational

5) O.?et::..:1t; jobs lor Indoncsiuns Y.it'1 ti1eir 29

All these s hortcom:U1ris vrere stimuli to increase t '1o

nationul consciousncsG of the 'i'he small number of' Indonesians

who succeeded in ob1..t1ining higher education, lil:e the students of the 30

Dol:ter J jcn1a School, voiced for t he first time ·cheir asoirations of

natiomlit:>"'D..

Karti;.1i ( 1879-1904; . She ono o... the pl .. omi.Tlont Javanese riomen -:·Jl o

. . ... t . . ' d . . ' ' t tl " t t h t 1 m oo am] . .ng .. os·.;ern c o ·.1e rae a s 10 was

t Lo daughter of a R.ct;cnt. It I'! as she u .. 1 J .for ferAD.le-cmancipatio:1,

de ;ar'"Jinr equa!._ for lio:nen, especially as ro a::·ds

then Dirac-tor- oi' the partroont ducation of the volonial goverru ent ,

J . H. Abendanon, who ·.as by her ideas , colloc·:ed the lct te:rs

16

which she had sent to her 1 utch frienos about her ideas of reform and

progress. Abendanon co:npiled these letters into a book, which was edited 31 Vlith the title Door Duisternis tot Licht (Through Darkness to

Historically, -when ideas of emancipation \1ere voiced by a. vronan, usually

thi>J was an indication that condi·tions had matured for the

birth of a novement.

Important hiotorical events in the lloar and .1. ar l!..ast took place

and forned strong sti2uli for the emergence of nationnlism and In 1904-05 Japan brought its Yiar vii t h Lussia to a successful end with tre

of Port Arthur and t he annihilation of the Hussian

attack on Tsushima by the Japanese under General Togo . This proof of the

superiority of an Eastern nation see11s to have originated a wave o:.:

national consciousness which svmpt into other Asian countries. Egyp-tians,

for exanple, had a certain veneration for t he Japanese, "considering a s

t hey do that their war against .,..ussia was t he becinning O .l the general .32

renaissance of the Orient". vn the of Java, colourec pictures, 33 glorifying the Japanese victories, vrere found even in rc:note villages

As t ::e Japanese had been granted equality \\ri tl: the Zurop3ans by the

Colonial governnent, ti1e nationalist sti1ulus was felt so mu.c:1 the ::ore.

On this inprcssive historical event t.uha.omad hatta once ·wrote·

• • • the thunder of canons in " crt Arthur, ,·mere ·che Japanese succeeded i n bac·-:: t lJB Russia att.c;.ck, ::..t was as if t his thunder of victory :,avjfl to t he eastern islands and vverfle\. the co::ats of I'1dones:trr.

17

Then after the Chinese Republic had been founded in 1911, Chi·

nose warships visited Java, and Chinese officials ca'!le to enquire i.1to the

position of t heir compatriots; s ince 1908 the Chinese had got Dutcl1-C 1inese

Schools f ounded and sponsored by the travel and residence

strictions pertaining to Chinese were gradually abolished from 1904 to 1910;

later on in 1912 more satisf actory arrangG.m.cnts 'l.ere made for the ad!inis •

tration of justice .

The situation had become ripe f or the emergence of a nationalistic

movenent .

ootnotca 1

illnn l u ( o.

5

C-rlton J • .• J'r'l:,.e.:.: ., Co. , 1 JJ , J J:· ..

ian· Chli;pnai" aro .... says on

4

18

,1 •. t .. cr.t, (Crcn:i.n ·e il: l • . ....,....,. ............... .. oordhoff 1912) o. 262 . "' .... 5 "putei -pu ucra Thu Perti 1.:. · is a · ell· knut n It

6 13- di Utomo 1;as a culturcJ. rat fo'rl e< on 19

£9..! .. pp . 19-37.

_.nril ...

"oll nr; co i: I

7

12 . ._...._..,.,

lbi ., p . 9. 13- ...

cd a

ll'lma:n.i t:-:trian (171-2-76)

p.. lln.

p. 11 •

9·c as rder fl'r4b· l803)

of' scie ce for of .... atter .n 13:\l;

b) exaltation and aLilost deific·tio't'} of hunan reason, which a.nd

should be utilizcC: by -the i'ldi vidual to discover the of nat't r-e

and to enable h:L'1l to conform his life to theY'll:

19

c 1 a ssur:ri..nt; that woulc use his reason a.nc1 obey the naturc?.l lev-., t'.is

? romised the progress and perfectability of t he hu .. ":lcin race;

d) a te:-1der for vhc natr·ral of the i .. diYidua.l and a predi-

lect:.'Jn f'or the social blesslr of an enlightcn0i hu111anitarianis;--1.

rthcr J . 1L Hayes , The Historical Evolution of ocern Nat1.onalis,, , pp. 13-lt2 . - ---

15 J·acobin 'l .. 1ad four c!1aracteristics, nanelv,

a ) it ,_.,"anted France to be indi,-:·._sible, a11C. reptblic"n,

egalita::·ian a 11d s ecular; L) to its cndc, it relied e-.rcntPally on force a.'"ld rrilit ari ;

c ) it inf\..sed the thrillinG e.1ot.ion of a and :ronantic religi cls eY::_;erier C€ i '1to tho re:1s0:" of the 11 ':htcl'-'lent 11 ; the

and cerenonics wlrlch it evolved -- the national flag , t ho national ant,1e ··1, the naJ(d.onal holidays, t !-:c nat ·ional s:1!'.i.Jcs, the libc:-t:-

caps , the altars to 11 la Patrie" , t;1c crc.vcn ta1)let ... of tl1.e natio!1al

law, the buptis-1 and tte J.Xl.r:Jd ..... eulogies, t:1c inscriptions of ort pour la Patriett -- wer'C' touching

vf the of whic'1 the Jacobin s .:;,·

stituted for t he older Catholic Fo.ith; d) . 1.. • • • 1

lv naa a :nJ.ss1.ona:ry zaa.J .• Among the progen.itors of Jacobin ·:ationalis:n 1;ere £ ris0ot, Petic·n,

t-o l and a"ld otl1ers. See further Hayes, The Hi...:torical of or:crn

Nationalism,pp. LJ-33. 16

rraditional Hatio!1alis 1t ar-p'3ared a.., a reaction to t he

i11tolera1.ce, cruelty, etc. ::>f Ja(!cbin ro.:.l

doctrinal di:!.'fercnces betwet!n Jucobin and Trafi tional iiational:Ls-1. 'l'hesr-

differe .ces were: a ) Jacobi.as based on :aat·.:ral rights; the :'ro. .'iti.o11alists

it on historic rights; b) Jaco1J:ins -;·.rer e denocratic, while ·trc other vias aristocratic;

c) Ym.s revolutionai:' , t '1e otner d) t he for"'ller s-r.rcsscd the absolute of 1e lk'1. "ional state

nne str0ve to develop abo ' t it a popu.lHr rel:t·;io;'l o:: the otl1ar, preac nati.on'll _ a.t.riot:; , t cndc t o r egard

n.s plural nnd so,,;:ht to r 0concilo to t he

state with loyalty to traditional Christianit;r.

L ro .in::!::. 'fr:._C.l Nationa listc 1n Bcnalr' :1:1d S'chlegel .

See further Hayes, The His t.or _. al l!.'volution o.r Modern :ra ..... 1, ... --....... .......... -

pp. Sh-119. 17

Liberal Nat ioi is bc.sPd on the philcsophy of i.e. the iciea that the f-undamen tal impulse of an is to

seek pleasure and to a-voiri z:ain. Its f o·P...:.!der ;r:; .. s Jere:.1y DenthaJn

20

(1743-1832). See J . H. The Historical £yolution of Loden1 rationalism, pp . 120-163.

13 Integral was born in the eighteenth century "as the

exclusive persuit of national policies, the absolute maintenance of national integrity, and the steady increase of national power -- for a nation de• clines, if it loses nilitary t1ight 11 • Thus the words of i t s rigid doctrinaire Charles This Nationalism has been in process since the niddle of the nineteenth centur,y, anc its general traits are: a ) it has not to do 1dth oppressed or subject nationalities,but rather

with nationalities which have already gained their political unity and independence;

b) it is hostile to internati onalism preached by hunanitarians and liberals; c) it makes the nation not a means to humani ty, not a stepping stone to

a new world order, but an end in itself; it puts national interests above those of alike;

d 1 it refuses co-operation with other nations except as such co- operation may serve its m7n interest, real or fancied;

e ) it is jL!eoistic, distrusts other nations, labours to exalt one nation at the e:;.._"Pen.Ge of others, a?'ld on physical force;

f) it is militarist and tend to be imperialist; g) in dooestic affairs, i t is rdghly illiberal and h) it lrould oblir;e all citizens to confonn to a common standard of manners

norals to share the unreasoning for it. All these it ·would do "in national int erest" ! Besides :.:auras, the well ... known sociologist August Comte (1798-1867), Taine and Barres were the ohilosoohers and theorizers of this kind of Nationalisn. . ,. See further Hayes, The Historical Evolution of pp. 164-231.

19 Bernard H . ... : . Vlekke, Ges chiedenis van den Indischen

(Roenond ... : :aaseik: J . J. Romen & Sons, 1947 ) , p. 61:'11. 20

cee on. cit., p. 8. The Dutch East Indies (Berkeley and Los 1\ncelos: University of California Press, 1942), p . 63 .

21 Vandenbosch, on. cit., p. 63.

22 Vlekke, ou. cit ., p . 390.

23 [)ee the figures on p . 12 i."1 t his thesis.

24 uoted Vlekke, op. cit., p. 390.

25 "The Ethical Course in the Colonial Policyn (Amsterda-:1: 1901\ ,

see op. cit. , p. 26

Georoe Ka.hi.n, "Indonesian Politics a'IJ.d ·ationaliS':l" , in

Asian liationalism and the r est, ed . by 'hillia-:1. L. Holland ( .. Iew York: 'I1bc Mac..:ilfan Co. , pp. 67-68.

27 Vlekke, op. cit . , pp . 397-98.

28 Thid.' p . 391.

29

21

See :icT. Kahin, "Indonesian Politics and in Asian Hati onalisn and the : est, pp . 67-68 .

30 The first institution of hic:her studies, established in 1849,

only to instruct vaccinators , but successivel y i n 1875 and in 1902 raised to a college l evel.

31 R.A. Kartini, Door tuisternis tot Licht, thoughts about and for

tho Javanese people , from' the late Raden Adj eng collected J . H. Abendanon ( 1 s-Gravenhage: iJ. V. Electrische Drukkerij 'Luctor et Emergo ', 1912 ) , Jrd Impression.

III

04 In llJ OF' THE SAREKAT I SLAM :MOVEMENT

1. The Social Environment

CUlturally speaJ:ing, three strata of culture form t he ha.rmoni-

ously and solidly comentGd foundation of t he Indonesia.l'l nationality. The

first stratum is t he indigenous considers mana as t he con-

tral p0\7er of life; t ho second stratum is Hinduism -.7ith an equally strong

Jeyoticism as t hat of tho Indian Hindus ; tho third stratum, the tor laye:r.·,

is t he Isl.a.r.lic culture \'Jhich has moral characteristics such as tolerance , 1

progressiveness, dynamic , etc. The characteristic of tolerance is largely

due to t he fa.ct t hat the penetration of Islam v1as through trade, spread

by peaceful merchants and teac:"!crs. 'i'he prosress i vc ch-.., ..... acter devolop..:d

since :J:odernist Islaraic t houghts entered the Indonesian .1usli.m cormmmity.

The :Juslims have shown t heir dynrua.i.c force in facing t he challenge and

oppression of and coloni aliso.

The begirmine of tho tt1entieth century nas marked by bad con-

ditions in Indonesian society. During centuries under t he heav-.f pres-

sure of tch colonialism, only shortly inter rupted by the liberal Eng-

lish interregnum and finally followed by t:H) J utch period of Ethical

I·olicy the social pos ition of the h.:>d becom thoro-.....ghly

unsatisfactory. The:"e prevailed a feeling oi' depcndor:ce on and inferior-

ity to f oreigners , to tho Dutch and the Chinese. The Jutch,

havi..l'lg political poocr in their hands , very o.l.'tcn took a huniliating

22

23

attitude toward the Indonesian natives, whom they called 1Inlanders ,

meaning ' Natives• and acquiring a very humiliating sense, since the word

•vuil• or dirty was often attached to it. Indonesian natives had to pay

marks of homage to thei.r European or native masters, while foreign Asiatics

did not. Race-discrimination prevailed. The Administration of law very

greatly favoured Europeans; detention for examination, applied not only

to accused persons but often for convenience to witnesses also, was an

evil which had not yet been entirely abolished; trial and punishment

by the were not always just and were imposed only on natives;

there was insufficient for private property; cases occurred in

which someone who robbed preferred to say nothing in the court rather

than become a victim of the unpleasant methods of the authorities.

The common man in Indonesian society had suffered the hardships

of forced labour; native workers in European plantations were often ill-

treated. To these oppressed and humiliated Indonesians Islam voiced its

encouraging verses, such as "Faint not nor grieve, for ye will overcome 2

them if ye are (indeed) believers". (III :l39)

The Indonesian viz. the farmers and merchants,

were more and more deprived of their economic independence by the keen

competition of European plantations and industries, while the retail-3

trade had long been mainly in the hands of Chinese and Arabs.

The position of the Chinese had been strong since 4

the establishment of the Dutch Indian Company in 1602. In the be-

ginning of the twentieth century, i.e. one century after the East Indian

Company had ceased to exist, the economical power of the Chinese in In-

donesia as still incco they did not obtain le.eal author-

i ty to conduct the economical affairs 1 they did obtain functional con-

trol over native crop land ani thus bad at t,t)eir disposal toe .arketable 5

t>roduct,s dorivcd £rom ·he lan s , na.maly as nell s e...'cport crops.

The increas ing \l'olume o£ export crops grown by ·t.he L"ldoneui :1-n populcrtio

did not !.ncrea.ae the welfare 0;f t.he peasants since a uubstantial part

of its value went to so and /u'""ab T"nc Chinese est cial-6

ly absorbed the major share.

The Arab merchants were tf.nrer in ?artly they Yrere nru;ra-raawt Arabs vtho; . .e religiousness was rather uncertain, considering tJ:e fact

that t ey showed rathP.r as usurora than as pious JlSlins . Only

later on when the Indones · n slim move1cents had been consoli:la.ted and

Arab reli3i '")us teachers hud come t-o Indon id their sury 7

begin to decrease notably.

For the realization of tba Ethical Policy, A. w. F. Idenburg 9

8

in a bill dated July 201 1904, plan.'"'lcd an extension o£ cdueation in In-10

donesia the Christian :issionary. To J . B. van Heutsz, the

newly appointed Governor General of the East Indies (1904-Q9) 1 '"e ave

the following :i.nstrnotion:

I v:ould like to er,dorse e promise Ji.Ven by the nistar IJi! Colonial Affair!! concerning the spiritual welfare of the Indtes, na.L 9lya goverm ent in Dutch East Ill,U.es should recognize that it is desirable, both for i:JJe spiritual and the . ...ateri l elevati{)n of the Christianit.y evertwnare ong t •

This political conduc-t of Idenburg ' s was branded as party or

christianization policy by his political opponents . This was also t ne

publi c opinion or the Indonesian Hus lims . Idenburg and his supporters

25

c laimed t hat t his poli cy was desir;ned for no other purpooe t lmn to serve

the public weal, consi dering t he f act that t ho organization of a real

system of popular education by the state would be completely beyond t he 12

financial strength of ·t,he state

/unidst such a social environment , political, economical and cul-

tural conditions reached a critical point in t he f irot decade of tho

t17entieth century. rrhe Indonesian atnosphere 11as brening a s t orn of dis-

satisfaction which TJould burst out into the pot?orful stream of a people's

movement ..

2 • The Birth oi' the liovement

Uany developments grm1 ouv of this social environment . Firstly,

dissatisfaction was growing due t o t he already mentioned deteriorating

political, and cultural conditions. Secondly, there emergec

ws.Onr.; t 'he young generation a group 'Who had succeeded in obtaining

education 1n t he course o:f Tihich they had made acquaL'"'ltance vrith t he

modern ideologies of nationalism. great hictor ical events ,

such a.s the Japanese victory in its ·war againDt =:ussia in 190:5 , occur::ed

and formed stim.uli for the emer gence of nationalism and :'an- Islamism ..

Fom-thly, certain ; cust oms of t he Indonesian people , such as

g_o'l;ong rojon.i (mutual help i.fl vilL'lge l ife) ( counsellinr; ) ,

got the potcnt,i a lity of developinr; into democratic institutions. :_i':i.fthly,

26

there was an incroasin challen;;c of t he es:'ecially t he Chinese,

nhosc increased impingement upon the vestigial native mercPAnt

class Tlas the outstandinp immediate cause of t he emer gence of a..l! Indonesian

political-nationalist leadership . All t hese develonmcnts for:1cd t he seeds

of a nationalist movement soon to be born

The substantial causo of the political,

a_r.td cultural conditions on the eve of the outburst of the nationalist

movement was the fact that native leadershi p bccam3 more the of t he

i:etherlal'lds colonial rcgir:le than the guardian of the Indonesian ::_;eople ' s 13

interests. The whole elite of ryrijaji (the civil se!"Vants and t he nobil-

ity) and the aristocracy 1'Jas ut ilized and employed by 'jhe Dutch colonial

rule.

It was again the nho provided effective leadersrdp to

the fJl"m-J:L"lg nationalist movement and gave birth to the politically-based

nationaliot ma.ss- organizatio!l, t he Sa.rekat Islam, in the f irnt decade

of the t11enticth century . Tni s movemen-t uburst upon the heretofore tra'1-

quil colonial scene with a suddenness and a force u f'.ich quite astonished lL

not only t he Dutch but nany Indonesians as well' . It uas ;1adji Sa . .£P,hudi

cenber 2e, 1956 ) \7ho actually sta.-rtod t hi s novemcnt, sacrificing

all his wealth to finnnco its or ganization. He started it as early as

October 16, 1905, but hi.s lack of moder n organizational methods and

publicity, so essential for t.-10 new movement, coobincd with hi s

humility caused h:L.1 to fall into oblivion until 191:_, uhen Tjokroa:!linoto

came on the scene .

27

In the meantime, on :Eay 20, 1908 , the Wes tern-educated secular

able to and for1ulate the current aspiration, founded

t:1c Eudi Ltono (Noble Dndcavour), which became knm-,n in history as the van-

guard of the Indonesian nationalist "lOVa1'Jent . It vms not Hadji E'=D.manhnc i

but .Jr . .ahidin Su.dirohus odo 1.110 beca111e knolm as the of Inooncsian

nationalis:.'!, the twentieth of ... is officially celebraJved by t 11C

of Indones::.a as •1io.ri N&sional* or t!1e ' ay of

Nat5.cr-Ln.l • The real hero renained olJscure.. L' h::.stoire se

repetel

3. The Shaping .or. the Islc.u-u I?colocy

.:'eeling of bclonr;ing to a clan was very strone a'!l.ong J!!ost

of the Inc' onesia:1 peoples. !Iazeu, the govE.nnl'nent 1 s ad-...'1-ser for native

affairs, reporti..Y}g on the first conc:-ess of th0 1 Jong fmnatranen no.1d1

(Young l..ssocia.tion) in 1919, pointed out that the inangka.bauer 16

feels hi ,her " then th"'l 'l'npanulian, :;nr' v:ice ve-'sa . Tho

pr--sent Yciter recalls :'ro h:is boy 1ooe in the 1930s thnt t.1 se senti-

ments eris-ucrl the Ja-v-anese an ., t he J\laboncse , 7)ctwee!1 thq Hinang-

kabaucr and tl1e JD.Yancsc , etc. Thcs"" conflict· n se Tt.i.Tilents '"'etr:eo 1 the

clans ... :ere a:ll..":la.tod, or least left to prevail by t he Dutch colonial

author:i. ties as part of thc_r polic" of ttdivit.ie et l.:-roera" .

. ith the 3.\mren..;..,::; of hav.i.nr; a COULlT.iO"'l ene:11y, i . e. the

easily tc into a feeling cf a of a 17

according t o y:as n a forned duralle co.mm.u.ni ty o.:

28

lancuaf!e, territor;,r, economic life and psychical condition, e:.:pressed in

a cultural entity". This regional nationallin 11as by a strongly

developed local patriotiml a..."'ld specific cultm"'al expressions . :Cou:nan, who 13

m:1dc a study of th0 development of Indonesian I:ational::.sm in 1I:i..n.-:mcJcn1au,

used for this kind of nationalism, · ans !\ohl;. ' s terminolo::· of J:rult-u;coll

[OSChichtlichC I ' to be distin[:'UiShCd f.rom 1politiac:h-gcof:::'a.·-Jhische

riation'

The second and t l1e beginninc of the tl..lt .. d decade of the t-.Jen-

ticth century sa:rn omergcnco and development O-- this regional nation-

alisn in Indonesia. The ymJn'"Y ge:1eration o.t'gD.Ilizcc.l t,hcmselves in ucoocia-

tions such as the aforc-nr-ntioncd Budi TJtomo (founded .Lt:t 1.ay, 1902t rep-

resenting Javanese nn.tiomlism), Par;vjubaL 0asundan ( >unclar:ece Unio!l,

founded :L'1 1914, Dtu1daneso nationalisr ) , !.au:n .... etcn1i ( l!..sso-

ciation of Batavians, founded :L"1 19231 l,Gprcsent.ing a specific local

nationalisn disth1ct from that of tho Javanese and tho Suudanose) , Serikat

&i.ll:Ils.tra (the Young Smnatrans Association, founded. in 1919, expressi..11g

Sun:;tran nationalism), etc. All these associations were founded on cul-

tural and historical bases . Pa.gujuban Pasundan, for example, made t:he

following statement to justify its raison d•etre:

Tho different Indonesian peoples mve different cultural ex:)rosoions . . It in !movrn to cveryboct:; t:wt m fact eacl1 part of tho Indonesian population considers itself as standi."l.g on its CJ•'1L, t\1e large manseu sti:: feel ns cvc1" Javanece,

::inanrrl:aba.uer, etc .19

In the field of literature the emergence and developnent of regional

nationali sm oan also be easily traced . vuhamm..:ld Yanin in his sonnets

29

20 of nostalgia for his •ranah Air' (fatherlan0) referred clearly to wU-

matra. In his 1'W.nderinr;s over Java in the 1920s, he was loncing for the

"green lookinc; chain of mountains, the ' Bukit Barisan• in Sumatra. He

meant exolicitly "Sumntra" vmen he was yearning for his fatherland,

(', , .... Y co, ntry, o my j slanc here the laneuace birds the nation

J thin1c of you nie;ht anci do.y lntil ,ny soul nearly faints avroy 1f thP nohle lane :leeds sacrifice for our destj nation u'ly boc1y and soul are r e-;ady at han0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • w • • •

rhe importance of the role of Isla-n i n early Indonesian i'TationaliSi"J

lay in the fact that it became a bind element and a SjTP'lbol o.f nati011•

ality . Isla:t gave spirit11al strength and to t.he

ideology of nationalism, favourable for its gromh and e·'tcnsi0n. As

FroMbere stated:

• • • :;:slar:1 for the '10t only '"' point rel.i-gio-·L aut also of ne!tiona.lity . For, aG Isl::: , the /futch7 t yrant hn.s not encroac-1-:ed upon it a"1 t,,e relir.;ion is-consequently that which h1.s re1ained slunoering of the pushs( by the tyrant, the b:· whicb they can otj_nguish oach other as nationalities. One whc turns from shak.s ofi' as it vrcre nntiono.lity.

!:.drin.ni also noticed this national ele:--ent when he the

flo tris11in of the Sarok:1t Isl.:l to the fact "that the vaneucrl's have

assu1ed an I sla'llist, i.e. a point of vien. Isla'il is the :.ation ...

ality of' the Javanese . • . "; while Blt:."nbo:"ger wrote <i')out "the great

parJOr o 23

Isla.!!' as social ns national

30

Accord in to 0

,.1:.,., "'riani, Islam :1 the of nutior..al co:t$cio '&ness of tho brown 24

L to . ro \ihi ton •; .. Tt!O pressnt .ri ter, -dwn oi 1

tct. nt about I lam ¥ <i:J npbol of viz . uho " lincse nativos

w!1o 'fl:vc eonvel'tcd t-o lsla.-n droppc thei r Bal:inoaa nationality, and

insteo. ' of c li..'f! t. tho'".f themsel vcs -'t s1 j 'nS !

be C.2.1.1eJ ""'a.linese any m-ore, for the s in. lo re.:lson tl:.at tl a P.cli·

to llr'! ... .re b n fe2 t as a elUlllongc · y tl"e Dutch colonial

"Xlr cr sa-\.0 in tho pcli ticaJ. of tho 'poll tisch•geo;!rsphinchs

offensive pol:..t.ical tom for violent proP<;..,

-,.. ""' .. h h .. ..._._..

!"aci.aJ nau.ionali:;,m, ·-,hich aocic-c ltnra,_ i..'1 nat ·.c, U!Jed to o.eveJon 26 a religio·1i.> bae: round of bi ine ru1ccst a.1 T.1e

&rekat novc.ilent scened to be embodyi.'"'l(; 'the fo_ .0r k . .nd of 1[ .tio ,...

ali,... and 1.:n thus consi 'ercd a a ma.n3Ce by 1:..\-:le ·teL colonial g<. ern-

":\ 1t . aS evident i'ro.11 the i'rtct that ti-c s\;: 1t by the

Islar tv ob4-.ni.n incorporuvion \T.lS nat .d, mo :lt lik 1:." .i.

stroat ... ri-ot -;h.:.cn had :en 27

,

31

and i'oeterad by the Ottomc1on oultrm P.bclulbmaid II in tho baginrlna o:f: the

By

• • t ,.,en

=Tt ,,.._, • t 1 . 1e .... a{ .. :t$ mo ; thou.:;.a n<.:·t exo usrvely, 'W.'ti:lr-a ... -rf. ile the sh'l:re! ... psrty is socittll:t pa.1 ... !sL.1 list,

a;;, ideal :i.tnJ "'r. rzin;..> i rl ·fih':" • u.slim ctttrt·lli"l ty through disrccnrd .,..ace•pocu1iari tics . 28

for

ll100ern p! o.oticos only ii so far a.; thoy arc clt:.c-29

fl...;).tional :1nstitut ... ons · :hile leav.inr:; opon to tJ"cm the o ·p

tunity of a evoJ.ut:!on 1 uourn direct.: n, a ...

,. ..... t • •1

32

press all kinds of Pan-Islamic i deas, which at invi ting

foreign powers to influence the relations between the utch

governn1ent and its eastern s ubjects .

Islam was one of t he active factors tended to

local or regional nationalisr.! to break through towards an Indones ian

nationalis;1. In t!lis regard Bouoan made the following statement:

If something can bend regional nationalism into a nation-alis:r. of Greater bond , it i s surel y a religion such as Islam,

gives t he interest in fellow-believers i n other areas, by which the erowth of group-feeling is stimulated and in the long run nationalistic sent iments are also avmked. 31

The ideology which began to take shape t ho of t he

Sarekat Islam was a kind of nationalism 1Jhich had I slarn as its i 1spirine

S}ubol a"'ld its uniting bond and could be designated as I slamic

Th.e shaping of the Sarekat Islam ideology took place vmen mo-

dernist thoughts began to filter dovm into Indonesia in the last

decades of the nineteenth century. The Dutch gcvcrnment uhich t;as con-

cerned that modernist ::uslim ideas, such as Pa.n-Islamism, mi ght disturb

t he "peace and order11 of the colonial rule, banned t he "dant;erous'' Arabic

books frorr. enterinG Indonesian territory. l!evortheless, through Indonesian

wt.o studied at a l-Azhar or in lfakkah, and t hrough the fisrring har-

bour of Tuban, Arabic magazine s and newspapers, bound into ki tabs (bcol-:s )

were "S!'1ugglcdn into Indonesia; among others were al-0 'Grwat al-1 "uthga,

al-::u 'a;yyan, al·Siyasah, al-Livr.i, al-cAdl, all from Cairo, and 32 -

al-Qis}as both from Al-currmt al-- ' a l - Fum.m an •

( In 1issol ublo Bond) v;as an Arab ·weekly, published by JamaJ.. al-

3.3

:i.n tha ! uvl:n 1ril.St.

followc rt:J,

put, .fo:r-Ntl.t\.1. by Cp.J:xlu11 Lccru .... e kncr.-m in .. nosic. . . ........... aince lt97 by Ricin, who bccnre :..:.; chi· f' disctplc .

35 • of. c 1\bd .. th" s ideo.o '\'f7.1iC!1 mif:ht have :; t.::ilJ latcd '! ·1ic

•. :yr·th.('l,_ is

trc'non.d('us etW"'.l.Cticn !'or the I ndonet3in.ns. The otic

socia . econo .; c prj.nciples. Finelly the seed:.; oi: ::1e e ir'ea«- se:s Gd

34

to have found a fertile community ground, vrhich had been deeply ploughed

by the experience{3 of fo reign dominnticn anc out of which arose the 36

(fagang) Islam on October 16, 1905. Because of the lack of skillful

lcad8rship, it, was only as late as 1911 that the Sarekat (Da gn.ng) Islatll

reached an articulate organized phase and was transferred into the power ..

ful Uirekat Isl ,qp movement under the e=cpert l eadership of Tjokroa11inoto.

4. !jadji barnanhudi OS Pioneer of Indonesian rfational; am

was one of the young Indonesians, at the aec

of thi.rty ... six went on pilgrimage to . ."akkah in 1904. It 1.va,s after his r et urn 37

from the ii0ly Land that Hadji Sa1nanhudi founded the .Sarekat Dagang Islan

(S.D.I. ) in (Solo), Central Java, on October 16, 1905.

A millionaire after inheriting properties f rom his fa·liber, he 38

vas a groat batik manufacturer and merchant in La1Yijan, bOlo, wlth

branche:::; at Bandung, Semarang, Suraba.j a and Banjurmngi.

Considering the fa.ct t.ha.t Hac1ji Samanhudi ndcd hia or;;a,1iza ..

tion ehortl y aft er his return from !iakkah and himself sacrificed much of

his property to finance a :-·1ovement to promote the Indonesian na.tiontll

trade, it m.ay be concluded that the very motiv:. of his a ctions that,

kind of id.eas which emerge c1 throunh the influence of thB cAbdu 1 and

al-Manar movement. ".:: t was a kind of nationalism \'lith broader Md

aims t han that of the already existing local or recional

v:5.z. rjav;a!l.ro, Sunda!hrn, etc. It had Islan as its

ond i ts bindint; factor and co1.' l d ttus be desir;:"lated as I s la!:ic Nationalism

as the uresent w:ri te l" has stated c-,bovc . ...

35

The movement led by Hudji was at first directed

primarily against the Chinese who more and more obtained the key-positions

in the Indonesian economy at the expense of the natives; secondarily it

was directed against the Dutch which gave power and priority to the Chinese

in matters of trade and imports of the vital chemicals for the batik-

industr.y. It was, however, not directed toward t he Arabs, apparently because

of the s imple reason that the Arabs were considered as Anyhow,

Samanhudi's nationalist trend had a vdder scope t han the Budi utomo,

founded by the pensioned physician Wahidin SUdirohusodo on May 20, 1908,

and which at first was limited to the Javanese Erijaji (nobility) and

ningrat (aristocracy) .

The Budi Utomo attenpted to seek ways and means to raise t he

s tandard of the people who were suffering under t he worst conditions caused

or nurtured by power. In practice co ld only work on a purely cultural basis, especially in the field of education.

Hadji was a pious and humble llusli.--n. Although he could

be considered as the "trail blazer11 of Indonesian nationali81:1, he hir.lself

never claimed that title until his death on December 28, 1956. lie was a

silent worker who did not reveal h.i..s well-deserved title. The fact of his

being the pioneer of the Indonesian nationalist movement was not even

publicly knovm until the end of 1953, when he went to Djakarta to meet the

leaders of the young Indonesian Republic and ex-fellow-fighters in the

past Sarekat Islam Is struggle, and was interviewed by the n;opunan 39

Panearang Islam (Muslim Writers Association). Samanhudi frankly stated

that the Serikat (Dagang) Islam. nas foroed by himself at a neeting held

36

in his house on October 16, 1905. He had invited s m.e friends of

viz . fellow-merchants, to whom !1e explained his ideals and plans. In

this f irst neeting Hadj i Samanhudi llCl.S elected as chairman of t he newly-

founded ort:anization. 1'\·ro members of the first corrrni ttoe, Suwandi

and IAden Gunawan, still livinG on the day of t he above-ncntioned interview,

were witnesses of the historic event . Furtheroorc, there are other proofs

of t ruth of Hadji viz . phot ographs of the

S.D. I .-conGrcss in 1906 and of t he s ix other congresses afterwards ttntil

1911, during the time of which t he l eadership was in t he hands of IIad,ji

Srunanhudi .

The germ of his leadership had been tested when in the f irst year

of the tvTentieth cent ury the trade-security of the batik--industry uas

challenged by foreign and economical decline •vas consider able.

A yearly turnover of about· 10 ::1illion guilders vms in danger. Besi des the

indizenous r aw materials , the so sor ely needed analL, e dyes and the white

cotton textiles wore in the hands of the Chinese entrepreneurs. For several

years the S.D . I . could not functjol1 smooth.ly. Sometiues its actions were

prohibited by the governnent or by its opr onent s .

Once, men Hadji Camanhudi went to Dandung in 1909 t o vlsit a

branch of his batik manufactory, he met. a cert.ai n Haden t:as Tirtoarli-

surjo to conDult the l at ter in matters of conmcrcial policy. Tirtoadi-

surjo was an aristooratic Javnncse merchant and manager of a trading

cor.xpany at Djakarta called Sarekat r agnng , wlrlch \vas going

to be l :.quidated on account of i ts inability to resist. foreign

Tirtoadisur jo -v;as at t he salJle tmc tor-in- chief of the aristocratic

37

journal Prijaji in Bandung. Eac1ji fu'"1arlludi, inspired '--y h;m, decided

to set un a His ovm batik-ind stry and trading company at Lawijan,

founded in 190S wi. th the nane :are!·::at Dagang I s la! as alread.., mentioned, the "' rekat Darang Islamijah established by T jokroc:disll!"jo in 1909 at

Hata.via (r jakarta), and the Sarekat Dagang Islam fo ·.nded by Sjech A..lu-nad

at Th1itenzorg (Boger), all were under his leadership, as he Ytas a ;!'1 religious leader of considerable stature. Tirtoadisurjo

was charr ed to orr;anizc the association and make it kno-.in throush the press. This vent re to the interest of merchants 7ms based on co-op-

eration and readines s to launch boycotts against the Chinese . Its 7aS

to secure tho natives a prominent econonical, social and political

at the sa":le tiTJe l"etaini.""lg Islam, \'T!lich is the nattiral that strongly

links together the greatest. nart of the native population in con.fro"'lting

the non--uslim foreigners.

The !slam-idea c.s S"Jffibol of not only relir ious bnt also social

1. ni ty proved to be of great propagandistic val e !'or t!1e defence o:: t he

members a3c for the and the for 40

non-religious P:J.I?Osos as well. : utual assistance and acvancement of

t he of all as the basis of the associat ion were easily

interoreted in terms of strong The reliGious and nationalistic u c_larocter soon oversha.doned the original econcric er:-phasis.

The I s la.!:l- idea as the stronC"""\st bond f or 3ocial t".nit: ..... ms then

utilized by lfusl-l..., ort.:"lodox ele.l"lents to 1i.....,ate t.1e slackening reli-

r·ious zeal as manifested in the practices of dai 1,- life. At the e t ine

this pure religious influence was succe!Jsfull-.. utilized to attr ct an

38

avalanche of members to the association. Even the mystical and sufistic oayCat or taklng a secret oath ·was inposed upon the members , whereby

they swore vdth impressive formalit-:.es to su'.Tilit to the will of t he

maM g:in; CO""mli ttcc and. to ve mut 1'1 help anc, support.

Fro-:n. the preamble of the dated 9, 1911 j t ht.

assocjation showed clear tendencies political aiD&, which later

on woulo bo better embodjed by the rekat ( S. I. ) . This

contai."'ls a-,ong others the f olloving s crtoment:

This association is established in uhcre t hore arc at least 50 mC!nbers. Its ai.."ll is that t!l...e members shall be on brothcrl:" ter.11s with one ancther, pro,oting concord and mutua.l assistance anonr all and further to attem?t by all means ·which are not contrary t o the l.:tws of cotmtry and of tho covermAent 1 to raise the l evel of t he people i n order to 2 attain flourishing prosperity a"1d t he greatness o: ·:,:'le 4

Fron t he above statement a slight indication of the

of Indonesian nationo.liom could ''e traced. F!'or. a .)asic i nstinct of

self-prescrvntion, it had grovm out, into an econo-,ical consciousness a.nd

further into a na.t.:onal and politcal consciousness. The phrase 11t he gr at-

nes"' of thG country" n1.ght :1 f t endencj .. towarc1

The Islanic trait of t . is gr.')\Tl-11':, nat.:.o'laliSE1 was evic Ylt

froM. tho concludi..ne s o:-rtc-nces of tho prcaT'lble·

Tt is well-kno•m to everybody that th"' ti."lle is mar ked as the per iod of progress . Cur present dAvice must be that tho stJ .. towards nay '"lot remain vain ponp . It is also our duty as to contribute to i t ,

for which :-cp.son we have decided to form the barekat I s lam a.ssociation.43

39

The association continued its vmrk by registering a ereat n:.Gtber 4h

of members; by 1912 it had developed a nembership of 36o,ooo. The bo, .. _ ...

cottine of all deali ngs vdth Chinese went on, that year two

excesses shovt.ing that tho managing not have t he

power to keep t he huge number of rncrn.!)ers in check . For this reason the

local govern1:1ent decided to suspend the association as boin:; dan;;ero1s f or

public peace and order, by prohibiting it to hold or to enlist

nevJ Immediately thereafter domiciliary searches wore carried out

in the houses of the principal members of the ma.nar ing eo:m:dttee, but

results to t he projudice of association . Then the

was abrogated with the condition that t he which the association

had subni tted must be altered i..11 the that only residents of ·the

SurakaTta- province could become and t hat a proper fil1:1nc:Lnl COl"\ -

trol should be instituter .

The s econd excess within that year was the occurrence of dis-

orders on t he occasion of the Chinese New Year celebration at aja.

By way of protest against the government anc •ol ice the Chinese :ner-

chants had closed the; r store-houses anct s hops, as a res lt of which the

population -rms put to inconvenience, the r ore so 1rhcn epide."l'lic diseases

began to break out.

In the meantime the C.a.rekat Islam had gained followers in aj 1. .

In May 1912 three Sarekat Islam propagandists had em"" to Surabaja an ha

40

had discussions with Urnar Said Tjokroaminoto, an enployee of a com:nercial

firm in that city. They su ..... ceeded in persuading him to become a mei.lbcr of

the Sarekat Isla.n. In 1:ay 1.3, 1912 Tjokroa.minoto t·ras request5d t o come to

Surakarta, where was very warmly. Fur t her and

endeavours were full; entrcstod to him. Tjokroaminoto•s first t _sk to

official recoJnition of the S.I., so that it could be leJally incorpo-

rated.

Accordingly on the lOth of September 1912 the statutes of the

S.I., as drawn up after legal advice, were brought by him to B. ter

Kuile in Surakarta a.11d registered by notarial act. Tjokroaminoto acted for

himself as well as in the capacity of nta.ndatory for a ._;roup or eleven per-

sons, among whom Hadji five other batik-merchants , officials

of the Susuhunan-government and one other person. Herem th the Sarekat

(Dagang) Islam re-emerged officially as Sarekat Islam (S.I. )1 meaning

Islamic Azsociation, under the leadership of Tjokroaoinoto. The new

statutes did not differ much from the original ones. The program was as

follows:

a) Promoting cmmnerce among Indonesians.

b) Mutual support of members who economic difficulties.

c) Promotion of the intellectual development and material interests of

Indonesians .

d) Opposition to m .. ong religious life among Indonesians in accord.ance 45

vvith the laws and traditions of Islam.

All these are to be done by such ceans as p0rmitted and not

contrary to public order and good morals .

If one reads the program carefully, one is struck by the absence

of any political element in it. It wo.s t he "policy" of Tjokroarninoto to

use such wording, in order to get past Government Regulation 111, which 46

"absolutelyn forbade organizatiov..s and meetings of a political c.haractcr.

Yet the Dutch colonial sovernment fefused to which

would have meant exempting it from preventive and repressive administrative

and police control.

Before Western-educated l eaders such as TJokroa'!linoto and Tirto-

adisurjo, who were well-versed in the knowledge of organization and admin-

istra.tion, came on the scene, and especially before the S.D. I . re-0rlel"Q:ed

as the S. I ., the association was ver.v poorly organized. The f i ghtine

lV!aS t here, but the positive realization by experts was still lackine . This

had often been a disgrace of the tluslim organizations. A great disadvantage

from the historical point of view, for was the fact t hat t he &.1 . I .

had no constitution and no aaministrative records and

minutes. One could imagine the technical stage of armini stration and or ...

ganization in the first decade of the tvrentieth centur.t the colonized

people such as the Indonesian Muslims. According to Ha.dji f o..ma.n.lludi "our

organization was just a place and opportunity to hold a meeting, where a

big !"leal was sewed (selamatan); a conr;rcss at t.hat t ime was nothing else w ... ,..,.......__

but a big kanduri (convocation where t he of

branches came together, for which occasion several cows wer e sla".lghteredu. 47

The pioneer of Budi Utomo, Tiahidin Sudirohusodo, on the other

was a \Jestern-oducated 1vho attention to t he

and publication of his ideas. Althoug..h the Budi Utono was f ou11ded at n later

date t han the S . I ., i t was cl'1arly r ecor ded by hi story as t• e f i rst na-

t iona1ist movenent. Further r.1 re to d::.sseminate his ;_ e s, ,..rahidin su-dlrohusodo had even s -"uar Led to is. ue u . in Ja"\ar e sc and Ma.lay,

48 called Rotno DurJilah (The Shini.ng J uwel) as earl as 1904. In the

years 1906 and he ""1ade n. pr o:)aganda t our of the V'lhol .: of Java and

finall.r, as a result of b.is ef _orts, s tudents o.f the Colle:;e 49

Stovi a , Suto.mo, Guna' an and Suradji1 assisted by Suwardi Sur-

jani.n.::.>r;lt (later I<'i Hadjat' Dewantoro), Saleh, and others,

succP.eded in defin ·.nJ the nationalist i dea more scientifj cally. Indone-

sian history so far has r nc ord3d the birth of Budi. Utomo as a cultural

nationali st nove ent and has Tahidin Sudir ohusodo as tl1e father

of Indonc'3ian nati onalism s ince Jlay 20, 1948, --rhich date the Re.-ublic of

Indonesia designat ed &s offi c i al nati onal day to bA celebrated as the

Day of National Pe-Avra.l(en ing .

As for when a was held to co::l!nenorate the

fiftieth ru versary of r.1over:ent in 1955, his services rendered

as the pioneer of Indonesian nationalism, prior to Sudi..rohusodo, was

reco nized by the t hen Vice Premier Hars ono Tjokroaminoto. The celebration

in 1956 was also attended by the Vice Pre:nier, Mr . l£uham:1ad RurJ, who also

1ized the historical truth . A resolution was t hen made to request

the gov rru ent and experts of hi story to re-examine the history of the

national movement. I n ad 1itlon t o that tha of J.J sli:n

in Jledan (Su.lJlatera) i n the s ame yea:r 11nani proclai!!le t he 16th of

October as the J ay of nati onal Re-Awakening, and ur ..,ed the overnt.ent to recognize this s"tatement. Also in Padang such statements were made on the

occasion of the of thP. 16 Octobe!'-day.

On December 28, 1956 away. He died as a

poor man, since all his ·Health 1mn d 1r:lng t.he ti:"'lc he l "lc"

movo...,ent . rphe Y1ri ters Association 'V!I'Ot..; an article in wemory of

hin il_'"'l P.ikm.ah on the occasion o• .. the t enth of

popt" 1 ar lfua1i.'TI weekly in January 1957. Still Vndji Samanliurli re:n .. the

unre'1n.bilitatcd pioneer of Na.tionalis-1. T.1is vdll rella.i.'l'}

case as long as the authorit i es concerneci can not assess t he re::.1. value

of n I :usli1n patriot .

Footnotes 1 depT ... 3 U P ill • • 4 I -

and. (}u.J.t re), , g, 's-0

l

3

IV,

., p. 8 . ;;J

Th:'.l* p. 22. 6--Ibi d.

7 The p 'Triter still cun -ecollect stories 1 told .:10 :i.m ir:'

hie bo:Lood, of their nr'd their i:J-noronce of I l:ttn. Tl·e fnct that t. lP , , id.erod that every Arab, btl ·ng aomc from the livly saC"!> a piot:s al"'.d le·un . deccendont o.f the Prophet :.- ::tnd. Cnc,... UIJCI i:;j. t,:iJ e n r'..(Ytrly f. rri v J ra 'j s ''"cd tl) 1 · r a p n""re scrJ"icc o · : c do.:'?,{' o: one of t.r..e ,... rom.i.nont Indonesians. T gnora."'lt !lo -: to

:;..'!l'Litiouo "o · intnin he thou.eht to c .. , .. -it out in tha of t1.ta (.) rh1t(prayers) ' greatly cznazinz; the

iot·s _n o c sic1. ' "'Slinls. 8

leA:andcr 'ill !n .,l ,..., .... denburg s px-o:"li en·t pol.:.: icin.n of t;w v l1nti .. W'1o bccam ·tc .... inioter o Colo itU. ff ·.rs fr<J 1908 t-o 190. at"ld af Cl'"\' (.; e Go cr or ... Gen rcl o_ t ·c Dutc. fr"....m 1909 to 1916. "''or his bio ::l"rnphy sec {W"ti. 'I en-bur . Fr et·: c)t•, .;.n EUT, Vol .. VI , p 1 'O l·J, _ .,.,_ 17D-76.

9

10 p. 30

Ibid. , p. 40. ,. ...

. 20, 29.

12 pp . 29 ... 30.

13

1h {ahin, Politics a:1d :!at,ionulis::., p . 6U.

1\ahin, _ra:t.ionalis:"' a_ld in. p . 65. 15

45

2c c Pcnga. ang Isla., 11Hadj:?.. ·i dunia", in llil{l""ah, no or perinGat.an 10 tahun (loth anniversary nunber), Vol. , no . -r::2\ dan,.lary 12, 1957) , 36, h3 .

16 Jo·1na.n, on . cit., p. Jl.

17 .:talin, Het, arxi&te en :1c· .. en iolcniale

Verzancl undel van artikelcn en redevoerinr,en {1iarxisn and the :1a.tional anc1 -10nial Pro,)lc::t, Collec·tion-voltrne of artie loa speeches , p . 9, as quoted by Bouman, £E.:_ cit., p. 31.

18 &ee op. cit., p . 31

19 -Redactic- Cor;u--:1issic Pasoendan-oreaan, 11 .L:>a goejoeban Pasoendann :;

30 Jaar Indonesia, oi the association t s ma-gazine , Leiden, Dece:!lber 1933, p. 199 .

2C ranah Air (Fatherland) is the na,e of a volmJo of sonnets

co ··r . Yo:1i'1, a \teil-t;:no-..i/n and aut! lor, ::u:-·-s inah fupa:rdo , Kesusasteraan Indonesia (Djakarta: Penerbit Faseo, 1951), p. h.:'. ::-or sor.1e -· of his -sonnets, &eo E. ( i .. j1·ntak, Kesusasteraan Indonesia fnjakarta: (Jajaean Pemhangunan, 19.52), Vol. I, pp. 7r;;-n;·

21 Fro'::bsrr;, Ver-sprc ;_de Gee. ::hr.:.fton, p . 541 as qt..oted b:J Bouman,

Ci,l.' p. 43 . cr . B. Alkema, P2 Sarikat Isla ..... (t;trocht: G. J.A. Ruys, l'Yl9)} ::} • 13.

22 Adriani, oncer bevollting op Java

(4'iritual a! ong the population in Java), p. 12 as quot.ed by cit., P. 43.

Bl "t!'.lbcr ge:r, o·h cj t,, p . 63 . 2h

en Leven en arbcid Yan .r. C. Th .. van Dcventer, 3, p . 371 as quoted by p . 43.

25 oo. cit., p. 5. 26 .....__ -

Ibid . 27

Blumberger, op. cit., pp. 56-S7.

22 Bouman, on. cit . , p. 42.

29 Ib->.d.

30 C. 1 ur :i\:;·1ie .... nJ.· r-'1,..' -:,.cr· .. -4...., \,.."") • ' ..... v , (,... ... ...Lt.- ' "J ..., """'...... ,.,

(Donn and Kurt Schroeder/Verlag, ! 924), rv', 2, pp . 219 ... 20 . !t i.e to tha·'" t: ... 1 .... L . .'.lisL... fo · t nc fir st G:i.PlO tn 1911 in. H. Coli.j.1, 1-..ce r landc I udie (P::stemmn, 1912. ), Ia:"t I, . ... 265. --- -

31

f,7'<in 1Joesin, It po ... :odern d:i_ Indoncsiar• (Hist ory of t he moe. en1 nolitical drvelo2:-cnt in Inconesia), Hi !cnah, Vo"". yrii , nos . 20-21 ('b. 1374 21, 2h-26, as quoted by 10Abdu-l cAli, Tho :.:ovement, a b :i.blio-

.. ca·l 1n"t-"onucticn, .-thesis , c:: Isl, !lie .c.1ill , J"ont real, 1957, p . 15.

3: -J . Schacht, o.rt. n_ ulJ.?-r1h.ad ,Shorter

Islcun, ed. . . ·ii'Jl end J. , . Kr-""lcl"r • .. J . :.. .. J..:_: , l . .'!;>.); , "(Cited hereafter a& "sgr') , p. 406.

H. A. R. Gi hb, ts.odo:rn Tr ends in Islam ( Cbicar:;o: The Univc "'sity of on 37 • .. ! c' ,t; "d ........ s · '·nc1 .... ..; 1 krr-t.rpt "-" J. .. t. l..J ' • u., ! .u ...... .... '-' 1.J • 0 .. • } (. <:.... .L _. .... ... h. -! "'-'6,) ( .wenden: Oxford Universit;r 1933) , pp . 102-103; C. C • .der1, "Indo .... nes:L.. 11 , ,,,;ithc,-. If.Jlar1? (I<>A1don: Victc:"' Gcllancs .;.Jtc: . , 1932) , c::.pco:.c.lly pp .

35 pp. 73--?h.

36

2ee SEI, p. 406; Kahin , Politics and !!ationalistl,

ThP pn,sent v;ri t c r p"J.ts tho •1id.clo l1a:l0 I as.::ln f;1 (Trnd .:..nr between brackets, because this seemed to be only used for a short tme . Fro--: 190:' V l?ll Hadji ... u-:'i GC.tl:""'r-Jd mmual '1con[::-csr;1 c..t Lavl j an every year. According to Djaja (pseudonz71:1 of we J-·'10'Yil1 irrit,er of -ioc::-3-::,li t'. e fi:' .... t fu"lnual co"' r')m:: (1906 ), attended by .30f)Q menbers, t he S. l was changed i nto . ..... . r-..eo T!!.:,..,r ; J--:.,ia, " · 1.;- .. ".:.UC.·ji :1c::1o ·im.:: Eadji ... amannud::.), in :edia , Vol. II: , no. 10 C.ay 19.57) .

37 he was a boy, his l7as Nadi . According to t _1c

fJava·1ese custom, his n;.m ... _ ".'O.S chnnged ii:to . .:..!;:oro whc 1 !1c rcucl ed matu. ·:i ty, a,1c' later on once more chan ; ed into Hadji Sa:11a-1hudi when he ha( nc"'·for,Ic' 1 t' e • • 3o

is a iri ·r.al nnt.i ve-industry ci' drt"r.Tinr:: o:- t ing an, dyin cf L\ative clothes.

47

39 c- ee H:L'"'lpunan Pen("l'ar an!'"l' Isla..-:, " H d ,j i

I:i.kr'la:1, Vol. ·r, nos . 1-2 Peringe.ta.n 10 Tahun, January 12 , 1957) , PP· jo, ·J.

Lo ir.l

SGe art. " .Sa.rekat I s lam11 in Vol. ..) . 694. T'' h 4 a .. _n,

42 ra t i ona.ti sm cs.nd Rev-olution in Inr1 sia, ·) . 67 . -

p . 695. I1 ,

45 .Ctthi -1, anci. r.e volution i n Jndoncs if'. , p . 65.

a rt. u :·' , in . .:.!'II, Vol. 11::: , p . 69.5. L6

l'ro'Tiberg, Pc Inlan.dscho Lewe t;ing, p . 562, as quoted. by J\.a hin, if t · 1 · ' 1 t • i I d • 6(\ rrn.. • G A t "' 1 t · ... Ja ana .n.evo u J.on . n n ones1.a, n . '.J • Lul.S a :1011 of 1U5h wa s l ssl:'.cd r11e· coloiiial govern,:ncnt of t he netherlands East In-di es, and "V1aB maintained for a l ong ti·-:e, viz. until 19J.9 , see

cit: , Vol . I , p . 81. :.i.l'l.istry of .1.nfon.1ation of t he Republic of In-dones ia, Illustrati ons of t he Rcvolr:tion : ,

) i"'f' ( -.....: ____ ......._ __ .........

' P• C: C• . 47 LJ

:-.Li xup·_lnan :;:'engarang I slre1t, op. ci"t!_. , p .. 36.

J inistry of I n.forruat i on of t he I..e r- . of I ndonesia, op. cit , p . 23. h(' -

9. tras <L1 a: brcv.La t i on o.:: . ·chool t ot opleidin[ van In-landsc'-18 .Artsc:m , i. e . School for the of ?tative ' rysici ans . 'l'his

' a s d out of the school \ opened i "'1 105"1', whi ch trained vacc i nators . In 1913 it becane o collerre wit!: 12 .. See :ur ther· a r t . 1 (openbaar ) '· , i n EiJ: , Vol . III , pp. 105- 06.

TH I RISTi; OF 'l'HE

1. Tjokroa:rrd.noto as nnefincr" of Indoncc-i..an !Jc..t ··onalisn ' 1 -

Hadj::. Dnur Raic. Tjolcr-oan:.not (1802-1934) was descended fron a

.. rn Kijai (Sha;/kh) ;md lived in a ver;r s envirowLcnt, which

wa.s of great influence in him a religions men. His formal education,

hm"Jl3vcr, was rtalnly Ties tern: nn he was educated t br ougb Dutch namely

the Osvia (i.e. Oplei dincschool voor Inlands che .Arilitenaren) or Training

School for Jlativ c Civil Servants a.t Batavia and the Burger hvondschool or

Civil Evening School at Surabaja.. From his book I s lam dar.

(Islam and Soc :::.alisn) the present ·writer gets the imorcssior- he 2

lvas fn.rJiliar tvi th vrestern writers and philosophers, such as Quack1 3

?:roelstra, Karl Harx, Gibbon u.nd others . According to Mr. Jusuf WibiRono.,

the styl e of Tjokroam..i.noto ' s 1'lri ting was much i nflt:(.nced by t he Indian 4

vrri ter Qidrraci . Another book of his, naned The Spir:t t of Islam (Ilistor.r

o.f the Reli!:ion of Islam) vras based on The Spirit of Islam by Ameer Ali,

r'uhar.u . .ad the Prophet by Muhanr ad Ali, and The I deal Prophet by

Kllwa.ia Ka.L1al ud·Din. It can therefore be said that Tjokroa.minoto was not

the type of reli'3ious loader who was only concerned with spiritual

lhatters of the hereafter, but a very militant F.fuslim political leader who

based his politi.cal t heories on the of I3lam. If Iladji

hudi mi ::;ht bf3 called the "tr r-.il bl a ?.er" or pioneer of Indunosian (Islanic)

Nationalism, Tjokroaminoto vras the "defi ner" or architect to build the

48

49

lfu.sli11t nation.

capaciti es of l eadershi ' soon became cleaz· on the

occasion of the First Congress on January 26 , 1913, \"i hich \"1as led by him.

In a huge public meeting in Su.raba ja' a park, attended by t housands oi peo-

ple, he i nst at ed Hadj i Sana.n..lludi c:s the founder oi: Sarekat Islam ( S . I .) .

vas e l ected presi dent of the in East

Java, t ecause ol' bi:? d.i stingulshed qualities of l eaderohil) · !:is appear-

ance gave t he i:tnression of an extraordinarily strong tJerson.ality .. Hi s

great pooer as an orator coul d attract ::_:>e ople as if by enchant ment, wf!..il e

magical lao voice gave confidence .. Sukarno, the :Jresent ?resi dent

of Indonesia, was his d i scip l e and inhe r"ited hi s ? O".'lc r of orat ory. The 5

v:ay in which Sukarno delive rs s peeches i s just lL'kc 'rj okroaminoto' s .

In the above- mentioned public ml'::'eting Tjol..:roam:LYJ.oto delive r ed

hi s fir st speech, saying that "tbis congress i s O!le of the

indications of revival of the Indonesian, has b =en assessed us a quar-

ter htL'Tian-beL'1g such a lon.:; tine .. . . n; that a people has wakened

from slumber, there is nothing which can stop i ts movcmentu; that 'the

birth of t he (' -v • l · is the will of God aloneu; that nthe CO!!l!nunity

in Indonesi a must U..'1ite th"1mselves ·wi·th the bond of their religion . • • n ;

that ttthe S. I . associa tion is like a small otream of \'!ate:- in 0he beginninz, 6

but which w:ltl:in a. short time beco_-:es an enormous floodt1 •

Bec3use of the rrany false accusat ions directed a gainst t.be S . l .,

Tjokroaminoto reminded the of its responsibilitie s to t he

people according to 55 of the •:::c -:eerings (

50

Regulation), which stated that "the protection of the native population

against arbitrariness by anybody is one of the important duties of t he 7

Governor General". He said that "the S.I. is not a political party, not 8

a paJ:"iJy ·whi ch 1·rants revolution as mcny pcopl0 have Further he

GUiGance to the eaeer and by saying the follo1vinc

n .... \1e m.uut, when we a:re oppressed, ce.ll upon the (.rover nor General for aid. Y:e aro loyal totvards the gover n.':lent, a.nd 11'Je are under the rutch r aginw! It. is not i:,rue that we a:r.e causing trouble; it is not true that we are going to fight . He v;ho says th.D.:t or thinks of that is w.ad . \'.e do not want that, a thotsand times not.n9

Through the first S.I. congress achieved t he follovnng 10

staec of development as regards t t o defining of the ideology:

a) Tho congress brought into beinz new conceptions of life for the

Indonesians, such as nationa.liSTII, democracy, r eligious nodGrnism,

economic schools, etc.

b) There arose a mo\Terl'lcnt for constitutional advance; a transitional

leGal order was developing. The native element of the Indonesian

society was forming itself into organs outside the official

n1cchanism. The danag:i.ng Gomnittee was interpolating itself between

the government and the people, and bee inning to unden 1ine the pov;er

of the government.

c) 11eliGious sentiment among the A{uslims influenced the emer0ence

o: a de"locrat.ic tendency which touched the foundations of the

eovcrn'!lent 's system.

51

d) The S. I . d popularity thanks to the influence of

pr o';aga.nda trips and :in Bandung, Djakarta, and Surakarta.

e) The r . I . proved to be in accordru.ce 'IJ!dt b the social evolution caused

·oy t .he chan;e in the psycholo Jical conditions of the individuals.

rro:m the historical point of view these first elc· tents of ideology

were very important as the contribution of the s.I. movement t o Inrionesian

rationalism, beceuse they the avenue to the achievenent of national

and

In thj_s Tjokroard.noto expl ai.ned the foro. of the s. I .

or::anizati on which vm.s as f ollows:

a) TI1e S. I . covers the r.hol e area of the East Indies;

b) of ::;ood conruct can be accepted as f!enber of the S. I . ;

c) Places \T.i t h a sufficient of S. I . members can constitute an

'Afdvoling ' (Division), which elects its Comnittee; each

Afdeclinr. is divided int o 'Kring ' (Circles), and each Kring is

divided into 1Groep' (Groups);

d) All tbe Divisions in "West Java and on the inland of Sunatra in-

cluding the adjacent 1-slets cons t itute a 'Departeoen' (Department),

called 'Departemen Djawa Bar at ' ()frest Java Depart nent), whj_ch is

l ed by t he West Java Committee;

e) All the Di. visions in Central J ava and on too island of Borneo consti-

tute the Central Java Department, led by the Executive Committee of

Central Java;

f ) All the ivisions in East Java and on the iolands East of it

(G.Jlcbes, Bali, Loobok, Sumbawa, eta.) constitute the East Java

S2

Depan"tent, led by the ccutive Co m t t ot East J ave J

g) All the s . I . ni vis ions in the &st Indies are led by a Central

Committee called Central Committee of the East Indies ,

which bas ita Headquarters in Surakarta, led by Hadji Samanhudi

as its President and Tjokroaminoto as Vice- President.

AIJ the present writer has a.lrt.ady Tjokroaminoto was

appointed as president o£ the East Java Department. The President or the Central Java Department was Semaun. vhile that of est Java was

Raden

2. E!Pansion and Inte:rration

In spite of tho reactionary attitude of the Dutch colo-

nial government, the idea of Sarekat Islam (Islamic Aoaooiation) spread

and gained ,.any followers . In Uarch 1913, two months aftor the Surabaja

congreas, a second congress t vok place in Surakarta the cradl·

of Sarekat Islam. This attrackl>(i su11ch !!tore at ntion t han the

former. From all parts o£ Java people strea.r1ed to Solo• brou ht thure by

special extra- trains, and tor its closed meetings the roviaion of 50,000

tickets s exhausted. No wonder, the ent hesitated to rant incor-

porat ion to the assoc iation. Incorporat i.on n ant exemption !rom preventive

and repressive administrative and police control. The statutes themselves

actually were recognized, but the .. ,overncent was afraid that excesses

might occur in practice. The contents of tho statutes wera social and

economic 1n character , but the state of opinion and the nature or the or-

anization ave the impression cf a political party, the mere existence

53

of which had already l ed to disturbances of public or der. Finall.y1 after

some members of the Managing Committee had succeeded in gaining an audi-

ence with the Governor General on Y4rch 29, 1913, the government

decided to refuse the reques t of the association, namely the recognition

of the Sarekat Islam as covering all Java. It explainAd, however , that

it was ready, if to recognize associations under the same and

with the same statutes, which would confine thernselves to smaller resorts.

This government decision dated the 30th of June 1913, no. 3, published

in the Javasche Courant of July 15, 19131 no. 3, was considered by

Sarekat Islam circles as an of the detestod-'divide and rule'-11

policy.

Apart from the possible good intention of the Dutch colonial

eovernment, namely to preserve peace and order by localizing and calming

down the s.I. movet·ent, this decision harmed the loyalty of the

Aruslim masses to the government. An characteristic of the

Indonesian lros11m1 especially the MUslim in t hose days, was the attachment

to lecality. Once a Kijai declared something unlawful, nobody would dare

to transgress his decision. It was wise of Tjokroarninoto to r equest first

of all incorporation of s. I . from the government. The Dutch government

would have been wiser if it had supported Tjokroarninoto in his endeavour

to l ead the Muslj.m masses by legalizing the movement under his l eadership.

To oppose and suppress the Muslim by us ing tactics, such as 'div ide and

rule' could only provoke hostile actions . Even if the movement could be

suppressed by force, its followers would still find a way t o express

their conviction, either the easy way of retreating and isolating them-

54

or the hard ·t7ay dynamist violencr. .

Both reaction coulc on y the nation.:tl.:st.ic s ::ntiments o

the rusli.m. Tho strong Cor'lUlw...al bond :::tarted to c.xludc outsiue iP...:'lue::;ces .

I t \ • ' Tr "" d t f • t n !'C<""ara l\.rae:ner rcrorro o t he act that :10 relip,ion mact0 a,... grca

a procenta&"' of its i'ollO'i7Cro a::o;ral, f ervently attached to relirrion, se-

v t:) re r ., 1 " T - u • rt • h r t . t I r t. . . ·-... o.t o.vcrs as -S.J..ar:l. • • , _ 'U.I'li ermcre .1e o t.: aoou ne 1.rys-r,erlous

p011cr by Isla.tl · s hunan v>ic'1 by t!1nt radical ·rip beco. es

entirely inaccesible i.'or loyalty to any o"t:2er spiritual oo.1er • • • 11 ;

Theref ore he noticed in of honnctic shut cinr·- up which Islam

? VC ltn followers to other 3iJiritual illi'luences, there is im-12

fhis nationalistic element o; excluding

outside in.:.'luenccs ·wa s t hus str ongly to be !oun<.. in the rekat Islam mo'e-

.ucnt .

A.."lother i..'1!Dortant coincident. facto: .. of no Lionulism '-!nJ -slan, 13

noticed by 1 and Kernl:acr:-- , --.'la s the _·act that both 1mtionalisn and

I sla.m we re im·Jlacable tooard l'oreirn Jo.t: 'inatlon. tr Psycholoe:ically spea':ir: ... ,

it is an l e f act that ... .'oreitn do-mination, were i-'u assw£s a per -

W>aY'Ie"'t, c'n...,..,.•acte"'" ,...omo.L.ln.; !l tt1e ... :us1 ,:......., snnt.-i }>">On1·ff. • .;. !! . ,.... . .. ' .1.0 o..J ' "' ..J,. - -.LUi<.<.L.i - - ( .... v

::he refusal by the ,..o·rcrnment t.o incorporate the S. I . made it le rally li-

able to hootile In addition to t!m't t he nostalgia for the glo-

r ious ast of Isla:7! had cont.:·ibuted to r;n;:ing the . luslim sentiment lh

1 b l . t' . 1 . 1 conciJ.a c wJ.. !: non- . us_1.m ru e. !:ernka.."fV ...,a • in the tr-emen,: cu.s thronf:Ll'l

to the s.: . ax1 indica .... ion o: how deep t his fec 1i."1 ., of' r eluctance ha .. penc-15

trated the Indonesian ...... uslir!.

S5

Meanwhile, in spite o£ numerous obstacles and provocations, the

nunmer of recognized Sarekat Islam branches in 1914 was 56. These recog-

ni tions were obtained after t.he :)overntaent had approved the statutes which

were dravm up in accordance models fixed in deliberation with the

government. The aim and sphere of activities were defined as follows:

The association set itself the follotfing purposes, mind-ful of the rules of Islam and exclusively by means not con-trary to the law of the country, good morals and public order :

a) to promote the interest of the native population in the field of agriculture, trade and industry, health education and instruction, for which the would establish co-operative associations or comner-cial companies , and schools;

b } to remove wrong concepts concerning Islam, and to pro-mote religious and pious life among the native pop-ulationJ

c) to strengthen urotherly relation and mutual support aruong the members .

A luminous point in the dark history of Indonesia was

the fact that, besides the generally reactionary Dutch colonial govern-

ment, there were also enlightened Dutch leaders especially from the Prot-

estant circles. The already mentioned followers of the Ethical Policy,

such as • c. Th. van Dev 3nter and Fromberg (the latter was ex- member

of the Supreme Court in the Netherlands Indies ), could objectively under-

stand the s. I . as a social phenon.enon. Some Protestant missionaries even

expressed their synpathy toward the s. I . and declared that they did not

share the widespread feeling that it presented a challenge . For example,

the missionary H. C. C. Ruttink wrote in the magazine Nederlandsche

Zendings Verenigin& of July 1913 an article i n vrhich he pr a.iDed the re-

vival and. consciottsness of the J avanese; Ds . Ba kker, minister and

sor at the School in explicitly expressed the

view that there was no r ; as on at all to accept the accusations 17

the J . I . mentioned in Macedonier magazine of Au:5ust 1919.

The leaders of the S. I . movement seemed not to feel despair about

the attitude of the Dutch colonial government. To coordinate guide

the already recoenizod local S. I . associations, there was establ i shed in

1915 a central corumi ttee called ' Centraal Comi te Sarekat Islam' 1 which

consisted exclusively of incorporations , namelY of already recognized

local s. I. associations. To intensify its work, this Centraal Conite

Sarekg,t Islam • was modified into 1Centraal Sarekat Islam', which more or

less functioned as a Central Managing Thanks to unwearied

and the increasing power of the S.I. , this coromittee finally

succeeded in obtaining recognition by the government decision of 18

181 1916, no . 41, puolished in the Javasche Courant no. 25.

The ' Centraal Sarekat Islam' , abbreviated c.s.I., was constituted

of the following cae::-.bers:

Chairman: H. O.S. Tjokroar'..inoto; honorary chairman: Hadji Sananhudi; vice-

chairmnn : Raden Gunawan and Abdul Muis; other meober s: w. Wondoamiseno,

Hadji Agus Salim, Sosrokardono, Surjopranoto, Ali min Pra:\virodirdjo, and

Herewith the S. I . acquired an intergrated leader ship.

On the other hand, it is uorth r entioning that f or a

parlia: \thich v:as put fo::.'ward at this congress did not idle

-v1 ords , but vras vclCkt:d by coucrete dLeds . Tj okroo.minoto as cr.rairman of the

.s. I . .as charged with drafting for rcpr€tJen-vative bodies and

their frcn the Central to the provinces , residencies,

towns, and desas (villages) . Tjokrcaginoto did make a draft , conplete with

the ways of forming the representing bodies , their internal rule , etc.

At the first ratioral Congrens were further disct;.sscd the religious

factor in the move ·ent, the particuliere l amlerijen or private lands

owned by non-natives , the shariCah-court, 21

The Second National Congress , held on October 2D-27, 1917 in

Batavia (Djakarta) , clearly showed a turning tOT.ard a revulutlonary so-

cialistic tendency, through the interference of Semaun, vmo

pushed hi! '"'elf more and cere in the fore£;rour1d 1 fi.I·st as S. I . reprcsenta-

tive at Surabaja and later on as chairnan of the Senarang- s . I .. I e had

becor:-..e a tool of the so-called 1 Indische Sociaal Democratisclle Vercniging'

(I . S.D.V. ) , i . e . Indies Social Deoocratic Association, established the

Dutch c or:munist H. J . F . ll. in Sema.rang ( eentral Java ) in 1914.

Sneevliet who cru.e to Java in 1913, was a former .men.ber of the Social

Den.ocratic Labour l'arty in the Netherlands , which was on a cc:nmunist ba -is.

The cotm:nlnist party in the tJetherla.nds was called Sociaal De=1ocratische

Partij (Social Dezaocratic Party), S .D. P. . Later on the I • .: . n; ; . at Se -

rang be cane a branch of this Communist .fa.rty of the Uetharlands . It was

this Sneevliet V!ho for the firs t time introduced revolutionary

socialist ideas to the Indies . Soon after his arrival, ne extended his

59

influence into the •Vereeniging van Spoor- en Tranvreg Personeel'

(Acsoci.ation of Railway and Tranlinc personnel), V .S. T. P. The

forming of the I.S .D.V . in Aray 1914 had as purpose the dissemination

of Marxist ideas . Tjokroarnino·to, AG-us Salim and Abdul 17uis, who let the

c.s. I ., ·were convinced of the danger presented by the col"'lll1unist challenJe.

Tjokroaminoto 's att:i.tude t011ard socialism was clear. He was

sharply o;_:>:_-.ose•i to which considers religion as the opium of the 22

people. On tho other hand Tjokro(l."'linoto faced the pr cpacanda of Jfarxist

iderus with his teaching of Islamic Socialism whj_ch h.e clal.r'ted to be of

earlier date and better t han the socia.lism creat ed b:r Marx, in theory as

well CUl in practice . Many ti.rtc s Tjokroaminoto stated that ''whosoever is

a Mt1.sl:im is a socialist by h ·msclftt and furthHmore he at 23

a conclusion saying: 'flTie are thus we are socialists."

Sr ... ,evliet seer.r:ed to be very clever i n a 1proaching the S. 1 • •

that the s.I. was gaini.ne power and influence, he cunnin3l :r man-

a6ed to win t.he confidence of ir.lportant S. I . members, Asrceially the leaders.

In this attempt he succeeded so far that he and his friend Ir. got

the pr:Lvile :e to attend freely t he S . I . c ongresses , to present pape:rs deal-

ing with la'hot"r and Goverm:cnt to be in C S. I . meetines as well

as in the of the l ocal S. I. •s, so that many menibers of the S. I .

were attracted to his analyses. 'any S .. I . members, a1.t 1· ,cted by Sneevliet,

at·:.ended the cadre courses held by him at Semarang. The fact that SneeViet

was a revolutionary socialist who opposed the conservative anti- revo-

lutionary .Dutch overnment - the government in the Nethor lands was in

the hands of a Christian part y called Anti-revolutionary Party -- was ap-

parently attractive to Indonesian nationalist in the S. I •• Sneevliet'(

intantion, however, as ob ,iously to extend his influence the

throu "'h the S . I . and other o:r In l .Jl 5 Seoaun boOB:l!e a member

of the followod by othar radicalists, such as Darsono, Tan · aka

60

Al in ·rod· rdjo, and other· . } any Indonesian members of th r.s . D. V.

b;,came lao e.rnbers 01 tha . I .

As a consequence of t he ak of the first 'horld .ar(l914- 18)

t he Outr·h colonial go ;ornment had started to propagatn establishment

of a :ia t ive Hilitia. As a response to it several organizations ron ed a

canmitte called • fndie !eerhaar ' (the Indies Defendable , in 1916.

Tl e l1tomo and other smaller organizations made a motion in this r -

gard August 51, 1916, xpresBin it i s of vital portance t o brin

the !ether lands Indi es timaly and Jecisi vely in " $ tatn of del'erulabili ty

at sea as well as on land. rt aforehan _, th Budi Utomo had adopted a motion,

exp ssing the necessity to insti'tute militia-duty for the nativas , but

that concerning 'this "a d e1sion or the peo1Jle" was nged6d, so that first

a people 's representation with l egi tl · tivo capacity haJ to be creatad.

Cone :rning thls matter th(} c.(' . I . took an explicit at-titude in a motion

which ns enacted a ·otary at urebaja on Septenber B,

In thi otion the already many t · ... a expressed loyalty to the govarmmnt

wa confi eland t. tifiAd that thA s.r. strivin · to obtain

political freed . for Indoneoia, in unit.v with and under th prot.ection

of tha 'etherlands . The C.S. l . expressed its full ent to the draft-

motion of the •India r earbaar• -co mittee. It referred to the still exist-

ing grievances of thA peoplo abott icient legal ecurity, about

61

off nsive ill- treat ent by hru·pcans v)h: ch shu 1 I mov govern-

uvr '\thicl iO 1 0 docidsd

time, rrhi e clruu=stanccs cvuld require imtoodiate provtal.cn, he da.i.l.f

bo rd of the c .. s. I . o.qJross as its Jositiva opinio. that tt'te · lD'titution

of a mili'tiia o.:.ould be 11lth the :Utcrar:we of the e 's right,

in order t.hat the militia- d!.rtiy might ba felt by them as a r.tat.iot.e.l duty, 24

Tbe I •. • .u. V. was charply at:.a..:.us"t, tho do:Lenco plan. It tried to

ini'lucnce ths o. I . ar .. d Hade contact t.h .>oclal.i tically inclined !Jldone-

attrac'\.-ed by the revolutionarJ currents ere the · eady nud Seu;aun

an .. Darsono, becaM its spokesmen at this Second 1mtional o ross.

At this it was said that bosides tihe striving of tho

native movement towards botterrl.! nt ot ·t..oo tativas t tbo

It.d:!.os .

At the .loncry c·soion of octo er 231 the c.s. r. laid down

ir.Cl.ples U..'1.d set up i tv progr of aotion. In t let asic i-l.' .:J u -government woo put as r· al aim cf tho pol iLioo.l ctu 3 gle col nial

domination. As a sGeond oasic principle was tho against

any domination by uainful " capi talism, base on the cct si; oration that

62

the majority of t,he ntr'.;,ive populati o lived in. " ery :niaerablo •

tined, for tho m .cal ed.uc:.1.tion of poop .. e th ·.s <.!Ong:c·e. s o ... l Is-

t! e pro' c.l,er· of den the relif!ion par excellence,

by Tjokroamiuoto on ,,.. ·lf- t;ove.r·nr.'Ollttt 1 and by tha Vice-':.U:l.hirCJUn Abdul iP is 25

on "NationaliSlll n.

Sel. -eoverru ;ent, accol"'Cllng to Tjokroaminoto, the rule over

the Indi es by its o;n1. population, :t.:rreupoctive oi rat:e, colour of skin

or rel1.gion . To the should bo s·:;on the aulihority to adcln-

too !1etherlands just l i ke that oxiotl.ng Austrulin and England.

The ri,;ht of i s a. vit.:l.l question .:'or the Ind:!.es , oocauso

if the r!Bcessity of axiatenc'1 i::; not fulfilled the Indios v Ul undoubted-

l fall . In ordP.r to be ablo to sel.f- i;,l1e natives should

be uell trained tor that purpooe, \till be when

u eopl ·s •o sta.'rlcls cl ose t o tbo like in

t he :JcthorlrJ...""lds, ttho:.re the 'Staton rep1-esents the wholo Du'tch

Peo[tle •s re re:lontation me....ns a gathering ?-rs ons re:U.ly

am activo ·n the L"'lterost of thg oount .... y . The c nnstit,ution no

f.CJ:" Tjokroa.m.i.l1oto self- t;over oont in no lon:;er a hi mera, but s

ltl1ou,h i t do s not come it1Imediatly, i t . .. l final ly t r ue

i thin a t uou1.·able dis'* Jco of t · e . on oux· will,

0 l .. ..... -'1 ur· \ ..... - r-y. It i tJ:"' .... ·\/hat puli . ;. 1 ..... rig.1to no . ·lly

"'UJ!t d b" .. -..tlt; :rust striv 0 it, bc.t .;e

xn t not .l <.'r et that we , ee .. c • 11v i1: a c ... se l.l.ke -::.n·· s, 11ust work ci..:n-

ifica.ll • \ e al' ays take c:tc..: unt the vndit: ns in n:... r.e

find ours Therefore, '':hen ru do t.ot eel ma ure enough yet for s .... lf-

for· 'J '1.eu " o au o l"' f r e at an inc-nv . .i.. nt me, sue ru·n

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . '.thus

l ..... ti.:mel rvl>le or oL a iniL a lf- ->ovcrnm 1 t .

ro:;e.r!t \ ri ter huo 10nticned t .. Cc,ra '£jokro 'nino-to l1aa. z :ado • a.ft

f ctf to fcrm a body es, letc with the internal rules

ote . '.:.b.: drat t'as .ted in apet:ch in a popular

a :_,slim polit5.cal leader.

Abdul • uia in his speGch about 0 1 tionali u s t,rcss-od th... il!l or-

L_don tdruliS fr rr. the tt.era or rorei n douur ...... ti l . •

Al hou. h t.he S. ! . a.t t' of · ts Cucvnd .:ra"' ional Gcngroos

v a::> a till not a full- fle ed poll ticul. in ·· .. h ... ·\;; .. 1 of the

word - this wos sible in a non-de!rccratic colony of those ays -

the topics in the conrrress sbawed a fairly dove lop -d political

or i v.ation. The the es of the con "ress 'Were the above-:tentlioned

Self over r:ent and Nationalism, the pro;ram ot action was of a large

variety. It was concerned with toe landarijen, forced

labour, local proposals such as require Qnt-s, reli ou.s 'A'Orship

problert.s, pass-port legal poll tical problews , such

as p . al law procedure for hativea , nomi nation cf embGra f<lr the .oopls's

"!ouncil, efence p-roblems, goverrJten't-:iecentralizaticn and franchise, ag-26

riculture and industry, financial and fisca.l tt.ers and social problems.

a.nwhile trhe year l913 was a ·uricult year for tha Dutch. In

Indonesia the people's moven.'Sllt continued to insist on the exter..sion ot

ile in Hollwld itself the socialists .ere very tur-

bul.ent, demt.-md.in.{; reforms, both at hO'I!e and in the Indies.

On y 18, 1913, compelled by the circumstances crea d by the Firat

ar anong other thin s, the Dutch decided to open the Advisory CouneU.,

oal led 'Volksra.ad t (.eople 1s Council) which had been promised in ced:>er

1916. Tjokroa linoto and Abdul 1. is becau.e tsembers of the .t"'eople 's Council,

and their politi -al aim was openly de£' .i..nad by t.'le S. I . as · ing 8 to cnlar

.-..radually ·the autbori ty of the • eopla 's Council until it r al 7

Parliament" . 2

The J.llird i ational 'on.;ress , 'leld frot!l 5ap"terrber 29 to Octooer 6, 1918 at Surabaja very oleu.rly that tno revolutionary nad

acqu'red a trinary socialistic character . CriticiS:.!IS · ir cted

c gainst th .J ·ovcr1 o: thcn·i iec :i.n so far they acted us dote. ders

4"' - oJ cack oH:.. . I € olG ically t.h is a

il dicate 1 a tt r n ot tho S, - . lJOl icy tu·1a1 d lta!' i(!'" i c-sf)c.:.al :..Gt · c tendencies,

of t he e;l, s:,.;-etru ··lc U eory v;it!l :.. 11 ['!' -·so:; ar.l

propagan :ist.:.c value. I t sees.£ th;.. t th: .. n Q!..:ceptancc 11as on

ed loct.l )rru ·Chcs of the .... . I ., and of the need -to unity. '!'he

£1Teat cl( 1a.l.: cur ( rclctarit t) nnd capital (bot.rgeois )

' as for the interpreted : n 01 c between .t.hc .. ve o.r:d non-n

element-s in th· po ul a:M.on , 'bot.wet!.! 1 U t-: and tht.) op ru.ceo .

g.rnups f ·deus or gcd at this tio.e a; ong the lta•.'ters of the s. I .:

2) tho navional-democratic grtiUp 1 ... ntcd by Abdul '-

::; lvation from religion :: nd 1 \•t " rolig ioua el<n ent in the current

social

1917 in c. . 0 by the or Jatl\ c 1 er..,on .. 1 of tho

1n , c.; v a""llbl,r 6 _, 191 a. wcmbcr of the Pc o lc • s Cow .c 11 Cr -rr.er 1

... e:t• of the Du ch C01 r ni.st Pru: ty, succ e ad in for mit g t oeether

t7i th l eadorn o t\10 S I 1 t tOl r 1 · t j ... • • , " • .... nou J.n o,

29 d - " n ..... t '""n J. • . .. , .c

pro"o-..

• ' ,,, r":,r 1 1 1""716 :.hP, •, h- • i l t bl , v "-I -:, r: 1ll0n t n no :mo. sen · a ca e •

' 'n . ..,h • ch ._...,, '(',.,,.....,..,.. d t""· ,..,t 'M:.: t'" .. n d f"c r p ,,_ i"' :":»n+ ...... .;ti full 1.. J:; • VU.J V ,.., o. -J H \1,. [,.. .:0.. ) (.\ • 0. 0 .I \,l,.

pt) ·1ors . '" 1 t• ... ...._\ r- to.,, . T :. • ·•. "" c# .. +bo ;\.,. .......... ) • • ..... .,..., t.O .a ' Hu 1 •• na.onCS.i.\lll til.S vory - ... • oYe iVdl?

"r.),..o,., · sr.• ., ..... ..).. V J

Sast-r

The ...,e lple ' s tl, Considering t hat t he tkte hns como to makG great changes

in of ,.;ovA:t"n 10nt in -th.:.; Beine ot the opinion ·t,hat a parliament e!U3t be esto.bli.ahcd 1

·· h .. h "i nd by the uit,A1 t".c i"ull right to pass l a,vs, and that t here must be founded a

"'lt -.t <ru\ ,..'!... ' 4." """''!>n·,,-..·,..,=-·l.· b., .t. I\-...' ·' ""'..,_ ! . • n" ......... d ,,_ _...._ .o ..... .... .-..u1 the govcrnm.ont t.o s t rive to e-ther wi th the polit ical

ausoCldt!.or..s tn t'liS {! .. ' Ll vCU• .... : v.he s.,·s i.,em as expeoted by the People 's Council can be founded

.... ::!\.)re of the ,> ' s Cota4c:..l 1 r ru .ely 1 b$f'ore 1921, .. nd hopes t hat this motion will be cabled t o t he &'up1•eno 0 , .. lt.:nt.

l'he uttitu-.le or the Dutch '!ol nial a:.ter .. ent, Oi over , was

ct iona.ry. It appo'tztt::1 on Dec 17, 191R tb .:.1

'"' rl'll C.;l "''h"\ ... ,1· ·-rt:" ... · .... it bv f ... - ot..l 'C.' u Vl. """' • f ... I O..J t;IJ " f1 ""' J -- \J<Io

J

F o o t n o t e s 1 For hie biography soe OE• Vol. I, PP• 4 75.

2 The present writer romombcrs having read ' lUack ' a book De So-

cialisten (The Socialists) 1 consisting o! 4 V.,.,ls . when in Indonesa In 1946.

)

68

Jellea Troelstra (1860-1930) was a Dutch socialist leader who founded the 'Social ·orkere ' Party' in 1894 tor tho ccnati-tutional a.chieveoont of Socialism. See art. n·1roolstra" 1n Sncycloto.edia Bri ta.nnioa (Chicago-London-Toronto: Encyclopat::d.ia Sri tannioa Inc ., 957) 1 Vol. 22 , P• 489.

h 2 . I • Kidwai was the .riter of and Socialism

see • Jueut ;ibiaono, Islam aan Sosialls (Djakarta: . ta..ca Islao, n. d.) 1 P• 3. s

&aels, op. cit •• Vol. I , p. 68. 6

Ibid., Vol. I, P• 98. 7 lbid., Vol. I , Pi?• 98-99. Cf. Blumbcrger art . "Sarekat Islam",

in EUI , ·ri i , P• 69).

P• 9,

6 Blumberger, art. "5a.rekat Islaratt , in .... :·I , Dol. III, P• 695

9 Ibid.

lO Ibid. I P• 696.

11 Blwubert;er, art. rtSarekat Islam", in ENI , Vol. III, po. 696-97.

l2 Y..raemer, De Islam als en als

ae quoted by Bouman, op. ci P• !iii. 13

• illem Jan Areud Kernkamp, De IslA"ll en de Vrouw (Isl.ac and the Wocan) , Ph. D.-d.i.saertation, State-university at Utrecht, Holland, 1935 (Amster : N. v. Uitgov 1935), p. 18. op. ci t. , P• 44. 14 I

c. Snouck Hurgr 0nje1 "OVer Panislarnisne", in Verspreide Geschriften (Bonn and .i..eipzig ' Kurt Schroeder/Verlag, 1924), I , e spec i all y PP• )72-73. Ct. Kernkamp, cit., P• 18.

15 op. ci t ., p. 18.

1.6 op. cit., Vol. ! 1 P• 105

cr. -

17 Ibid. 1 P• 104

18 art. usaroko.t Islam" 1 in Vol III , • 697 • oe• Vol. I , P• 106.

19

69

:rger, art. "Sarekat Islam" 1 in EN!• Vol. II, P• 697. 20

Bluruberger, De Nationa.listiuche oowesing in lied. Ind.., P• 23 . 21

fll wrtberger, art. rtsarekat !slarn••, ELI, Vol. III, P• 699. 22

S::.e H.o.s. Tjokroatt:inoto, Islam dan Socialisn:e (Djakartac Bulan Bintang, 1950), Lth lmpre alon, p. 24.

23 Amclz. op. cit., p. llS 24 - il

Blu.mberQ.'er 1 art. "Sarekat Islam" 1 EUI , Vol. !II, p. 698. 2$

These spe cbos are to be found in secret .issive of the tor t:ative and Arabio affairs, 23 August 1918,

No. 416 26

Ibid. -27 op •. cit., P• 108.

28 Blurnberger, art. "Sarek.at Islaou, in £NI , Vol. III , p. 700.

29 1 Inaulinda • was an Indo-Dutch a.&sociation rounded in 1907 to

s erve the intarest of the so-called 'blijvors • (lltLrally ';eaning 1 stayers ' 1 nar.iely thoGe Indc-Du tcb people who did not intend t,o return to Holland and anted to sperAi the r '-lst of tbeir life in the Indies.

30 A:Delz, op. cit., P• 109.

v 'l'HE OF ' HE 'AOVEh.'ENT

1. Oomnunist Intrusion

After the Third tiational Con:.1ress of the s. t., one year passed

during which many U:tporta.nt events took place J also many at ·tempts were

made without suceess . 'l'he s . r. \faG very disapz- intod that i t,s wall- .u.:eant

s tru thrc1ugh legal and democratic channels in the People • s Council

did not yield any fruit . In the meantime the world economic crisis

the First World V.ar also had a tretr..endous influence upon the conjun\!ture

in the Indit:a. o£ goods, increases in >ricea , economic uphea\'als ,

etc. in those days . Indo:-.e!J.tun society was in a turbulent

oi tua.tion . Pcverty and dissatisfact i on pl'Ovailcd everywhore and revolts

aga.inat the government autboritieo broke out in nany plaees, such as

l empawa and Sekeda.u (both in West JOrneo) 1 Djnmbi {in Sumatra) 1 Kudus

and Der.ak (botn in Java) , etc. On June 5, 1919 a big riot broke out

in 'l'oli- 'l'oli (Celebes ) 1 in 1 hich the Dutch district-off:tcer 1 J . P. de Kat

Angttlino1 another high otficinl, and some civil servants ·are murdered

treacherously by a. mcb which was L'lci ted to frenzy. It happened 'that this

incident to¢k place shortly after a pr opa ru1da- trip by the vice-president

ot the s. I . 1 A )dul ltui.s 1 to Central Celebes to dis cuss ,t)roblt:k.a of "relig ion" , 1

••dO'lr!ination" 1 und "aetions of the union". On July 7 of the rn:ne year,

as a result of severe r a aurca taken by the government to surmount the

o0curring £a: .. ir1e by paddy ... rv-quisition, incidents occurred in Tjimar

70

71

and Garut (both in \'1est Java). That in T was l.movm as the

in which Hadji Hasan, his wife , children and followers

were shot dovm by the soldiers of the Royal !letherlands Indies' Ar:ny,

being accused of fanatic opposition, wnile actually they only protested

against the arbitrary and irresponsi ble practices of thd officials who

11erc charged with the requisitioning of paddy. This cruelty, however,

soon sank into oblivion when, shortly after it, a conspiracy against

the government l'Jas discovered in South Pr:tangan Java). This con-

spiracy was alleged to be led by a secret confederacy called by the

nysterious name nAfdeeling Bn (B depart ment) and was assumed to be in 2

close contact ·with a part of the C. v . I . Although there were no clear

proofs of real partici pation of the S. I. movenent in all these t ur-

bulence, the Dutch colonial govern"'lent considered the s. I . as the source

of all troubles .

These conditions of anarchy formec1 a favoura1 ... 1e oppor-tunity for

the communist-s t o propagate their doctrines and increase their influence

in the Indies . The Semarang branch of the s. I. , already a.ff ectod by

revolutionar:v- soci alistic tendencies, became more and more communistic . "

In the First National Congress, Semaun, represented the Semarang

branch, had already clearly said that he was t o oppose religion being

t he basis of a movement . In the Second and Third National Congress his

position became stronger and he succeeded in obtaining the position

Cooo.ssa.ry for Central tTo.va with headquarters at Se"'larang. Yihen the Dutch

Sneevliet was expelled from the Indies by the colonial

ment at the end of 1918, Semaun succeeded him as chainnan of the I. S.D. V.

72

It v;as from then on that the number of the menbers who entered

the S.I. i11creased, apparP,ntly to infiltrate the latter, in order t hnt

from inside they might be able to achieve its goal toward

The intruders, led by Alimin Tan l:nlaka . and Darsono, v1ere vory active in opposing the c.s.I. A short tme before

the opening of' the Fourth Congress, Alimin Pravrlrodird,jo distri-

buted a brochure entitled "Purify ourselves" ns nan open letter to every

menber of tho S.I." He argued t}l.at the S.I., \4hich had become great,

had to have another mental pabulum to become mightier. The relipious

bond had to give pluce to the firmer social and national feeling. "Since

it has become gr8a.t and strong, the is no more an IslaT'I\ic Association",

he said, "It has become an .Association of the Indies. " Further he stntcd

that"only in this form, it is the great, ani' eventually, the sovcr cirn 3

Sarekat Isla'n".

Disappointed by the failure of lihe struggle in the People's

Council, by turbulent social and political atmosphere,

and pursued by the of t he "proletarianu public, the S. I. oove"'lent

was as it were forced to a leftist turn toward Marxist methods of

strupr-le . In such a. circumstclnce which ,.as very for ooss-

agitation, the S. I. was involved in an action against the sugar-j_ndustry

as representative of tho tyrant's capi t alis.n, tmder the slogan of

"shrinking in of the sugar-plant area for t he rice-cultivation".

Under the threat of this revolutionary th ,nderbol t had

filled the social atmosphere in and in the Indies as well, the

Fourth National Congress of the S.l.. took place at Surabaja from October

13

26 to november 2, 1919. Tjokroaminoto, speaking bef ore a big a1di---nce

conDistine anonJ others of reprcse1tnti vcs of about thir'cy 9oli tical

ort;anizations, pointec out the necessity to fonn a. broac front against

nthe nunerous ene:nics oi' t he people's movenent who rather their st:rengt!1

to destroy that novcnent, especially t he &. I .u Further he pointed out

t_lat t he seven years 1 practice of tte S. I .. had proved hou few resu:..!- s

COllld be obtainec from the requests and clains directed to the eoveX'n•

ment . The S. I . would t hen hllvc recourse t o "noral forceu . Therefore a

more tightly joined and better co-operating organization,

to,-,arrl one goal be rtorc t l}cn the unwieldy 0. I . \vith its

2 1/h mi llion mel"lbers as ho.c been sho\'lm in practice. As first step to

co,e to the : oal mentioned the forJinG of a rrado Unio. •

Tho radicalism vJith which tho :: .• I . s eemed to be nore or less affected

ori-:inated in the involvement of the b. I . in the afore-mentioned 4

{ad ical Conccntre.·tion This grouping of nationalistic and socialistic

parties, of wbich the S. I . the biggest, hnd given a. leftist colour

to tbe policy of the f- .I. On 20, 1919, it held a bie protest-

meet:ing at ::;ocor (near r jnk&rta.), in t.hich a r.totlon was ndoptod and

cabl"'d to t he De:rnocrn.tic Pa ""t y faction in tho Dutcl parliament

with t L.,e request to .forvm.rd a protest agai!lst nthe and violent

taking up or o.ms against the in the Ganrc- jncidcnt v:rho act 1ally 5

had not attacked but only passiv ly".

The radicalizn of the E • I. was also manifested in the e.cono:::nic-

political trend The . I . leader c'Osrokn.rdono who had fomed t he nPorsc-

rikatan Personcel Pandhuis (:Jative Fa-rmhouse - ployecs •ion),

P . F.P. B., and influenced by the ' arxist Scmaun, took the

74

initiative in planning to unite labour, trade, and farmers1 associations

into the so-called 'Revolutionnair-Socialisticahe Vakcentrulc' (Revolutionary

Socialistic 'l'rade Union) 1 abbreviat8d R. S. V. It was a 'l·rade Union con-

sisting of the afore- mentioned P. P. f . B. , the •Personeel Fabriek Bond'

(Factory- labourers ' Union) , abbreviated P. F, B., Spoor en

Personeel' (Association of Railway and 1ramline Personnel),

abbreviated v.s.T.P., and other labour associations . R. M. Surjopranoto ,

the founder of the P.F. B. and a prominent S. I . leader , in the

Fourth National Congress that the purpose of the R.s.v. was to get the 6

power to bring about a "natural revolutionary changers in the society.

This coquettish and indulgent policy toward the Marxists seemed

to be fatal for the s.r. in the eyes of the Muslim publ ic who could not

understand high- level policy. Realizing this fact, the S. l . seemed to

be hesitating in pursuing this policy. In the congress it was explained

that the denomination 'revolutionary- socialistic' was only meant as a

propagandistic stunt , &1d that no conclusion that it aimed at a violent 7

revolution should be drawn from it.

According to the schene put forward by Surjopra.noto in the congress,

the R.s.v. would have tL co-o?erate closely with political organizations

which joined the Rudical Concentration. The S. I . as the biJge-..t rrember of

the Radical Concentrati on was expected to play a dominant role in keeping

in check the actions of the R.s.v. The Semaun, however ,

who succeeded in pushing away Surjopranoto as candidate- leader of

n.s.v., did not like to co-operate with political parties of the

Radical Concentration, saying that not much to be expected from

75

such co-operation bettiecn parties, and that t ne Radical Co, -

centration would not live as of the C. S. I .

a reed dth the progr aE of t he R. S. V., b t, he discussio

about it after the

The declini.t"lg of the L. . I .. mo¥ .. 1e 1ns ::.tro .!"1:· felt .1.' • T . au Congress . 0 th bad .. and to stre. gthcn the

nity of the lo.:!aJ .• I .' s t Le fol Ol'r-i.n s rn ·e f ..... l .... .. to ... •.·tdy

t nroblems genom!.. lo ' s - ovesents: 1 ) c · · + , • t · · t · t· ..... ... .., ... t!.,e c I ..... -:.-·, - OI J."C ... CC On p0.1..3. J.C,..-:, "CO S uoy !iC e.::o1 vS OI • •- •• ·"

other political

2) on religi on, to means for Islan a_d

its soci.:1list elements,

c· .. 1stws to l c a oli5>eC' , to see-.( illore u l:_fon-,it,y and ,_.'.!1i ty i..11 the

;_ la.ng1. az:;os (I} -;:ipa, 6 da ... &-;i .. "Ja etc . ) , a d to i·1p ovc

the condition of r a r .. i!! av·C',."':" of , nogar y,

4) co :nit tee on l ac -, - ... move.11ents , t o t ho o:' l!:lbo

associations and tc ""C t.he r;ay cf assvciati g w.i. .l

t hc.s e of' other countries,

5) com:nittee on ati n, to stt d) t he p bleJ of co- erat · .. .res

and the of farn rs '

6) provincial committee3, to stren_:then t· et:can t:·r.o l'"'c·l 8

C' . I . ' i n e er;j p .. cvii1Ce and the C. S. : .

The meeting to constit t the R.S . • -:ms hel · "' t Jc-j-':a. a o

Doce ber 25/26, 19-9. Ap rently the co "tlun·sts s· cceeded i forci:tf'"' t:eir

76

will. j,,ha Trade Union was .. eperated from the political body callad

'Political Concontrat·on tor the or the The

econaouc trade union, deprived of its political friltgo and lts epithet

•revolutionary-soeialist.:...c • got e na:nc of 'Persatuan Par rerakan aum

Buruh ' (Union or Labour !.!ovet.ent) 1 abbreviated P. P. K. B. It otood a.Part

from the Polit:cal Concen'tration. Semaun became ita Surjo-

pra.."'loto the vice-pr o::; ident.

In May 23, 19201 the Cr)fOmunistic I. S.D. V. was t.urned .into ' Partij

der Komrounisten in Indi6 t of the Communists in the Indies), abbreviated

P. K. I . The S . I . suf fered under the increasingly . eu.vy attacks fl•om tbe L/

comr,r nists who had t, rown off their jJaSk. Se1.1u.un the pres i dent. and

Darsono 'tho v:l.ce- presi deut, hila they and •·!.8.11Y other Marxists sti11

remained nembers of the S .. J . They purposely nt:i intainl.>d their membership

in order to be moro effective in winnmg the s.I. for tueir communist

ideology.

The h"1dul :r¢nt and coquettish policy towa..""d the c u."'lists proved

to be harrr.ful also to confidence o:t tho government in the leaders ot the s.I. i ng in a condition of anxiety caused by the

rnany turbulent the Dutch colonial government did its utmost to

put a otop to tho a ·t'ons of the S. I . In such a condition it could not

distinguish between t l8 Muslim patri ots or the s. I . and the Cummunist

· archi sts o£ the All the riots were a.lso attributed to t e S. I .,

although r. cjst of them ere insti .a ted by the c anm1nist intruders ; thooe

in De ak : U" .. d Kudus (ventral Java) ero even d.irGctly conducted the

71

I .S.D.V • in Sor.Jarang. 'ljol:roami oto as presi ient or the S . I .

vt:LS , my times hel d or t.he various r i ots and Pi.t"lall.y,

bil e in the ! or his hitter struggle a :ainst ccmm:uni5m, he was

nnd deta ined !or oight mt..tJ.ths i n 1920. By 1921 he had been oxa.min(:)d tVIent y

tirr,ea by the attorr .. ey- .. eneral t;hlenbcck. He r.as uccused, r.: rstly of for ming

an leading the B depurtt'.:hnt eonsplraey to overtbrOl• tilo Dutch government.

Because these rror e not proveabl e , he was accused secondly ot

l ett ing inaurgentz e-t.u::r"J out theil:' p an, wh11e tho D departr.tent nao

from the l ... ovGtii.cnt nhich was under hio leade ship. FitwJ.ly ho was a!:!cused

of !1av lng a"!lbit::.ons to t com-:. king, d the Court of Just ice ·· iljo.kc'l.rta

him to ,;na yo ' s tmpr on the accusation cf' given

false ini'crmat.ion about tim ntrsterious B departr.,ent while he was under

oath. spcndine the · i j..:ht months 5..n prison, he was reloased, because

hB was fuw1d :.., 'fhe Dutch c olonial. pol i cy, however, recordt..-d

Q.fter at a great success . The H depar trrent affa ir gaVt..1 cause t o pr ose-

cute hul'..dreds of t .ha s. t . marbers, especiall y of .. est Java.. '.

sentenced to eltht to ten yGarS ' imprisorunent. This attitude of the gover n-

of s . I. 'i'hey i t hdrew !""rom the S. I . and

took the ' Polltiek Eccna!".i&che ond ' (Political ::Conomic v L

Association) 1 P. E. B. This "'"faa a moderate political economic

the f orrritltion of which nad boen instigated by the !lutch

authorities to canalize a.."ld neut.ralize tho alloecdl.,v "f· and

radi cal s. r. t end.anvies .

On the ot.her han , the communi.at rnett od of strug le w-u.s put

i nto px·actice in 1920 a the capit alism or tha su··ar yn ioate

78

which made extraordinary profits at t he expense of the poor l abourer who

was left in the economi c TI1e P. F.B. led by played an

iGportant rola i n the labourers in the Ylhen

the el'!lployers of the sugar- industry did it a s a representative

body of t he labouTers, a "'Cneral c-;trike was to, bll t £a il Jd t o be

realized because of 's int·;)rference. Anot:13r s t,rikc acti on,

namel y t ne s t rike t he p"r" inter s in Semarang , was very s-uccessful -.t.Ud led

to t he 'J£ the Union of "Vho "ot t he

title of King of the Str:t.ker s , and Hadji Agus Salim, Serz.aun, Al-i min

Pra1'1irodirdj o, and ot.he s, mre leading t he Trade Uni on Central as £Jem-

bers of the Central Executive Board at Senarang. This co-operation between

the Uuslirl and c om.Yflllni st faction in t he Trade Union, hmvever, did not last

long.

In early August 1920 , during the first con-:;ress of the Trade

Union (P . ... \ K. B.), the continually deepening difference of political views

vTas obvious. Tho long expected split Ca!je when SeiJaun wanted t o sive the

Trade Unlon a COr.ll.":'lUnistic <..ol our by changing it into a Revolutionary

Trade Union . · .e and his friend (president of the V .s. '1' . • )

withdrew from the Executive Board and fon.ted a now union at Ser.:tarang

under 7-he a f ore-mentioned of ReYol utionary Trade Union. J o ... ning

this union were the v. s. 'l\ P. and several small trade- a s soci ations, such

as of t he native officials in t he for est-service and in tile local

councils, of labourers of the 'Deli Planters !lij '. (Deli Planters Co.)

and the harbour 1TOrks, also associat ions of drivers of carts and

carriages, tailors a ssociations and one farmers ' assoc i ation . In the

79

former Trude Union Central ( r • P. K . h . ) dJe P. F. B. > the P. P. P. B. ,

tho 1 Persa'tuan Guru Burripu tera' Tcc::cr.Lers ' l Pi ora), abbrevi2ted

P . G. B. , tl c 1 rereeH::e::i.J!g van Inllli1dbch Personeel B .o. ·\! .

Openbaro (Associc...tion of ative lc1 sonnel of tht; B. O ••

of Public· orkal), abbre' iatJed V. I . ? . B.O. l. Tne P.?.::·.:s.

represented tbe L1ajority uf trade associations LUld took Jogjaka.rta. as

the seat of its bt:k:.dquuters .

Since 1920 the S. I . had signs cf its coming decline .

ihc reasons nere r,.any, such as the very unfavourable Pcononical conditions,

the oppression of the Im.tch cclon..i.al JOVernmcnt but the main reason,

according to the understanding of tbe r'resen t wri wr , was "Lhe c Jrllf_uni::;t

intrusion. of the S. ! . , who could not st.e.nd these intruders,

had conducted a. weak pol i cy of i ndulging and coquettL11g th them, which

bad proved to be a big Seeinz that the S. l . was tleclinina and

its associative bond o£ was loosening, the launchrd

fiercer at tacA:s on t11e l e ade- s of the S. : . In a. di tion to that, the 9

secular nationalists of the 1 Sarekat uindia 1 (Union of the Indies)

who were suffering under rrany (....ccusations, such as insurgent, corruptive,

etc., by raising the through justice and fear because 10

of 'file fiercest attack was t hat by the cor.Jmlnist D .rsono .l o, 11

"hop_;_ng of purification", -rtrote in the Sinar Hindia (Light of the Indies)

of lctober 6, 7 and 91 1920, stating t t Islam was being used tc 1 ask

the roal purpose of the S. I . , while the Sarekat rlindia dared to

cone out for .:.ts ai.t.'lS. "The S . I. says th...:.t it "Plants the prosperity of

80

the people", Darsono cri t :_c; zed, "but t he leaders O!Lress the people". "As

for the c.s. I., it r ecei.vos contributions from all over t he I ndies, and

it i s v-.r;r poor." Furt 1ernore he s har ply criti.ci7.ed. the f inancial

a.droi..niGtration of t he he hated their et'1be7?.lelt1ent of

S.I .-r1oney on a ln.r . a11d .en._r al seal e . The at titude of Tjokroa.m:i.noto

was branded "hesitatine"; he is a. soc ial-denocrat, tonor· ... ow a

co·:nnunis-t , w'1ile onr-> 1. ter he says t hat he does not l ike any o£ 12

those isr.JS •• .

Such attacks P;aVe nuch trouble to t he leaders of the c.s. I.; they harmed the reputation of the S.I. still more . From the S. I .

orea.nizations of outer .Ja.va a meaninrrful question was once Jut, namelv,

for hat pur ::>oses were the contributions fron t.he local S. • or1anizations

to the c.s. I. I t was answered that they were to maintain the 11tie of

love'', and t ha t t he S . 1. -boat could not sail Tlithout ri ;ging. '!'his

indication of mistrust prevented the c.s.r. f rom coming into closer

with its the local , oups . The 13

provinci al comnri tt.ees decidt d by the Fourth National Con ,ress ·.ras

obviously to ir.pr ovo that bnnd, to collect the contributions for sup-

porting the S. I . strikers, and also to take nver the task of the c.s. t .

i.n case this collaps ed :mder the pressures of extraordinary circl.lr.'.stances.

the att mpts to 3rrest the speeding decli ne of the S. I .

was tho internal ·on of the local S. These were to

a process of selection to form se l ect corps of activists or

cadres, apparently inspL."9d b com.':IU.n :!..st :net hods of or--;anizati on . At

Surabaja a core-troup was founded, called 'Guna Perlaja' (Dead- seekers) ,

vl

\.hich f o:.:·med a centr al cr gani zation at the disposal of the C . S . I. , leading

t,he S . I . -cJ.dr c t. uho 1 for reasons of secrecy, were not al2.aried to each .1 • u vner .

'I'he 11a.I·J .ful c uenc:es of the comr.LUr ::.st adve1 t ure tlJe S. I .. ,

was the mail: Cal .. se o= its decllne , as als o cleD.rly sbmm by -:.lle emergence

of different orgw:i. .. .. :tions t-;ith by- and count<:. r-trefids , st.cl' as ... 'S.I .

anjar 1 (·me l eo 3 . 1. ) c.t Sukabumi, the Scdjati• Assoc iat:ion)

at Scrr.arane;, the ' Sarckat Abar.zan ' (Association of !(eds ) at Klater1

(rrddway Jot;jakarta and Sural{arta) , 13arekat Setya Warga t (l:nion of tlJe

Faithful :5.n 3outh and EE.st eo; all oi vrhich Lcre or less

The Fifth Congress was rr.any timt;S that

the s. I . T."as fac ir..g LanY difficulties . Finally it was decided t:1at it

should be hela at Jogjakarta from Harch 2 to 6, 1921. Joc jakarta in the

of Indonesia has been, besides an cultural centre , the

cradle of lL.m'lY poli·Lical movcw.ents . At that time it was the seat of the

P. P. K. B. , the .Trade Uniun Get of .J..l C" -v • .... .

The Flf th :Jatio: .. d.l Gonur ess r.ti?.rked by an a·:./:-empt to collect

itself and to rethi:2k the basic princ i ples on whici1 the S . I . was f ounded.

At a ntJeting in ,·;eJ.tcvreden (Bogor) , s on:; days tefore the 0ongress started,

a small ;roup of S. I . -leader s had discussed t,he problem "whether and how

fa t'1cre would be a place for ccrrurruni st - besides sccialis!!l and 14

in I slam" . The attitude of tl1e S . I . tovrard t he cornntuni.stic trend was

one ct' the :ioporta.nt point s t o be taken into ::.;erious consideration. The

P. P. ·.B., the Employees Union, a.lso he ld a meetin at

a tended by TJokrr;c.m.L'1otc, di!":;cussing the topic. It rn...ade

aP- explicit. d ..:cis ion thd.t, lone ..:..:3 thF; coru ntn.ist faction J id n( c show

an inelination t Icll"d unity, all reL.tioas ui t.l the faction were to

In t'.,e F.ifth Nu·cio!lal the ,t->r -llCl)lcs ... the ":!"ed" Se-

laarang-8 . 1. " 0 ld ue c to ':.oho.::;e OJ -vhe (' -.I . v. J... . s o ..,S Lo d :.."cover 15

i1ow fa::c it J.-.ad beEJn "d....'Cl.\11'1 to thB side of ... he - . n cvmr.lU! ... c.s •

In an of retros_t)ection and rethinking -co Sd.Ve the

S. I . from the pcJ.··s on.E..l.L ty .f l j okroa not

l eft without serious cons·Lderation. This ·was .:tn ex £'1rrJple of thf.:.• uemo-

critizing influe.ncc of TsJ&n on the na.tionalist movement. In tho

liin ia (the vurabaja perlodleal of Lhe S. :z. ) news had been

published the 4·lpl'8ssir;n that '!'jok.r•oar..ir.v Lo in·t- ., .d.ing to

from i:ihe "presidi um" of' tho C .s. I . to dovote himself ·t,o "higaer

politicstt . This provocative news was analyzed: the was to

t.ake place as .:15 he hEld been clee.re<.l of all ulame and the confidence

of his ..:·ollowers in hi!.'l cho.mpion ha been :,;ols ve: ... e.l . tt ?hen ".ould be 16

Qble to b:;.co!Lle like Gandhi i n British Indian. Th.e fac t that frjokro-

a.ninoto wiLhd.r ;H from UH=' in +.he People's Council wtw

and resretted. The tJ of the J . ::: . in that c uuncil shoul .. be ,

at lca:J·t at first, .i.f not permanenLly, the cllE"Lrma.n (i . e • ., ti1e .. 1e.:..d) of

the s. r. Frro ti1e diS(!U'3S · .l.n the a'uout t he )olitica!

Econo u c (P . 3. B. ) , which was called the ' saitc...n alas' (forest

devil, i . e . a bad spirit -irho , eccordL1g to popular beli.. .. f , lives in the

forusts and loads people astray) , it was obvious bU".v far this Dutch-

17 In Thi:r·C.

lJor .. 87 local S . I . 's were rep.ce&en·0ed, in t lti.s f!"ifth

Pa.\:.::..onal Cungress only ;)O sent t.,eil tives. It was tl crefore

1) a or Cv!lf iuunce in t.he .. d of Tjo}..ro-

2 ) a :..es"Lateucnt of the basic principles of the movemB!

3) a strengthen..:,d party-t:lscipline, ln t:.1.te .f0l:'I:l o.f a stipu:i..a.Jvion that

S. l . un\ er t.-0:culty of CY.lJUlsion froo the union, not

bti to lJe 1 eu . .bGrs of ether }loli tlc,ul •

. After l"'arsono 's a1,1.ack hrw. boer .. di:2cuss0d, a 1. otiun of confide1.ce

,;a.s Lade; ·Lhat the congreus had confidence 11:..n t!'lc person and the tactful

Darson01 ito has pleaded guilty as regards the form of his and 18

has acknowludgE:-d that it, is repugnant to -:..ho bro ·_b.erhcod in th{.;; S. I . u

Furtherrru.,re , thor€ was a commission uf inquiry in tv the

u.ccvunt of c.s. J:. ' vf wlu CD DarS0110 became a 19

Agus &, lli'l drafted for this C011gress the new busic

pr .Lnciplen which were approved by 'l'jokroaminoto and the daily Executive

board of the u.s . I . These basic the <.f <..: com-

pr .... miS€.' ue tween the tre !US and the !!!Odernist Islamic

econonLc-dogruatic and vhe nationc>.liotic- religious, are to be .. vrLCt;d

1.' ·no 1dence oul ... en :t ":.> r; ::.v n of the ;iccl px'CgY"'B-? o·

y ·.,, - ;"()""' 1·:!1,.... ,.,., 0{' tl•"' I- J.,- ... -..J • "" .# , • -""""'" .... '\,# -.;.J _,...,, J.. .... - .... .. "t , "' , ......._....4.:!

tn.in i tt• li!e -::hile the !ndies ha.ve i·.: 0 ;;,() material...: . n a - · .,. lac · n in olo · T,

3. · 1Uippa\: v.r:l:'-.h the ca ,.;)t B''l.d eaus, the eepii.i.:.lJ .;s .. .: · r na · to

port and t#l .. le :e., b!'l$ on l.,UC"·-di .... c:' l !i ..,t,iot , j • · i ·v:l.!l-:

.... h 4 <• a, d .,__.,.1.--c• {-'!...,. •• n"'+.:;cn +.h!:!-. ... +.o t.'\, Ur..4 .. J..(.a!.f ..... J .... .. 1.3-l,....,.&.. - w VA'\,:

colonir.r;;r ... -C. c:en goYorme;lt:U ac t3 · nd aa.d ha:'lG entere-d the :'iel d r.• ... "'n'1 P.'"1' <'! ,... rt t 11:o ,. 1o1o n."" · ·c"'"'-· v .._w u..., '·• _. .._. • ' l.' -- '-o>.a.J • l l -'-" -

• 1d O().; .... lain.

II, L./Ihic l':'.:ts t,· _c origin cf :"utch c.clo in o· _ fa:f:.herJ_m d , v:i. • a mov . of a g · u.n or cap. ·t.u.liets of t 1--e Dutch nation v.hich r;ctfi :ltc prof l ts from "c,he produ'"" ... , ,.,.. ,... tn · ,, 1 f'-t ... • - ('?. J .:!' 0 r · .: "'.,J. -:; ....... , "'..,c .. ·- ..,.._1 \.:_ .lJ • .:.1 ..!..z;;-,.•.r;-..< ....... .1..-'\.S,;U H • .._,c;, •• ., • • o;o..,l,o..J.. ... - 1: U .1 .r •

£ro 1 tho :ma.terinls , a-;;r.:.y or liqt·:!.dut · ·1.'-' t ·'1 i ,. ust:ri · s -r: .i"'h usc :lr::"ver nt tee· 1iques.

t;.,'!'ie ext 1ac .:.o·: r\f t.rn e"'lt: o·' J"1-:: In clm:1nelc makes t,!le D.t.n in t·ln t 1 e c;.. p .. .' alis o in ... ·" r.1 -, "ios C" can not t.c t)ec .. _hG ...... · .e :ce of ttis condit::.on · s t ' t e a t'.i.'O. _ loo ...... for

o-r .:mh ... .'·r:iec , · by t .. 1e :.. en o . our -o -d

I .,. ... . tl .•

enpccu.lly to cp n L9)nda f,.Jl ... the estrtbliohea· nt of 1.itn t:uropc.;t capi ·al invc ... t i.€

"lSt:r.: b

7 . . ha proL!'C!3 of t.u opo.:.n ca., i · " l in"l e.... ·.. about u c e;.,.tinct1.on of freo nd fa_ "7:-JC· couiJ' i-d .. .. ol,., o . t :a.oi:r :W,:;o· • ..... n · t;l us tll t.:.olo Y" !lt:i •">n ...

t.."le Ind .e·· :JOon d11 be l"' d CE"zel tr,) thr; of vif.. , rt..cr ... juot cnou.GI for· i'o b1;.1i n ... t en gh to ra.t...,u v c

.. 1i # l\.. vf :n:um·l'lty.

8. he progHlSG or the il1du&tr1as .dth L uropcnn can:.tal, [l · •."t1, cunscq,llr-;nt e:;'" ... enf: · ons wf eo' 1c )t : . .f "airs) cal fc::- " cor.. o£ overment cfficiulcl fU,d it st.af.f', -.:hiCl.t coul : {>·:. b ,t.,:>p1lcd f!'O!:l t'l...: o:.. 1 nd. her for , .;.nst. ct.J..on <t.u ·iv n to the no. iv vr! c_.t r::)sti.lt1... in the 7tlden:tng tl!li.

"t • f h . ,__ 1 d . "1 <- ...)n::u1G 0. c.r Cl.I' .. , $- -·

s· .. . J.. c ers ero',p of ··t t ·:v';u en,jo ll"ff ·: 1.;t 'UC.:t vo.luP only , a t.ool of cap:i talit:t ..

• 0 :t.' 1 y ., , ... , th._r-. ·i r.t,) ·. ... 1 ..... .... • • v v ... •e.: ... t.""l......... ....v .._. .. _ --·-""" ..A v lot is to aocape fro. the aey "':L111c th0y to tl.. · r

o , l.o. c .,...r, .J ll:ttJOU!'C \.)

l . o.:t, oi tLe na\.J-1" .. ...: do of' t: Jts fnut, t;O thai. i·.hnit· fJl"O ;r-e$S beco es b:;,. .mich tb.c - :uropca!! tal: sire co "Sol·. at-: over 1 l t .aeir rant t!OOV') all t he

t · be u .. an lnsti,.

t .. cir-ople.:>.

t\l t1:;(! conviction c>f tho .;,.I • ., the of nnLionr-.1 c.n .... wiC : t!lt.!.C·:l mu.;t coni,:) L c:·ed c f .. .:. t l en. itnli.s:1 sivcly, so that if the colonizer. -- (1oplc ·. c: •• t t .. be uarc thi c".i-, .it rust b ... c .: ... )1t

nd na.:t , ... trodc unions O...Yld th

· .2 .. ru aehiev£ f:ree< o·n t o . .,. gn:n•pt>, \1l'tich can be said t co.,.. p::·iso .. rl 'J tho Lol . . e.t M n o! he! 'n ies , t

ou!; the:ur lO"IG]lf'nt ac: ·, tt1f' t10plo oo to obtain t)li 1 ri hty . c en lt ") ray f' r xe. ci n o·, r .

· 1f .... 1.1nnc on the gove:;'.mlertt.

. t J 1 .erot. .... b ) n

the ... . I . :;:; ' nc :.i n.... of I J "' .• of the 1 t, that a have tl:o l.t t a · t

s ·· s i'c r the ti:3ke o:!' co .,

the ant of la.:;c tr groups, le=-4,. ers l: ..>U. {!: 1.

c) as regards production and livelihood, obligation of everybody to work seriously with mi ht and main, with prohibitions enriching oneself with the 1-'rod.uct of somebody else ' s labour, are desiderata to be achieved at present by delivering the u.eans of production into the hands of the popular society.

d) as re0ards the distribution of land and labour-products , accumulation by one side is to be prohibited according t o Islam, in order that opportunity of weans of a livelihood may be equalized by consuming all the land and labour- products . Most likely this can be real-ized if the distribution is in the hands of a c oun-cil of commissioners from the people .

l.4. The S. I . i s convinced that real freedom for the people of the Indies lies in the liberation of all the people from any kind of domination, in accordance with the principles of Islam as already explained .

15. The S. I . has the conviction that its aims are likewise strived after by the great bulk of the people and la-bour-organizations all over the world. Therefore it is

to co-operate with such organizations all over the world as an attempt to bring nearer these aitls for the whole of r.1ankind; all this being observant of the principles of Islam.

16 . Meanwhile 1 mindful of nature and the teachings of religion, the S. I . will by no means bind its destiny to any part of the world- organizations , but it will always remain watchful and vigilant in the maintenance of its independence and the purity of its purposes against whichever side.20

'Ibe concluding statement of these basic principles is un-

86

very important for the further attitude of the c.s.I. toward

the wo":"ld-organizations , such as that of the communists 1 to which the

P. K. I . belonged. It the question of party-discipline, on the a <;enda of

the con; ress , had been solv d the communists would have been eliminated

from the S. I . This had, however, not yet ha. paned. 'The C. S. I . in a

general session the congress had expressed its agreement with

87

the adoption of the party-discipline idea, but at the pressing request

of Tjokroaminoto the discussion about this ticklish question was post-

poned until August 1921 when an extraordinary congress would be held.

According to a later r eport, it should with the ordinary

Sixth National Congre&s . The matter would first have to be discussed by

the local S. I. groupo. An1ong the political associations which no S. I .-

member would be allowed to join were mentioned: the Budi Utomo, the Sa-

rekat Hindia, the I . S. D. P., the P. K. I ., the Pasundan, Sumatranen

Bond, the Sarekat Menado, the P. E. B., and ' Nederlandsch Indische Vrij-

zinnige Bond 1 (Netherlands Indies ' Liberal Union) . I ,

After the congress, the ideological fight between tha S. I . and

the P. K. I . and between the Muslims and communi sts did not decrease but was

continued more vehemently in public through the press . A part of the na-

tive press considered the results of the Fifth National Congress as sa-

tisfactor.y, stating :

• • • a pure and moral victory for the people ' s movement and for the S. I •••• It was not a question of winning or losing, but of managing everything in such a way t hat those who wer e wrong felt that, and those who were right did not win it, but made peace • • •• 22

This was explained as a successful transaction. To everybody had been

given plentiful opportunity to criticize or condemn the conduct of

Tjokroaminoto as president of the C. S. I . 1 but no such c:ixiticism was

expressed. Thus this native press concluded as follmTs:

The unity of the S. I . wa3 a ;;ain saved, and this '\:aB t he most important thing; people re.."'1ained apparently havinP" con-fidence in tho person and leaders1-.ip of 2'3

The communists , however, wore grovdng bolder in attackinG the

Muslims. Althouch Da.rsono's method of criticism was condemned, another

part of t r1e no.tive press considered t his itself as

its end. This part of the native press , a ong others, said:

••• The S. I . has recognized communisn in .• • The communists , about whom it liaS first said t hat t hey were no and who were considered as enemies of I slarr.t , are now r:ecognized as brothers • • • Be now united in t he against caoitali&u i n t hi s world • . • • Long live the S. I. and the P. K. I .! ••• 24

These r emarks went t oo far and made the S. I . :inpatient. The

88

C. S. I. had to come up against t his wrong picture of the s tate of affairs.

Through t he Surabaja periodical Jetoesan Hindia , it said that while

virtually the C.S. I . recornizos co"1munis:J in I s lam, i t does not want any

part oi -the communistic ideas in regard to fa1 ily- life, free love, and

still less of the proera!n oi the S87"1arang P. K. I . , vrh..i.ch calls for the

s truggle agai nst • •• In the flag of the S. I . stands: 25

live the ,;;.I . " - and nothing more!

Thus fro:w these polemics , it was clear that the S. I . and the

P. K. I . could not It wns actually only i n method and tacti cs

that the C. S. I . had yielded under the heavy prcssur0 of 26

creating the socialist idea of a "new society based uron pr i nciples" .

lore than that co-uld not ba asked. A further adaption to Y"ould

cortu:I.nly a total undermim.ng of tho vary of t !.e s ..

89

Th9 ideological conflict hetwoen thE) s. I. and tho It { . I . reachod

a ct::U rliP.ating poin'v in the i--·brtm Conrrf'ess which took plnco at

Surnbaja 6 to 10, 1921 .. i'his oonr.;ress soone-d to be nork

by a state of dGp:r-eesion. 11:te presi®r1t oi the I., 'l'jok:roe. inoto, /

had been in preventa:tive eu&tody einoo August of the sa7e year, ttccuscrl

of perjury in the Sosrokard.ono•prooeaa (the B dopttrtrnon't and the T;ji-

o.drmna) , and thus t his congress YlaQ without his inspiring rmd tact-

ful leadership. 'i1ho c.s. and the oongreas l lll\3 t llcrefo:t-e led by Hadji

i\gus Sali.1!1 and Abdul The rostrni:1.ing meauuros of ttc Dutch colonial

governmant wero folt strongly by tho declining s. I . A go,.,.en1'1lent Cil'Cular

demanded tho abolitiotl of the f.or new groupa

·to obt&in incorpora·t.ion. Purtbonnoro the govormcmt da'ilu/!dad t l-u"lt

S. I . put in its statutes the sti:·· ulation that, t.o bocome a of' the

tor at least six Apart fror:: tho real purpose of those l:L"nitations,

ch mcn::;urcs no infringe t oon trJ>O freed ore of ove:1ont of the c . I .

In this stste of dcprossion a .;)_..a.cific trait o£ the Ii1doneaian

society, v--lB. the (Jeep nttacP.2nc.nt to tho loader, m rl.f"o ted at t .1o

cor .ony Cj.' the congress . rrho of T jok:r·otr'linoto en ....

vcloped in red and black vtas 'tt."lVoile..: , t'V...Groupon !.bdul Ui i s

Hadji .Agus Sal did !.o:nago t o tha absent prcside1t t.s 1 o.der • o,

Jilt .. or not , did \tnnt and did inprove the wel.:-'arc of tho f • I . and

a .rugelcd for the £reel om of his nation.

The nost cri'tioul moment, in this eongresa arrl vod when r.a:!"tJ-

t.htseipl.:.l" wtts ;ovt the .a-tici. 3.!lts .:JilSide!'

t' ·l the P. . • I . l.·he

s pr-lnc:iplo for a time 1 • .<:l.nr-;, 1.m mrcpticn fer tho

pr.oood t hat tl o intro :\·nction of ... rtJ - causes tho o!' so e ·nen.bers or le-ader-_. !rom he s .... than t till ,; _.-;;-a that these momhc...,s or leaders prcf, !' o ... her p-... QLmvc tho [: . ... .. nnd thnt acccrdir!ClY t he ... only ·m1t to uso "tt'1c ·.:.. for tt..e of' tl1nt othe pnrty. J s 7iJ:;..; t.1 · r \Tl would noan a.rt o.dvunta.r;e for tho • I . and ./ nc me..ms

loss. theref'orc the t · r! t hlnt; needed 4 s p.;trt.y ... discipli.nn 1- we solidity o-: p1-inciple. l .. on t_lc po5sibj.l:ttv of en- operation co.u.c'i e cot"sidcrnc', I£ thero prBvnils ·on in pl':ncip1 s, th.e11 :.v neit:1er { no!' t27

not a .tithetica_; ti at 1--nligion co lld "lOt be the tight basis of

90

c .ption for t a P . ·· . I .

1. ca e ,..rty--discipline was tt.ccept ". Eo cla:L'tled that s.I . 1 d not o.ine its 0 ""idnal t!-.<lt the father or the . ,

91

Hadji Samanhudi, '\:as a capitalist and the S. I .-stores were capitalistic;

that the hadjis made a ttcapitalistic i deology" out of relizian. He re-

called the obj ections which his party-associates bad Dade to using the

adjective "sinful·l to li"1it the concept o_· 11 capit£1liSI!l" in the basic

principles of 1917, t he S. I. stated that it •vuuld fight against 28

"aim'\ 1 capitalis::1". In regard to that t>emaun argued:

. • • all capi talis::1 is sinf'l.ll, even the _:uslim one; the class-struggle nu&t be waged agai"'lst usli.-:1 capitalists toe , t .:> free the oppressed classes, irrespective of religion ..•• The r .,. . I. 6t.and5 for the rightu of tl:e oppressed classos, there-fore it should be exc ·Jted from party-discipline .29

Facing these attacks of the conmunists, talented and eloquent

Hadji . eus Salim compared the new hunan teachings of ... arx with the old

ur'an, in which centuries earlier a ouch nore perfect

than that o.f historic matcrialis::1 nas tau.;ht . The :.!uslims "have to stick

to the · ty of Islam; indead the S. I swears alleheance to the idPa of

brot:1er .. 1ood; it is national but through religion it is at the same 50

i 1tomati onal. ·

Eemaun oersizted that at t he the S.I. fi!anifested the ..

of the middle class and c2pitalistic; for.ner

1rore SYra:rr1ing \rith turbons (then t he distinguishing head-dress of tLe

ajj'\ . Furthomore Semeun put fon."ard the follo'\rl.Il[ ar __.UTI ents:

• • • Religion is not a Christians usliu.s are living in the sau1e country and have t 1e sa!ne i.._tere st;,; we

trcn , one r

l i - .- 1 ·ld rtut. the atrens on tactics ... 1hcn .f!l concluded:

If parly m ic nccopOOd, t hen t'lc one group :-lth-dra; s; :ti' it io rejected, t..lle otl.or party lcs.ves; . • . here t ho rund . .; .. 52

i t. ... I n 1.1.1c ....., . •

92

. 1 .

r..ad t.o 'lY fol" the olidity of ite p .. :inoiple ... I t had tc opl t

tho whic. .teant \v-.ming of ive strengt ...

he split of tho .-:.1. in:.io a natio·pa.J.istic · usli>:i group

o p di e not leav o. en th0 door for q · tly . 1 t·

roetoratlon of t ho Cr<.ll:lblad an.izatic•n r f the "'"I . -nstoa il"'-

c · a ing y bitte r o t bet. e the C .. S.I . n the

:un:s t"', both (::I i.ghtine for .... ol of ti e loca "t s. T . t

93

and the Trade Union movements . In the cconowic field t he Re-

volutionary Trade Union Central was growing dominant . '£he local s. I .

groups in and around Semarang, which had been heavily infiltratBd by

the communists, one by one broke tbe bond with the

they gathered around the Provincial pznding the forming

of a new central board. This was done in the o£ the P. K. I . held

at Semarang on December 25, 19211 when it resolved to form the so-called

'Persatuan Sarekat I slam' (Federation of k{i"oups) . This group

of corrmunist S . I . organizations , t hrough which the had succeeded

in forming a political front, was publicly better known as 'Sarekat

Islam Merah' (Red Sarekat Islam).

anwhile it could be said t hat the totality of the native po-

litical movements were split into two main trends, the religious-nation-

alistic with Jogjakarta -- since 1920 the seat of the G.s.r. -- as con-

centration point, and the communist with Semarang as its centre.

An indirect consequence of the split of the s. I . was the flourishing

of native secular nationalism, which was also aniruated by for

constitutional reform. The native communists were very active in trying

to effect reconciliation, or at least co-operation, with other parties ,

of colrse with a view to the benefit of their own party. Finally these

parties found a welcome motive in the so-called Autonomy :;ovement , a

to obtain for the Indies, introduced by s ooe notables

of European nationality who wanted to see as soon as poss ible the

realization of the principles drnwn up by the Review Cor.mlinsion of 33 34

1918 "as first step to meet the deeply felt desires of the people . "

9t

For tl of national ca ... opora io. ·he c. c.' . I. also nndo ru-1 to

come contact ni th t ! o Nntive a-rnlhoaoo es Union ( • • • • ) ,

ihich bc:.on dm :r: .. to tho aido of the commun:tsta a111: on strll:e.

Th.: ho1·. vor, f:· ilcd bccaueo or tho action of the • .• I . ·which

cncc intel'fel' t t , the conflict.. .ov-a 'thole ... s the S. • did (;ivo

It co:mtod upo. .,ho t;rr)":dng consc;.ousnes to scr..rc as t 1c bo 1d 35

of .... , anch as O!Jf..C!l'"i:ion to e'""crrvhint; which t

and o;? i ti.;J 0'\m il."ttoli nal ai'fc'!.rc, protest ngain t m d:t:..

polieo.m c SUl'as i n rega.rd to food-DUPt')l:-,r and to the uca of tho ri ht to

protect n&:l:i.nct the practice cf pol1.ti "D-1 mcaoures of 1.nt c

est, et .. .

.lie period of conflict the P . IC . I ., after t ho c.d baen

split_, resul ted ir a CC,.tntinuo W ooarch fer better pattomG Of

"·l·n r- I v.l.,... " • •

teront of a:. you l ir.

r t ic:l. "'!tc .• ' es.

ct Kedt, P"dja · i . :ov .,

• . ... i t: and ro

.I.

greate "Ccass rlth t.hei r v . I .... scl ool

i:nstrt. c.tion to a lrl Eor J3

pa11 _"oTt.; or less undcl"' co:'""-

(Fund ,

was n.cco :"'lis .. 1ed in a E nern..... ..ootinn: of trade .ions at adiun in

2) t 10 P .r .. B., the Fnctory lt.:.'t:l01_,rcrs'

t:"'

. ' 5 t i ssocint.ions of mo oyees of .t.b:: Sutc o·1o• oli,..

Fac vOl''.i.O$.

1e trade

96

.:s fie:o aS

( • . . 1 . ) t. . dcctr:Lne

violflnt actio ·1.ld to t. notori01 .. s _ .:.1- ·

str· of 1923 ..

3. of ti:

(P • • I.} t.-- . I . i! .. te

• st

nee or the . . .. .. -- ;,s

Dutch still the n • _r ..... ... roo

forces

deta

or t h · slins Yiith 11

:sk _-c n&..:..im

one fro t

re .... et t o • oi.:l!.e.•w ,. . b - .:uc - ..... , ideal of i;telf- .tio--:-:'i gs

s .s.

al of

.....

,t;o-_ _ ,J....:!.

c ""'binntio of !!lOre lass indo ende!1t Sll ·- na: iorcl SPC _ ns

as of Ja. ..... .. tc. , -1::.. on

o· · t h tl' nation:::.! :re1U .:on

t thee of 1921 an .. s

tra in""o a

ous p · ciples oJ:' t

97

On nr> ·; _ -n · 1 + l '""' .. ... ... _ .J. _ • .l.J , uJ..ncc v m .. had ... ur 10d 1o.:.r "' · en

the • • c use it h

P,op..'let C:o-n1:'!ittee) Jn..;t::.tutcd by the c •• I. in 1913, t

1.6, 1912 e.e a -s t! 'c ant ·.· .. . icb \vuuld not

.. ., full-

fledge· politi cal part y"'

-""i I .. ...... .... t Tn..... ,. .; n1" h l"ll"\ r"" ... .. ... ··r -<"! ' " a :L,":"' (/U. • • ' • .lo\ ...... : u.o..• r:< .4 j ..., 4 .......... .I. - v>J"'-

1 the c."' • - It t rl.t:A 0 - • !!Ln .. ,, t\1'3.0 0 oppose c J.ne

ti.a of the . I .. by l:cep:ing t e loca1. £i.1ancial co tri t.::.on.)

for lf. Its narro ,- 1:!.. .dcd co Q nado i t ncept.:. a_ ·rei the

d 0 . ,. ..!· hn- C. C .-l. social :L c."J. ....,

ccr ; ni.st V. • '! • ' . . . oA arong., vi1ieh tr.:t d ha to · n it for

'': its'' t' v::.c out , c. no l"OSUltod a 'l . t SP-l. .. to tL d 0

the ,):r. ttr 1f f:.: n na nged to baco. e "' .... .lUCh bi . I .

""'a ted ftnm. u t£ . era"' . t• . .• 10 .... J.. '1 • • .

t n oth r ttr ., .. 1 . '> • ..

.: ·• . 1 7 i • • • ..l..... I VIJ.G .... • • I s S \.1 1 ko th . Juvanes'"1·-. - 1 . "8 lOVO • • .......

alati a,

f _, fro:"l .1Ci -ty i.n:j dc -rcct , 1. t :ts nlso aufforin"' iro lack of

There :ire, h ·1J"'"vo-z."1 · k:lf d3 o • Lee· ali !. ; he k:' .. nd tLe L. i. u:...o of ii> "uet lie!;. g-rante-d by 'llah, nc ... "!c ly tho tr:"r:') ba ... )i c:. J 9

98

i.l.. p .. .._'Oi .... ., r·. ·no I ch ...... +o J.. t·· "'1Cl.. .... ,.. .u _. • "' v .. "" .._, . • ' ,J;." . • Jl.'•c .., v .L., • ..., ud

into Cilt , .;pct1c ."Cul to ·1othor 40

tion; ntha.t rould •

...,n these crittcal n..:es the -... • se l ed to turn w. re

oep.e2 co ted in . ciety. · ·aRt'V of tho o ce-hoa ·1 .....

'

co:: i.i ... t ... infilt atcd local s. I . group se oo' tc r eta · oir io s

99

disposition. Po iOnder that these "red" S. I . esrecially those

with peasant renbers, were meltinp a1;1ay :her.. the comr:nmists started 41

violating religious sensibilities. Tjokroaminoto, anparently inspired

by the that the relini.ous f?entinent of the people was still

porerful, t ook the to the First Al- Islam Cnngress

at 'rjirebon (West Java) at the end of October 1922. This nas also a

realization of the second front of the strugrrle which the present UTit€r

has already mentioned before. It ras insPired by the Sarekat Hindia

(N . I . P. ) which had decided in its Bandung of r ay 1922 that it was

strivinr; for "the unity and the freed on of the people". This conr;ress of

the Sa.rekat Hindia Yrhich was considered similar to the All India

in Dritish India should be counterbalanced by an Al-Islam after

the exanplc of tbe Jfuslim kar;ue in British India. The ai .!S of the

Al- Isla!!l w·ere:

1) to t,be danger of diverz.encies of opinion among the Muslims

details or branches (fur1ic ) of Islamic jurisprudence (ap-

plied fiqh) and regarding disputed relissious matters (khila.riyah),

2) to strive for the achievement of unity and co-operation amon the 42

Ji,slims as resards relir;ious matters .

With the incre: sing of knmvlcdge and experience, the S . I . felt

more and more the need of "rationalizinr;" the In accordance

with the object of its struggle, politico, the transformation of

j

the s . I . movement into a political party was felt nore appropriate. So far

only the c.s.I. actually l ike a political party, while the

local s. I. ·roups era vltht·ut initiative and without a firm integrating

100

bond with centre. The C. G. I . qua Central Executive Board of the S. I . held a weak position as long as its incorporation was not granted, and the local S. I . groups accordingly were standing on their own feet . Because of this condition and the effective barring of contact between the leaders and the people 1 discipline was very slight. Therefore the comLunist had been able to infiltra t.e easily. '1\vo means v1hich the s. I . used f or strength-ening its bond were the alreGdy oath- precept and party-discipline.

43 The farner was r estricted by the Dutc0 colonial while the latter was f i er cely attacked by the comcunists .

In the Seventh National Gcneress, held at Madiun f r om February 17 to 20, 1923, the P. K. I intruders, who had been throvm out by the decision of party-discipline in the preceeding National Congress , still succeeded

44 in infil trating the V'"orking Cor.unittee and causing disorder. Thanks to the tactful lead of Tjokroaminoto, the congress could be put back to order. The number of local S. I . groups represented was reduced from 50 in the Fifth Nat ional Congress to 40 in this congress , attended by 117 official del egates . The t otal attendance was b tween 1200 and 150C mel!ibers . This last congress of the S. I . as a movement was also attended by woman-members for the first time.

The most important topic in this was that of the trans-formation of the association i nto a political party. 'l'he topic was intro-duced in a general session by Hadji Aous Salim. He explained t hat the form of the SO far-- local a! SOCiations Voluntarily bound by

a central body - was demanded by the Dutch coloni al ' s policy. This form of organization hampered the free growth of t he .ovement. In

101

additi

i'ol"'nclly a· .. a organi zati n i·t ·n-D s "'pt1ra"';:,cd ther1.. he w nl: }.)0·.-,d b t ;c-en. -

no .htrtt :for.rw..tio . .. I - ,A- • • '3 !"(,!.J ·r 1 '. {

t r JX"';;•w.·, .. ol'C,

IsL"l .... in rB•{r..;.Td to ito social and to its fo-:: t·:i.:;;

... to his -Jiew and 1·reodo:-a to follow· ti;;> • 1:5

ow11 to :tn the

of thr:::

s--tol ...

S " ... at ..

into

"' .....

,··o C" ,.·,-. o-"f' .1.1 <,._ ,l. i "- jo T J..... ...... •

o_ ·:t

. ,a.

l.d

ad -,., 1

.... i

an ro nest o " t

of t"-lC f

I<!!J'\.p1 'f' 1." - r.;;v --..., ,.. \..

of an

eo: :ocss

:.)

.. . ) • , ...

. - .- :a .doncr ·f.t "'o ... ., . - _ ,; •• ·O. " .::..e c

.. 9

.. ·•

aga o:" a

• .. . '

S't·---

1c ... cd nnd "" t>ri · ( t. e .e·, ts r

16 Ibid.

17 Itid.

18 Tbid., pp. 371:-75.

19" ·-J"bit,

,-., r ... ,.., • c. )

104

1-1elz, oE· Vol . : , pp# 160-63. H. O. S. Tjokroa: i!''liJtoJ Isl:..n can Social :_&ne (DJ'akar+-a.· la · 19-'0) 4ti'' - · .... -l: n til n·:.anl7, , .a. ..unpreesJ.on ,

tl pp. -'- u · .. - •

3 .. r-' P• I

p . 3' 7.

21

22 Ibid .

23 r.:id. 24--Ibic , p. 376.

2c • ./

25 Ibid.

27 Ibid.' ") . 377. _u f.eo this thesis , :"::<. 61 .

2.7 Bl unberser, a:rt. u Sare'r,.,... T l!).,..u ,_ u.c.;. v .o.V c.;, • '

30 Thic

3:!. :bi{.

32

33--· en tt i'"' -v t · r n p ..... -LJ • v •

Tol. V, ,, pla .ent ,

34 De

bJ j

1922, pp. 2J9f, 3501', h3lf; th 1s a$ qro· TslaTD:t , ·h1 ·: , Vol. V, p 37d.

35 p . 378.

- , •. - ..,.. "' t, flr -jc:-)t'l-,1 ; ..... . .,._L_..,ocrl OJ. ' • ... ,_ .. .,;o.!... . .. ' ... : .. u

, '"'l ' t ...... · co .!." .:S '1 "J • C , c.. .... !::) • :! o.; vl!9S.L ' IJ • ) '-' -• Li _, - •

36 Bl nberger, ·1 Isl3r" rt , in

E!t:: , Vol. ' ..... u ule ... c .. t ,

ENI , Vol. V, Suppl ·me t, 'J7"" P· J •

37 Ibid.

38 lbid .

39 Ib::.d.

L.O fbid.

l'ahin, 1-!2

hJ , clz, op . cit ., Vol . p. -----

in Indono.3ia, p . ?6 ..

.... oe and Revol ntio:1 in :"1.do.:.csic, ?6.

105

It i obvi.o··..; t.'1at the SCJ:"'Qtc ou·C" c:: 1::: 0 oo.ti 1 .. J'o -thi::; J..;:· ... \ p . L9) -vm.s c lso '"':Cart to weaken the .:ts.Jocinti ve bond of tl1c S. l. '1'1 :hc-s a .. c- ..... groups t.hc . ..... . _.

1. . a pro .. : • • - lcac r , i \ 1 ': ::. 1 3,_:-c-1·.ri t:1ess accou.nt of disorder ca:Jscd by t: o ., _..(. , • said t h:J.t , • I .

J923 fcl:!_ j nto trn"''' . :!") t· ,:_,the cor-:-, .. .. ntL"'1is7.c, 1\i1o had infiltra·tad t he Co;--1n.it.tee, nearl;y :Ju.ccooded in 't' '1 t .... ;· c .. .. ...... .. v;>s e .J t ·0:.c a:..,rant,ernc") s :.or •. on.:; .. esc.. c;y uJ.::g c, __ c ccn l:a.ll ;:it:1 co :c. fu1.t;s and s vr.iboJ.H . >ortunatel y for the ;.,. I. · leaders, t 1-, ., r "0 _,.,,.... c-4- t .... ct."' - • l. '"" .y.. ..... e 1,-; g"J1.:. 1)ef'orr.\ ..;...' 0 .I_ • .- ..._ v.,_ .. __ v - ..- v.

was ope:, 1 hen t he hac' t a.n u11.knot·m young !!I.D.n o.sc0ndcd a p:'...;:tf _,r anc1 dcli\C.f'eJ t:·r,, follo·.:i. .. 1e spcoc:: ttBrothers ! u . I . ... -s·',;'")rs ! - on 't ::ollo-..1 your 1 adcrs blincly, jnst lik peo_ple \', ... o perfon:1 the sa:..3:t be 1ind the i ·ii ., Yd.tr.o1:t '-:: t• intention. . . • !I 11 StopT '' c:"'ied t e people i7ho attended the congress. S:.>.r,o.n·; for-ria:\· enr· ..:,1 : doi:·ln the podiu:1 . '!'he ii s ccs.;.c:J. W=S in panic . .,., ·i-.,o to c:J.2- lj- to0k o er the lead of ·t-hi s s ession anc f:J 'Cccedcd :Ln :"'esto:r2.ne it to (...:ce Ame:'z , OJ2 . cit., Vol. I, :.·-!? · 131-32. )

. Bl b l v>t "'. I ·1n lr.t.l- io1 V r: .,_,. U!Tl crge .. , c.:.... , !,.;..:\ ....... ... c:. v ..... ........... , ..&....:.. , - • , • < • ...,. - "'o P• Jv •

t he e;::plo.nation riv..:.:n by 3abirL;, t"ILo v..-rotc in ... on D 2:, 1?34, >i:: fL:.nct·. "1 cf c·m. of the is:::....: .C:1doncsi0 ( l • S. I . I . ) :.. ross ouncil, ql-:.oted b:t .AJ1elz , c.,. . cit. , V . I , on . 134-37. 47

; 0 e np . 132-33.

VI

CON1RIBUTION OF THE TO I NDOliH'...SIAN JJA'fiONALISM

1. The Political Achievements

It is true that with the transformation of the S. I .-movement into

'Partai Sjarikat Islam' (P.s.r. ), the struggle of the Indonesian Muslim

for self-zovernment and independence had entered a new phase, but it is

equally true that the following developments were deeply rooted in the

preceeding phase. Furthermore the history of the provides one

of the most interesting keys for an understandi ng of the present Indonesian

nationalism.

Notwithstanding the simple form of organization, in whiah Hadji

Samanhudi initiated the movement, the S.I. was from its beginning clearly

a nationalist movement, and thus its contribution to Indonesian ationalism

was as a pioneer. It is true that Hadji Samanhudi could not express in

plain terms that what he telt and wanted was freedom from foreign domination

--which was later on much more clearly formulated by Tirtoadisurjo cind t hen

by Tjokroaminoto on Samanhudi's request .-, the actions of the movement

undoubtedly showed its nationalistic nature.

The contribution ot the S. I.-movetT.ent to Indonesian ationalism

was made possible by the important role of Islam as a powerful binding rae-

tor for the Muslim masses. Islam, which was brought Indonesia through

peaceful ways (mostlY through trade), found deep roots in the hearts of

the Indonesian people. In spite of the "impurities" 1 especially among the

lo6

107

pantheisticall y i.ncl1 ned J a··.ranese, the Indones ian fusl ir.Js r;ener ally have

a str ong rel ivious Tiley found in Islam a r allying point of i den-

tity to S:Jl!bolize seper ateness from, and opposi tion to, non- ,'us-

l im overlords . The average Indonesian would f eel r'lffend0d if called 1ka.fir 1

1 (unbel ieYer ) , even if did not bel ong to the Toup, 5. e. the :roup

o.f pious Musl i:r1s wb o fai thf ull y perforncd relir;ious obli :ations, such as

the prayers al ms- tax (zakat), f asting (Kaum), etc. For the

gr oup the follot7i.r'!G Qur 1a·1 tc inj unction seerc.ed t o be t he source of this

f actor:

And hold f ast, al l of you to2et hcr, t o tbe cabl e of God, do not separate. And remember God's favour unto youJ hol'l ye lQ'ere ene:nies and He .1ade friendship bct tvcen y')ur 1carts so t'lat ye became as brothers by His grace; ••• (III: 103)

Commenting on t his Qur 1anic verse j.n one of his Friday•sermons, Hadji Agus

-Salin1 gave the following interpretation (tafsir):

These words of God command the whole M1.1slim e ommunity to hold f a s t to the cabl e of God and forbi d the comnunit y In t h is v erse is explained the advantage of being united and t he disgraceful consequences t hat will result if this injunction is neglected ••• There must be a solid unity and strong broth-erhood. • . not only sol id and str ong spir itually , but also bod• ily and materially to render influence in the human inter-course a.nong n!ltions of the world ••• not to become a subdued and dependent paying hoaaee to, and commanded by, t he con-querers . • •

Al tho::tgh with ouch sinpler com ents and inter!-'retation, i t could

108

be sunnised that such Qur'anic injunctions formed the source of Muslim 1nity

and brotherhood wnich brought about Hadji Samanhudi's success in founding

the Sarakat (Dagang) Islam.

Another important role of Islam in the was the en-

couraging and animating factor which dacisive for t he open starting

of the movement, although still under the S "1Vere domination of a power-

ful and superior imperialist government. Such Qur1an1c vers es as +.ha

already cited "Faint not nor grieve, for ye will overcome then i f ye are 3

i ndeed believers" would have given much likewise t he

following:

And {He will give you) another (blessing) which ye love: he)E fro::1 God and present vi)tory. Give good tidings ( 0 to believers . (LXII: l3 () ye who believe.' Be God's helpers, even as Jesus son of ltary said unto the disciples : \1ho are my helpers for God? They

said : Je a.re God 1s helpers. And a party of the Children of Israel believed, while a par ty disbelieved. Then we strengt hened t hose who believed against their foe, and they becallle the upper-moat . (LXI I • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 ye who believeJ I f ye help Goi, He will help you and will make your foothold firm. {XLVII :7)4

The present writer recollects Indonesian Vuslim leaders using the

verses in their flaming speeches, continuing the tradition

or the fonner S.I. -leaders, such as Harsono Tjokroaminoto's f ollowing the

example of his great father H1dji Umar 8aid Tjokroa1 inoto. The powerful

animation by the of God was undoubtedly t he reason for the meteoric

rise of the S .I., ecli?Sing t he shortlived eight months of bold vehemence

109

5 of the Indies :?arty, and the small Bud.i Utomo. ThuD the Isla...'1ic bond and

the encouraging spirit of Islam wore the first contributions of the S. I ..

to t he genesis of Indonesian

The kind of courage v1bich was shO":Jn by the s . I . was not destructive.

On the contrary, it tried to canalize t he wakening forces of the into

legal and constructive endeavours, as shawn by first stop

to get incor:;omtion for the S .. I. from t he and by tho eJC!)res-6

sions and suggestions of loyalty in pu'bl).c meetings . The unsatisfacto:r.r

of the government to r: jo1cr00J11J.noto' s request c:.J.uscd much disa':>-

pointment and distress . The many riots and revolts aeainst the Dutch co-

lonial government ncre more or less an indirect result of this dissatis -

.faction. In addition tc thiG, :from the sociological point of ViC".v , the fi[;ht-

ing instinct or Kanroftri eb of the people , having been suppressed for tens

of years since the Java War ( 1825-3C) burst out in the hot atmos-

phere, especially when the s. I. ' s request f'or incorporation had brought

about cal Tnus these revolts and small riots were tm,.,anted.

by- products of t he s. I . movement ·rvhich would not have been resulted if the

eovexnment had given the required incorporation. I t was actually the sound

courage of patriotism wr1ich the s.r. meant to contribute to Indon .... sian Ua-

tionalism .. Such "aell- l:nmvn say-l..ngs (l;adrth) of t he Fro:;>het in sp ite

of its rather obscure authenticity Cif), as Hubb al-.7at ani min al- iman

(love for the fatherland is a part of faith) "¥1ere often used to animte

patriotism; the use of such sayings the nresent writer can recol-

lcct as late as the

110

It is a 1tel1- ... own cal fact that. IslAm free · ts very tw.'-'0

r co..,ni2'.as a very ind het ,aen roli ,ion .d oli -cica .

The foundation of n :firt1t ! ola. c COL]lTUlnity ( .;rrunah) at t«adina.h after

the ( 1, ation) i n 622 very _ :v. ':Jdla.tely ..,.ot a po itical character

w!"'en ad ·. esldes his .f\lnc·bion a.s prophet ac j, as pol' t i cal he of

the noo C ade tritb JG"llS , vhC :WS an ... aj tiM-be, O'tCej

7 framing tl e Conntitution .adina.h, buil L"'l.g up a "ad.':l.i.niatration"

f e"1din...., t e occrupie (:X'eat: t.nd estahlisJJing discipline ,

a.t.c .. et.c. These \'e .e clear e.."i pleo cull.1 for the ... of the

ic statG idGal in lat er uslin bi n\ory. Islam in ":, ·t f: , . h ..... 1i i . 11 . "-h _...... Cl.5 a :·ay o e as muc. as a ·) ., on, os ec1.a s:t. 40C ur,n • • Calle

· nto be · n-. wen tr,at, }1 the Islani7.ation of sdoooei.a was

a peaceful and ,?a.dus.l :trocesa., ... la :.:. 1n.donesia l::a i .s vlittcnl ra'tli-

Resistan<!a t o 4 ·tch inJr...erialism, w et h r led b..... uslim lea ars

( .ur ondjol• 18) 3-.37, a:n<! others) or by lJho 1d 1an1 an cracy

( ince i o, r; o o 1825-30, and others) was al 1oct in arin.b1 .. carrie l out

un er t e bnnner or the esccnt, n G bol associatad . th la ••

rt was ost 1· 'rely that such co. ands as "0 ye ho lieve . ey 'od., o.nd

obeY the er ar-d those who a e in authority ·rom .. ou" ...

(IV:59) r.asulted what tJhu p sent l"Tritor has already desi ns slarnic

natiol ali sm.

Ars.otber i m CO'iJ.tribut ion c.£ the ci . I . to ationalism

lm5 • ts w.C. ocrat: :" . ng . luonce • y dJ ocrati\J • ng . n£luon- t . e present

,_ · ter nv t h . S!.-i!". t ua_ ·or .. c of s l . lhich, com in

111

Indonesian custom, the tendency to create a f orm of govermnent

self- rule of th-; people and upo11 f r eely reprecentative

institutions axki an executive responsible to. the people . Islam

are indeed t·.vo d i ffe r t'nt thines , each o.f them having i t s own orit;in a.11d

history- The Iclm:tic institutior: of musMt"Ul.rat (counselling) is enjoined

by God :

It vtas ty t he mercy of :-ot" t hat t hou -:as l enient \'lith t hem /the non-.. .:uslims7 ( 0 £or t hou }'!..a<.:st -;..ccn stern and - . ..:."ierce of haart t . ey \1ocld havt. \li s::-F.:t·sul from r ouP<.: ar out thee .. So "1Urdon the!'l and ask forgiveness for them and consult with t !.:em

the of affa irs .. '\.nd u l·ten thou art resolv<:c, then put truGt in Cod •••

AnC: t ose ansv;cr -tr'e call o.t' ti!'eir LOrd and establish worshi ?"J 1 ... and whose affa i rs are a matter of co1msel1 and w:1o of wr1at we beve Oet 'm"iecl OP t hem, . • ( Jtr}his watf is t he af.fair of' God . Lo ! JTe lovrd:.h not ·.n:·onrr-doers .. ( .A.LI I : hO) .l

:-'roill :-aushawarat Y:hich pcrfc tly s uits "lith t he indigenou.<J nerunclinc-an ,

and from the already-mentioned the Q • I . ·was ins-oired to ll

strucgle .for a full- fledred parliament, and Li dcm nding it t he s . : .

did not mind 1l t h non- "ruslim in the Radica l on-12

centration. In the _Jo"Jular sanae, I slam is dcnocratic because it con-

s i ders eve:j .. being alike in t he nr esence of God; th ir diff erences

arc only' such as to enable to J i stinc;uish and t o knrn1 Lach as

t he Qur ' anic verse:

0 rnanl:.ind 1 Ic ! We h"lv t;l C l '80 t.ed .rou male and f omalc, and have . 1de nations and tribes that ye kno.7 one another . Lo! t he nob of you1 in t he s i ht of J<xl, is t he. best :Lv; conauct .

ll2

Lo. God is Knower 1 Aware . { IX' ; 3)

Co nting n 'the result f the irst •• Cong ss on January lL

26, 1913, J . Th. ·'etrus Bluni>ergor, who called the s. . a "national-15

dernocr tic native n" aaid:

Tnis First S,I. Con ass tJO.S a revelation for the Indone-sian society. • , In addition to tbe Jav list-.economie ent of the Sura.karta sociation, o.nd more or lese influenced by reli ious sentiu.ents, a L..c0ra tic trend came l!p • • •

The seeds or sound r.ational consciousness spr ad by t.1c s. I .-

ove nt the · sses throu"'h con resses & d o ag da- trlps were

or inesti. . lc value for the f o of Il don sian • 0 nting

on this ao.h.i VaJient of the s. I . as atJmm in 1e irst ationa.l Con re s

in Ba.nd\ltlg on June 17 to 24, 1916, Dlu r ar gave t le tollOWl..ng con-

elusion•

Thia con :re s cl arly pro · d that the •• is a . .: r es -tion or the grown or the JeO le. Th y are aytng attention to t he Q..r :-an e ent of the relationntrl bet't en vhe

overre. ,nt and the · ople. So far the association ·a loyal exprecsion, leaviM unconsi red by-phenomena in wli h every peo le 's mov illent nas resulted' in 1h ch ·u psycholodc lly inferior ass s are involv d. l

It was the already- ntioned Isllanic - it could be

also called , tior..alicm - 1fh ch s ved t.1e 0 n o 1

·-·- cha. v·n·sm atrl lert·st rmtolutiona.-y actions m· ch re un1 altt>.y

ll3

developments of Indonesian Nationalism. The Budi Utomo whlch could be

considered as a "fellow-traveller" of the S. I . seemed to nave no ambition

to meddle in S.I . affairsJ after the suspension of the Surakarta

S. I ., did the Budi Utomo express its sympathy. Thanks to Is-

lam as the binding factor of its nationalism, the S. I . , although having

its cradle in the capital of the princely state, could surpass

the chauvinistic trend of J avanism. The Indies Party soon after its estab-

lishrnent in 1912 tried to launch its leftist revolutionary spirit at the

S . I . but it was again the shield of faith wh :.ch defended the 1a t ter frcm

the poisonous ideological spear.

The very militant cunning cmmnunist attacks were the heaviest that

the s. I . had ever undergone . Communism as tbe Dajjttl (Muslim Anti-Ghrist)

was enenw number one of the s . I . Even after it was eliminated by the decision 18

of party-discipline and defeated at the Seventh National Congress,

when the s. I . was transformed into a full-fledged political party, ec ... ual

in form and equipment with P. K. I ., it did not yet stop launching polit-

ical [LSsaults . AB a reaction aeainst the above- mentioned congress, a Com-

munist Congress was held at Bandung on March 4, 19231 attended by 16 branches

of the P. :r. . I ., 14 local Red S. I . groups and the representatives of the

Trade Unions which were federated in the Revulotionar.y Trade Union Central.

Explaining the purpose of holding this congress , namely the secular-

ization of the Red S. I . •s into ' Sarekat Rakjat 1 (People's Association),

Semaun as president of the P. K. I . criticized the S. I . as follows:

In the s . I ., where religion is only used as bond , ther e are capitalists labou r , t hat t he existence of or-ganization can never be good • • • We as labourers therefore do no+ :eel a t home in t ho S . I. • • • have l eft the S . J . and formed an opposition-party , when we noticed that the 19 "'loneJ o: .. t .. 1e labourers was being spent by the S . I .-leaders.

114

To laurtch att acks on the f ; . I ., which clos ed its door entirely to

comrnuni3t influence, the P. r:. r . would forn in the first stage a .federation

of kat 'Rakjats, t he '1t rue 11 s. . I . to compete with nca pi tal-

is tic., S . I . groups. Than il"l the e .a:c ond sta g<:! the P. K. I . ·would form a unit

with Sarekat Rakjat. At all ;;laces, wher e the Hed s . I . groups 1ad be en

established, would also be founded P. t( . r. - branches , with which the ntrue "

S. I . (Sarehat would have t o co-operate i n fighting capitalism.

All unportant ma t ters, howevar, would be sGnt f or th0ir ar4angement by both

local organizations t o the Central Executive Board oi the ' . K. I . at

Semarang.

The imperc eptible change of the "capitalistc'1 S . I .-or ganization

into a tttrue", i . e . C:orrununistic , S. T. would apparently be carried out

accorJin& to t he ' ' oviet systeo. The >. K. I . leaders obvious l y wanted to

es ta ' lis 1: a social organisu by follm·d.ng the method o: building cells

whjch wer e to get power by out syndicalism. The Sarekat Rakjat

was to become the cell-struc.ture, and. in its relationship wit l-J the 0 • K. I . ,

the wlderstructure, to support the P. K. I . as the top-structure. Both

structures were to constitute an organizat ional thole. Those who were not

."et "ripe" for communistl ould have t o r emain in the under-structure, i . e .

in the Sarekat k.a.kjat, the people's party , uher a t ey would bf.! "sifted out rr

(purif· ed) before their ad ption in t,1e P .. K.I. ith the C) 'Ckat Rakjat and

Trade nion tiS active red iorces, an .. d · s le vtO"tJld o ;ora d to

destroy oapitall6m1 under which bead.!L"1.G• from the rteture of thingo, every-20

thing would be roclr.oned which d net join ttle conurrunisto.

ith the transformation of the S •• ·movement into Sjarikat

slam 1 (P •• T. ) , th.e s t rug le or tho Indonesian slitn 11<'ltionalists entered

a ndw hase, but inci. l ea t'1!ld uims reiJained t sane. Onl- the form ot 21

the organization bud changed. As already explained., it nad an integrated

form of a political 1;arty, so that it was moro up to its heavy

task.

Soon t he reucvrad co. :unlst action resu 1 ted t.1e alreacly- rlentioned 22

Rail ay an Tr l-ine :in C0ntral Java in ey 192,3. 1 i s t J4e tbe

P. S. I . could control its branches and succeeded in eaving the party from

har mful involve ent_, thanks to 1 ts new inten-al structure. 'l'he Dutch co-

lonial governr.ent• which aa.w the f act t hat the conmnu1ist rere not backed

by the s piritual rni..;ht of I:Jlarn, unhesitatingly nrrosted the co _

l eader S maun an thus sur.c eded in suppressing the cot:T.lunist action.

e, wnen anarchy roke out in cany pl aces throu bout the Indies

on ·ay·oL"iber J21 1926 nd into 1927, t.he Dutch colonial over ent oroke

up e P. K. _., eltiling L;e leaders to Upper Digul in ast Irian ( est .ew

Guinea). Some P. K. I .-1 aders, however, succeeded in esca)inf! the

n nt •a a .. ong otl.ers Semaun, ;ran

irdjo.

The dissolution of the ,. K. I . completed the v .. ctox-.f of the P.o. I .

over the fer r, but i t loss ot energy 1d s iri. tual

116

authority, was still felt by t l). 6 ., I. a long t · after .

Another tmporta"1t contr:bution the S. I . to Indonesia"'l r ationalism

11as the creation of state-consciousness r:hich uo lne furt. -r from national

c nsciousneas. 23

s early e.o, 1911 t..l·.rts was already to bo t raced in the statute

of the S.I. 1 in -whi ch -v;a,a .L'Gntiont..;d ntna ..,rcat.d.OS!l t.;e CO"J.n-cry". The pro-

s .alyti. ors or the · • -•J ·who ware ir.dvued with pa.tr 1ot::..sm1 so1'1ed !1e seed ot state-conscious1.ess, L:nd after one year tre.r al ready l"'(k'lk)C, the fruits as

24 shown · 1 t.he First s. ! . Conq:ress of January 26, 1913.

1 e t atiorml e1.nd atate .... of tho trYlonas : an poo 1 ..... was

further t he d ... velopment of the ? . "• ,

Concentratl.ng i ts ener gy upon the propaganda of a 'ational mdi a'

Con :raso, the P.s. 1. positively ai.med a.t Greater 1donesian

Tllis con . ess would unite the d·rreront peoples or tm r. dies ror t ljc comnon 2S

stru,.gle a ga inst .. political and exploit.ation"• Ab ul is was

sent to Su!tiatra in 192.3, but his a.gi tat ion ·::eomsd to have stirred ldina.t1g-

l:abau a Jle t.oo much , that the D.: tch colon al govcr ::ant fear d that

fer ent would cause a.s bo.d h.a en, 'l·lte •. he J.oli--oll in Ca-

lebes in 26

1919. Finally Lbe ,overn .. n t. pr ohibited his viaitin 27

the pro-

vinees out side Java and '.adu.tu. .ea.nwhUo rjokroa.minoto )la .ned to ropaoate 28

the .idea. of Ch·eat Insular unity on Borneo and OClsbas. J Ls endeavour to

unite the .a.lays and Dajaks into a. National r lco at ,andjarmasin

had to e eiven up ..,:hen lJe l'O\rinc.:.al .. nt prohibited h:i.re t o enter the

the capital. In April 1923 the ational orrieo Congress,

possibly call the EiBhth o.tional Co ·re s, 11as held. The a.a 1

h ever, . ot at tonded by Tjokroami noto and only two decisions ere

117

na.: ...... ly to institute a Borneo Council .:.n princiole, d to cend a. pet1 t ion

to the G. G. , in :'!rich he 29

evanc s of the poonl of orP.eo would be suMmLV'I

up.

1be propagar da on Celebes reaul t ed in the gatl1orine of a J ational

l1elol as Gon so at re ado fror: u st 2h to 29, 1923, led by Tjokroc• inoto.

oet probabl't i.his C(·nf'rOGS l"JaG a.lso called the ini.h a t ional Con At

the open·.r1g of tbe oon eas Tj okroaminoto pointed out t.hat the e.d two

million members and t lHlt five millic·n porsr,ns were affected by its basie

princii lea; thn. t tl)e leaders ere. expcsed to persecutions, but crntinuod tul-

t ullinc-:" their duty, ient of the r otection of The ost ·11gn. :r·urther he

explained th t all parties, 1r es pcctive of r ace cr:d reli ion, · uld be P..bl

to jo5.n the · lebes onrrrens which ai .. d t striving after the pro-

otion or ttje welfare or tl1e whole . opulation on the ial£md. This co r!rest;,

bcr.re er, had no nucceo • 1.h .ae no c0ns'i erable response to · t a flaming 30

::rug )'entiono of Tjokro.::un:tnoto.

In spite o£ ti,o fcm resul" s, "·oot bly c o.uGed by t he hampering

1eo.sur s or t.he ttch c olonial "'C ortment, Tjokroarninoto did r10t espai.r in

stru lin..., for the idea or national unity. At Surabajn he succeeded i n

a corrrJ. tee T1l1ich ould repare the t.uticn or ational Indies •

Congress . In a treati ng trith the Budi Utomo d P. K. I. a.t Surnbajn in

a.nuatjr 1924, he explained tho purpose of such an i..nsti tu1 ton. ccording to

him, the J..veula.r Con reesee wuuld fo t he underet.ructure or the

diea • Conrrrese. It a national nity was thus f ormed, t .en the intellectual,

moral, and econo ic forces or the people would be le t o develop J he

political and economical .domin tion would !in lly come to an end. " nfortunately

118

thJ.s comm t e did not bring about any result.

The Tenth ational Con re s as hal at rabaje. from Au at 8 to 11,

1924. Since II dji . s SalJ.m h d i th raw from the cople ' ,ouncil in 30

1924, t .. e •• I . had no re representative in .a c c ·1 nd. thus followed

a policy or non-co-operation. 'This con rre a was · n· t i ated by hiu to draw ac-

cord· 'ly a new pollticol. c ram based upon non- co-operat on, attacking the

"' eople 's Cour..cil. It wae decided that comr .. l\Ulist ethod.s of strug lo

e followed and active ro c.o-anda auld be launched a ainst t council.

Th n.ovcnth and 'I l.fth ,ati.on 1 on.;.J1 .. a r sul d · n no ai..>nifi-

cant. decisions on political rra t tara . These con ·assos discussed n- nly pro lema

of slim international C lations, Wit h.!..Ch the •:JSent writer will deal

afterwards .

The Thirteenth National Co ress, eld at ogor fran Dace .... r 1 to

5, 1926, adopted an improtant motion on "Islam and Ooverwent Inter ference

in the stat in!:! t at the· Govert . nt ' e lations con-

earning 1sl2.31C mar ria 1 mosques and ducation were contrary to

the freedom ot religion guaranteed y the Dutch \lonsti tution and the Indies'

Re rulntions ot State. ue tiona c or ccrn.:ng the le al basis ror the interference

ot the overn. nt .:.n Islamic affairs and the nature o! this int r erence 11ere

ndentiously put forward in the con ress .

Tbe Fourteenth National Jone e a at .. kalon an !rom January 14 to 171

1927, 'ias ked nth the furth davelo ?"ent o£ n on sian ... onaliem as a

political i olo • In t h s t ut s f e • • • t 0 s i n otter al

f dom on th b s i s of Is the aim of the party. 0 anda

would then de f or polit ·c.; l action " er th catch ord of 1 tional

119

fr edom•, if 1 onaible in co-op ... rotion with other organizati ons h" c bad the 31

same purpose.

On this pro Jaa-anda was soon ll\unched by ray of course a for the

o£ cirele .. laadera and tnrough afternoon- ... eti n a ' i th illavera to

come ".nto contact with the com:::on people. In arious . etln s actions of

the 8.J&inet x·evolntione.ry movements were sharply criticized. T'

P. • • ould t...se Islnm as a nti. hty eans to cl'ent thG native- soil; the ed-

ucation of · y ·uth : uld ba cast in tha ruil t ary mot lei; to e share o£

ube scouts tne honour ould tall l n ue tinJt" to eJ: '- 10 • "J. era

is llO reason to fear tl.tuo the ropa anr.ia. con-v · nued, 11£or in the

e ru . le for the ri { Jts o his r li ,ion, h us lim nus not ling to !ear, not

even doatht he is indeed to fight the holY m:r against ti1ose who harm 32

,I w." Furt l r it as pointed out t l at the people should ... e pre ared to

wrest their .freedom in the coming b t t le between he Imperialism of the est

and tl,e of the East. Thus were the fi y aij'i a.tions for ·the sake

of Indones tan r n.ticna.li s1. • Fart, er than thia the P • . • • could not go 1 because

the Dutch colonial lovernment was afraid of possible excesses ru:d put n end 33

to tile •

In accordance with this far developed tlonalism and also

to repre ent the P • • I . abroad, the na.rre of tl .. e was then canpleted

the denomination 'Hindia 'it!'.ur 1 (East Ind'ee ) - witl1out the word 'Dutch' or

t etherlande' attached to itl - so t hat its full name o car tPa.rtai

Sjarikat Iw;lcm1 Hindio. J.i 1r• (Sjarikat IslAm arty or tl st 1 iea).

enomina.tion of' t.he seemed to be necessary the • • • ad sent

a ele ation to tl .orld I 1 ic on ress at ....... ah en J na 1, l 26, in

120

e usli.ms of t.he .st Indies h r epresented. By taking t 1io

narre ., tho P. • I . Hindta · mur S• ... er.ned to express its ri sh of ocomi.ng an

• at :t.V}dies' branch of an .i.nterl ational Sjarikat Islam.

A very i .portant event SJ1 l"tly after t11e Fourteenth butional on roas

.. as he rise or the secular J.lationulist pol itiyal party called 1 arhl t a.aional

Indonesia ' 1 a br evia tad to P. • '1hia dynamic party 'vas 'ou de on July 41

1927, u u tho "nitiative of Ir. ;u arno, one or the poli ical stu nts of

Tj okro inoto. Suko.rr1o u::>ed the ac"liivi ties of the • • on t. 1e t 1 ory ot

dont1sia. 'his theory of .u1don Uationalist Interest was "expounded by -

arno n suo 1 an asy d attractive a:r that within a short riod it was

able to r se the bro, d ses of eople, a spirit of love t tarde the 34

country and hatred t cv;a.rds perialism".

'l'be Fitt ontl1 ational Con ,ross was also eld at QkalonP-"an, from

September 28 t o October 21 1927 • Tl e ost important subj ect in t lis con rress

was the pro Josal to f orm an Indonesian Uni ty- front by fed rating all politi-

cal associations on a nationalistic basis . 'fhie propcoal was intr oduc d by

Ir. 'ukarno, presiueut of the . N .I., o deem d Oo-o{Jeration posoible in

the form of a fe erative alliance , without gi · 1g up i:ndi:v-idual treeda:u.. J.he

native <WSO ... ·.ations oould a o join the 1e Central

cutive ;oard of the P • • agreed wit the r opoaal an su rted the

fernn.ng of the f blch c into lng on ... o , ber 171 192'7 with

Indo-

nesi ' (Consultation f tionalist roli i al eociationa ·n In onesia) ,

au revi tod to ' • •• K. I . It e nece aary t o ention at the P •• I .

01 d. tl n COt 0 fa o.1 o u o ive

.!.. 0 e t 1 at 011..Ll o jrumrtn, ran· y 6 o

1.1 .. ..' tc nt7 ann v o ... jolrro liuoto ' o

ccordin t,o a nto cal

o· b oft a c.. :.:w d 'ra 2 · o at ont 35

12,000. added, "t

C0l1f" so .as also a te fa e • flu c d b t

""t ... on o • l n ·

r3 of ·.

o !'l ionol 'L'lit , 3

t ' i1 • ' o rY..roneo _a •

• • . .. . I .

1 thio • C •t \JUS urtJ G ... " n•o uovo 1t

on a .a t (Aoooe ·at ion

o. n in don c'U. ); 1 a ' rowt ·

or oia ' ( . on •

0. B t vio • utua .. 0 GS t

the In o. o so··lfl 1 Ov:J ..

Uo t

a co (j 0 Ot ll

J. a . 0 • .. I., • 0 ani od . .. t-ov nc co GG s t D ) year

( 9 9). 2r" to 27 in s v on uust2to

6 an1 on u 3 est Jnv nt

0 0 r st

nt · c 1 nt

2 '

•

122

th vo ot t r '"An

otnm .. thr. t. rms · 1 t. nt .!')C ac.h of' i'reedo: be ccom_;a.nied

b: diffi .. t . )..,. J. t h es . · ese .. nld c .. rta:n - o'*:, be . .. a"· or than

t' e ... onhe

h. -· ' 1 th .m( n t.hat the ·· ... le ho ad r +-o Ot .fioo for

G of t .he ' in t his 1..i.fe n.nd ·.n t.he hereaftar, tc.

ante P. N .. I .

proparandints . "t • Sukarn J t.o,...cther w4 n 'tot .,.a .. l a: n ·:.nd

to f ,... ;/'OD.ra • · riGo JlPnt . 'T'h +.h P •• r.I. t.his ire ;_ts t.zt tcntion o'!'l ; ntcrnal m-:1ttors. nor ro-

n.r tho was a. eed on by the con .... ress.

t the head of t..'Je party WO 11d function I

1) a lc 1De?lan ?a,-.tai • (Party Council ) or ' 37

Tah..l<im P .-. • I . I . • at Djakarta 1 wi +,h Tj as e hai and

Ha.dji A \.l.S Salim, R •• Surjoprat1ot.o and four other as rbersj

2) an OI''?:t:n ' 1-.'ldjnah Tanfidhija.h ', at Jo jcl'..arta, cons"atillg

of the di rectors the depart .nt o.f aff airs, of finance, o!

rship and wo ks, of ublio ·.n truct·on and .... ti.on, or labour r-.nd a .. M.c,ll t uro, f)f the vtomen 's nove .ent and of the yout

Ch; :J.rman o this e ecutive t tee was . f • San..>adj1

(a _ 1sl·n d the vice-chairman was Dr. mk· an i rjo-

s· ndjojc (fr an Java). Tne former was the director cr the epartment

l • an"' '" 1 c 1 ..._ ...... . v lt • J e ... . • Vle:re

...

this notion 10ll CX!Jlz...-n-·. 39

Urd.on w .. (4, . .... . v. ) .,

govorn-

nt c n - he '\1 • o ••., ..J ..., vc .,.,., 1 "-" ... ., ;..) • v • • • u...;..u. c..lre tho place o£ a. i irst :h.icl.. h 'l-e

on ., r •' , . , . •;'\' . .. , .. 4 w. ... ..:..u .....

a the iJlai.t.cr cf a. c.unfc .. racy o: Jc:.:. i cW. 40

,i.,.l .. Tl had Luc ;· iical · ctl. "'1 eoo uha!ubcl"S 41

ro '. b. • • had held a pr o os in

South Cele eo at April 6 to 8• ut n cd by lCOO s ,

';he . .... . ! . .... f() roo

11ore t han secu:Ul.r The Executive · ttoe (L'll "na.h

38

124

Tanfidhijah) was meanwhile also active in giving directions to the people

concerning cur rent poll tical a.t'ld economic problems, e . g. malaise (bad

economic conjuncture ) 1 retrenchnent and une.oployment, forced labour and

long- lease . Tcwfard the government t he P. S. I . I . was launching t he so-called h2

hidjrah- policy1 a policy or self- help and non-co- operati on. 1bese

directions were in the form of a publ i c announcement, issued on December 41

1930. hJ

The Eighteenth National Congress , held at Surabaja in 1931 was

marked with the deepening or the S. I .-ideology1 after gaining experience

from t he communists, from MUslim r elations and from the s ecular

nationalists . The most inportant decision was to compose a 'Program Asas I

(Basic Program) and a I Program Tandhim' (Program of Organi zat i on of Work).

Asas would be for the philosophic explanation of the P.S. I . I . ideology

based on Islam, wnil e ProGI"am Ta.ndhim was to be a pr0gram of acti on based upon

directi ve principles and adapted to current needs . This di f f icult task or cam-

posing the Basi c Program and t 11e Work Program was laid by the congress upon

the shoulders or Tjokroaminoto, who succeeded in accomplishing this heavy

task successf ullY on October 26, 1931.

After expl aini ng the name of the party and its changes , followed by

the definiti on of its purpose "to put Islam i nto practice as widely as possible

and to the fullest extent in order to obtain a true Muslim 7orld, in which

the true slim way of life can be 1 Tj okroaminoto gave an elaborate

explanation about The Qur 'In, Sufficiency of t he Holy Qur 'In, an l Contents of

the Qur 'an, as a general notion.

As for the Basic Program, he dealt with s 1) Unity in Islam 2 ) National

Freedom 3) 'Ihe . ature of the State and the Government 4) E:conomic Lif'e

5) Condition and in Society and in Law 6) True Liberty.

The Work laid dovrn the follovlillf: points :

1) Action and its K>tive

2) Purpose and its in batters of cr""i at (' orchip) and .. . .. ._

ShariCa.t ('a;,· of Life ) , Politics , Livelil1ood o£ the recple, Social 44

nt rcourse, Education :u-1d Instruction.

l'he Nineteenth . ational CongresG, held at Djakarta, ch 3 to 12,

19.33, as a continuat ion of t he deepening of the • • • • I . ideolo Y • In addi-

tion to this, Ttas i to tl-x1 e-LJ.icienoy and ext'ausion of tho party,

especially in ouk-sr Java.. Since the . ! . 1 . waa in a. very bad c vndition (dis-

s olved on \.pril 17, 1931, n ancrod into 'Partai Ir.donesia' abbreviated

tO t Jartin-4o t f but O'ain diSSOlVed in 19.34) I the Only i-.ll'eL Uer 0£ doneaian

ationalism in the political plane waa then the P. 3. l . I .

the otrlle:r bar,.d, t.hia witn ..,s td the dovelopu.ent of

factions among the .. uali.nls t hemselves. Sukiman ·· irjosandjojo and SUrjopranoto

were expelled from tt e part:r, baca.use or a personal conflict betwc<m the1n. and

1'jokromninoto, an aff air wi.thin tho P\...wnhousa union (P. P. ·. D. )

without involving the P. S . I. I . or t1·ansgressing l s.1arp

ccnn. ents on this dictatorial way o:f acting caused :nora expulsions from the

1rib r-list. Thl9 led t.o t he foundation o£ a new xu•ty 'Parvai slam

Indon sia' (abbreviated to l II) in ay

he 1 etftli.: th 1 tional C ess, bald at djarna r.vara .f'rom 'aY 20

to 26, 1934, ·as the la t con ess atterdad by Tjokro ino o. hat the P. ·. r. r. through Ute propa ation of lndoneaian Nationalism had s ad wi ely thro ,bout

126

. : 'O<lo:u.an oli jJ: ( olii .. .,;,id( ) ho r.oad st;,;. -ed ..... I- ...... ...

·ational

rr .o-

rt a lt.c

j oso,

A or· o · .n j!.l1· ' o: "'.ovc ·

J27

· , , ' ......., , , .a."l.1 ot e . ..

.:o p .. . • .l • • C C .. h•:. lt ( . ' fl .a:..icmal

JUly 19 t c 2:; i tH i1oltlt , ? os t.:.on

e l and n er ,1on). A co ..... miqt;.· o .• : cto:_er G, l9'J'l t ha ... t ,..e

be ... • r :e·"'tal &\...< v - to

tintio s noovt.

C:y - I .... . .. .... . . rro.

t-he I't \lV.

co- o .r: .. ..j (") .. ., _,

r ov d t o

t, '-- CI( :r d L.. .. _o.,.nvJ.on,

o.L ·o !l:Jt on w··.t t l _; U!'i.!rl ';) ..

1 this at of i ncrens ... nct ivit.y for tl o oakc of Indooosi·)

Ju:t " 1 t,() Ur!'ust. 7 193 , . ·· s

;.; 'I...!.S 0 T joeo, )'I 0 \:r .COve 50 :!0 urt .t..":1A· h7

L"1 Wt .Len !1e "' la l.ne-.. \1! at

in t.l

tl •

G3-of ... ons £ on lbi-

Ul

.• I . I was t . . ,_, r..Lv J 0:1 ::n"d s •

- nr·iuc··ol(; in o..:12er t c (i' to nrd .. .:.t. - 1ternJ.l ·act -onn ........ ...............

h6

eo ·r - 1 • .. · • L. . l. ' aiJ.o vO ·ur o o

t :i.; sit· at ·.o. 1 · · t ·

• '".I ..L .) •

. . "'

0 th a 0. t .as

nto 1 ... . n · n ... ox· the o.c o o · t! ( Ol'foct oit ·on $1

0 . 0 . n. and oi" its fo l l:rt7ers". i'tti..a pul:ty VJO l( atto u:Ot to achi ve I G

l'HiPOCi.J.t1ono am by 001'1."/il Cll)f}; the poo ile of . UU' ··.tgbt to OI :r· thoir 1 52

... :l accol-clon c Jit.h tl or IuJa .. ;l,. Ol' . l ly :w p .I .. I . co ll b ! c ,.1-

aid d ns tho tOlit cal creaniz.nt :on ti

• jai k!C v- !aS l.kmsur, the l.)X\JS JJ. OJlt

laet ern, jcinnrl tt1o part_l'.

dijoh, be lOI 'lJ so

In tho 1 Xlf t!Fa !J . I . I .. llQ.d boon mub n th t'J.i):od foolinrn !Oonle

· oin :'in ad ition to too \3 ·U;t:tnc • . I .:r . a

l ad rs , a cctal]8' jooanctjo o, bcr. v !', r- to e ·

thot ti· J.at,tor would drop part., · ·l coMidier tho olicy

not.. oo O-. ot:.rugclo but o.a t,act1eP Cn the hand, a personal co -

o.G n. .,

ct v

The;. oli.cy, a.lao ltno;:.n. o..n · ;;I lioy of the ' non •- _ ,

to that of he oo ' o beca · a o · d

__ ccu ·ivo of h • .. • • dica

:d en fu fuaad to ic tion

P. .I .r- . lco.d t" 1US .xpoll ·ron

S ; ich f ollc:rN d .. s u to v t Of t G

J29

I"' - I . .. . l . •

1Im . n · ( aeb Java) on .";reb 2!

r ct ca ion of tLo one ry t . . . "'

f !.t h .. t ::s th ir

!'J ' . I . r 1 oo' ( , oot

r <L t a •. t ... ain the rm 10 • • • , &

t . ocrot · c as b n to ov lo stt·o 1gly,

of t a --callc 'l)Lu:·u1 ·1. · ' TrClV eat ..

n ich ra or lcmJ .:. act d by tho

.i rt !lO , tl :rc ao , ot

• ..... I. ·• to con .inue · de

• J.aij 'l.t :ton

to 1

m o:cy l9 2 tho QSC C!'t Ju n{ a

ll ltil

0 :r t l7t 19L5, .;.. ct t 1· clos 0

• •

J.o:

d

i,c,u_

i

1 v::1 'l .fo

ao.dare ru: th 0 -0 t{G ta of

olla·1 tl oo

utical

h_G ·: e · uais

.-, .

0.-.Lcy •

. .. . lQ, l 1.:.0 t

·o

a t i c ..

on e-. ,o,.c 0

Jl on

130

9• l 9h2 and ordered all. i t.a branches to :follow suit i.TID ediately. Other

political parties had to do the thing.

Abikusno Tjol{lt()sujoso as ex resident of the P. s . I •• seemed to be

ambitious to offer his services as Indonasian premier to t' · Japanese "lib-

eratorc.u being proud v.t the fact t.!1at he was most obat!r.ave in maintaining ss

non-co-operation with the :lutch.

Although the end2avour of Abikusno Tjokrosujoso was too pronmture

to ain success, it b:...d its influence on the plans of the Japanese, ospecialzy

those dre:.wn to vhe stronuath of t he !&lslil'-.!8 for tre purpose ot the

Japnnt...3e -.er. In addition to the a.ll-elribx·l!.Cin. Triple A r11ove.cent1 set up ,.

by the Japanese to cupport thair J.....adership or Asia, preparations vmro made

to i orm .:....Tt all-ambraci.""lg 4..u.slir: bod,y • A Preparatory {;o:m. ·. t !/ for the

Uni.fication at the Islamic COinJ.";lunity was set up and beaded by bik'J.Sno Tjo-

krosujoso. This eomr.Ji.ttce, however, did not yield any result. an the Jap-

anese e::tselves be,&n to approach the directly, ,iving t.1o honour,

ndrca '"'t of under Dutch rule 1 tba J panese tactics in ..... akin"' con-

tact ith these spiritual leadors of the .:la . F'rom all these eo .tacts and

actiVi tics , .hi ch in reality were only to serve the J a. ness war-ai."ll.S, the

conclusion c.: )uld be drawn that Jere no political ot a.rry

t he got from the Fascist rule of

thi) J a .. hard lessons and bi tt..xly--;ained experience l. At tho last

stao of the Japanese occupation. the activities of x-lea ern of he P. S. I ••

were corrtlinuad by t.he leaders o! t a uhn..l!lmadiJah and the !ahdatul 1J'la! .. a 1

1.31

2. ocial and Gul tural Achieve ·ants •

L t s Q.\.' v 6 . 1 . mov an ._ le. · ·x· o the

-pl: ru:. sed the " Je ! l onos i an

c e , \:. 10 s on ' ould uil te Oi,.; t O.A.

cc ... u .i •

ul ur;tl cou .riL ;.t io . , in

s .. i ... .. J i' th state-

. t ......

aluo i r. J!t_,st, in t .-... c ... liche 5'"1

. at o , 1 •

132

In the Second Al-Islam Congrcns nt r'JUrut f:t·om y 19 to 21, 1924

T jokroarninoto gave an ioportant opening lee ture on " 3ociallsm based upon

Isla.i.111 • This lecture was revised. for publication as I slam dan .:locialisme

(Islam atld Socialism), Ylhen Tjokroaminoto 1as in Jogjn.karta. After eDln:inin

the meaning and history of as it develo·· cd in the :Vestem

orld, Tjol:roaminoto dealt with Socialism in Islam as regards its bases

and elements to found in t he and as exemolified by L:)c ... bot

d. her, he criticized the so-called " us lim I.nroerialicm in the

ast history and advocated True Socialism w1 ich laid stress on t,1(\ et 1_ical

value of IsL.-unic 1'o achieve social progress the s hould

obtain worldly kncrtiledt10 and religious knonledee .

The of science should be coupled t he oro&'I'ess of morality; t he prof!res<J 0 .1.· mundane knoVIledge s noul ...... be tclled with the prob"TeSS of the belief . the hereafter ( ukll!"m7Iyah) 6 . • . good progress is only t hat v. ich is in accordance with I slrun 1

'i'he interest o.r. t he Sarekat I slam in _.:uslim orld affairs was

sbo11n by the f orming of a ' Central Co:nite Chilafa.t ' ( Khilafat Central Com-

mit teo) at Surabaja in 1924 . Tll:ls co'llilittee had practieally all t he

organizations as men'bers and ,ta.s led by the Isla'll leader •. Hondo-

am.iseno . Its purpose l.ras prim.:? ri to support the . C,aliphatc in its strug-

gl e a minst t he encronchment by secularized olitical lca(;ers, such

.:em-'ll • sba in Turkey . 'L-lrl.rd Al-Islam Congress in abaja on ec er

2L to 26, 1924 discussed the task of this coomittee, among others

to form an Indonesian ele ation to a uslim Congress

t o be held at Cairo to discuss the lem of the Calip- te- olitical

133

dioturbat1ccs in Egypt, which 1·esult.ed in the reslu ation of t ime 'irdster

sa.cd Zaglul Pasha, caused the cance11ation <:f this Musli..ra

In the Jo,atu"th Al-!alBJn Congress, uhioh r.as neld at tl"X) sa!B place

and time tl e Elevent·l1 tonal 1:cn;p"ess of the Sarekat Islam, na."!lely '

in Jogjalmrtta on August 21 to· 27, 1925, 't jokroacinot·) contributed his

detailed laL for a ··:;.:tlcnal Education. I. i.a alrt of educut,ion was

to :rot ·ualim younr.;; won and wcrn.en ap for the

:pro ress cf modern tilr"fis br;. t rf)m.J.i nine "'..:.rue uslirr.a and fai t.1 ul to tho

s iri t of Islam 1 v111.:; sur.r·te t t.'!rrt "e c,f Isl.irn, ac t: ut. each

cation ifj schools, Tj ok1 .. oamLnotrJ of 1;,he O-;JI.u1 on tbt\t t \ e spiri t of 62

de ocr tcy, indel)Ottden'-1e at'lu ! t:; l . m(;r.;..Ut,y slJOuld be in education.

'.:'he Fifth Gmuross wa.s !1old at fiamlun in r ebru.nry 1926.

Thls cot.greas WllB led b:r the Khi15'1at Central Cor.md t ·t-.es .: .... 'ld .made the tm-

portaat doo.!.tlion of nond'ing a delor.:ati cn to t rJC rO!'ld ·.!uslim Congress

to be held in on tlune l tho sante ear at the in,-i.tat ·lcn of Ibn

suCUd to cl.1 scuss tho posit on or the Hol.r Lc..n·l ntf;er the c·

under hiD f\: 11 power. f .. s ho vrorld iUSllm Conr.l'ras!.l vrere appo:nted

rrjokroaY1:l.noto r: . Il 41 •• • Lfu.nsur who loft for the t n-1 on 21 1926.

' 'ho Sixth Jl l-Isla:m neld in <-;urabaja in Sept.ember 1926,

ConE,;rass at a};kah . 1 this re ard · o Sixth Con .. I:tade a

declslon to e the .. ore• it1.if:.e

·Jt _ranch of the · .. orld

.:.1slJ.: G 1 abbrev lcrtod to ,. A. 'J"hc: • "C<.;Ut.l c Board of he

v

J

. 1 . r. I . ..... . co.1sist d of 1:·o1a·oa.1'1Lnoto (.Jro..;.ilcr .. ,) , seno (vice-

resident) n A s d 1 .1.!!1 (secret ary '"'· eral) . Thus the ·ekctt Islaw

co tril>u v d o -r,he of t .. 1.-J ta 1 · • CoL .. tnit.r by

the

+ . nav 0 .. s .

tho

·eventh Al-..:s a:t 'on in Boger . Th alan w.1 .... l .for •.. ed. t.1c

Co.' v- ·' { c - - - - . .... . • ' eu . ,1;

i pro c ........ nt v.l th-3 ria...,c ra..;ulu. tions and t ;J Cal"€: of ;:> mo '1Ues •

.L.n t -.. e ru: 'lg 0.1."' 27 " t A -- .._. , . .t1G w . .. . sen al:L.:t tu 11!.tkah

";";i h th .!.nte .. 1 u.:.o. to at Hd ·t. ... ..ruo;) i . ens of 1-

vt' crs in

I c-.;. tin r · • • 1. .. g ... 0:..1 CUd to disci,.!. ... intc_ cot of I onesi

In Lhe Al- sJ.ru c ogress , also kncnm as • T ., h..:ld • ii. "'· . . at lilJO .... nd Lime u.S Fl t ..... .lational I g.,ess .... the v a-

Isl- , .. ely L. Pekalon an J a) J !>o.t? 1.1c ber 28 to

u.ar 2, 1..,27, J gt s ga.'"' d. .. on his isi c.l .. d .g

Ui-.;."1. Tuis J

its s.;..xt r;ut. 0 .. Co .... . in 1932 -ven .Al-1slam Con:.:o>rc; s s

in all v.ere u- t,l c &la.I •

an

s • art') ,

TjokroaJ:tinoto v:VO irJportant contrihu vions · n j, e form af . ing

135

principles for the Indonesian In the National_

oi' the P . S . I. I. these wore ;>resented in a i!nt,itlcd "IGJ..arr'o...ic Culttu,o

and Customa. In a ":)Opular and eo.rry wa·;r ex.?L."lined the e1eanin::;

of Art, J.eli ; ion and Philosophy as eleJnents const:ltutill . Cultu:.:·e , describing

the role of Isl[l.m as a basis for solu·ce o.l C:ultlTO .. As fvr the

of the IIusliL1s, Tj okroa.minoto s-t<:tod:

We should anc !'lUSt. ta1::e cure o£' our Isla, !ic ,....1.l ltlLrE' -.?j'th its trllO baocs, oncloavour to st:..•e::1'";t:.Le:;; it and. to dr:1Jrf' it to ,_

progress , and \?it·. and main to Lri.1g it. into l'nodcrl} t houghto and idec:ts, in accordance with ·cho :>r·or;:·css o!: t:i.Jae !63

In ordor to acl1ievo success in the •. Jont.ioned cultural

ende . .-.-:"'our, mlJ·ol...:-r•oar.rl.;on.o·a..o .. ... ...,tcd 011t "'"U.::...:Ji-1(1" _.,.,....;.lC; p ler--• y - ........ v ! .. 1 ..... t.) ..;..1.4 ' (.) l.}J. ..z..A. ... - '-' •

l) 'llo CulttJre can l ive cont:t.nuollsq ami slu·vi vo succesoive

a) if it is contrary to tho lavvs of life and proJ.ress , and to the

human mind of the nation cuncerned,

b ) i :r it does not \'7ork or if care is not taken that it be nrescrvcd

a.1d spread,

c) in a c:ircu.,.otance \7he:n it •JaS not t i:e capacity to express or to

s hm"' it,se lf.

2) In order to be able to live continuously ant:. SlLT'Vive futurt3, each

culture shoulu show itself in concrete forms , i..'l a cere 710ny or

rrhe Nineteenth r.7ationa.l .:::ongress also c!:.tar.,:::ed Tjola·oam.i.noto to

roko a ''General itegu.lation for tho ::.usl i:n Con:tux:tity" . This t ask 11as ac-

comolished on _•'cbruary 4, 19.34 . 7he purpose of makine t his 11General ..

64

136

'""eeulation" was to build a United l:uslim in Indonesia ....-rhich,

aa one tulit, would also become a l!lember oi' the Unit of tho ::uslin 'Jm."ld

Comm:un::ty. 1,he "General contains directive , rinciples f or

tho bu ildinG of tho a.forc- :mGrrtioneci ::.=uolir.1 Co:::tL-tttnity jn I!r::orocia. It

consists of twent y chapters nnu one concl udinr, chapter. CliDpter I to

VII contain t> idi.rt( ... pz-incinles ill ustrated with t he 1 anic verseo con-

cerned, na.mGly:

I .. Generc::.l '.:ui de t he }£uslim Soclalist Way of Life; bas.Jd on the

Qur'an, XLIX.

Aims and Purpose of -.Torldly Life; based on f:;ur 'a."l,. ..

III4 .A Gui de for I;oble based on the Qur'an, rv. A uuidc f or Justice and Objectivity; based on tho Qur 1lin, rl:l35.

VI. G11ide for C.ood in t l1e Broadest 3e;nsc; b.:1scd on tho 1 an,

vr:- Guide for TrcatieG and .. ritneGs ; bascci on the Qm· tan, 222.

Chapter t o X..Z cont.ain gu:ider; for every- indi".tidu.al ::uslim,

VIII. Guicle fo:. .. 'rruc Belief an<: IsJ.•.:un.

IX. Gui de i 'or -.7uslim tJnity.

X. nu:t.de for Leaders and !t'ollov·tng the Leader3hi p .

y- ("'I , • •1 .::- -=- 1---;n ·rhr:. :ti .(.rht _ a"tih • .. . l . \.it .. .. or • ...:ee_ .. "B v v

XI.... '"' • .. n f .. .L . 1 o ..

XIII. Gui de for /the Ei r:h_!7 7iew of Life.

137

XIV. Guide for GooJ Treatment of t he Family .

XV. Guide for ... Tiage Hclations

XVI. Guide for the Treatment and Care of 01 hans . ...

Cuide for Givi.."lg t o Others,

Gui de for t he ' n,joininr; of the : i rht ancl Prohibit in,... .

.... X -,, ... Guide for Givin'5 Freference to the Needs o: the Socict ;y· o.bO\"e 65

of the Individual .

Tj okroaminoto was indeed a great leader of t he people. The pro-

ductivity of his leadershi p high due to his talents as public Gpcakcr,

writer and journalist . As an important contribution from t he cultural :--oint

of view were his various rrritings. In the field of publication it is vorth

mention:ing his contribution as Jirector and Chi ef Editor of the utusan d:india.,

the daily net·1spaper of the Sarekat Islam edited in fron 1912 to

1923. In 1927 he and ... \zus Salim established a printinG and pub-

lishinr; office 1 .?ad jar Asia 1 'Ja,·;n of Asia) Ltd. which published the daily

1\..lthough the P. S. I. I. as a political party v1as primari}y concerned

with political struggle , it was often involved in social and cultural ll.f-

fairs . In the closing years of the Dut ch colonial period , hor1ever, its in-

flucnce in relie:;ious affairs was declining. understand that by t his

time a new Islamic federat i on, the al- Acla Indonesia (Great

Islamic Council of Indonesi a) , abbreviated to ::.I .A. I . , came into being.

This f ederation ;·1as s ponsored by tT1o large relir ious organizations, namely

the ·uhrunmadijah a..11d the i!ahdatul UJ.ama. as a reaction aeainst t.he inter-

ference of tte I utch colonial government in the Islculic marriage lar;.

133

Backed by hundre e oi .. t,housands ol' their members these two relir;ious

or . nizations asGtu1Kd the londership of Indonesian Islam the setting

up of this it . I.A . I . federation at Surabaja :in Septc1r.ber 193'( . Innnedi.D.tely

aft r its founding the . l .A .I. convened an Al- Islo.m Congress, the fir·st

to be s ince the Jast one lod by the P. S. I. I . in 1932 . l(fuen the

Ja .anese fascist s i nvadoli t.he Fast Indies at t l e end of 1942, the .,.uslim

or !lizations soon were expos to the Japanese Islamic policy of util-

izing the leadershi p for the Japanese _ urpose of winning the war

against the Western Allied en i n the social and cultural f ields

nothin -.-:as achiov d so far, t he less in t he ""\olittcal field. W11on the

.! . I .I\ . I . was re by the ' djlls .ljuro : us1imin Indonesia ' (Consulta -

tive Council of Indonesian :_uslims) , more la1o Hl in itn ubbJ. eviation as

' in Naverrber 19L.J , the Cl .. i p of the \Ta)anese fascist regime on tho

l us lim o:-ganizution was f:i.rzr£r, so that until tho roclamation of inde-

pendence on August, 17, 194.5 nothing ccnstrt ctive could be achieved ..

3 .. The o.t the S. I . to the .. Indone sl.?-n pl.l.Wlic

.t'ormally speaking, the Republic of Indonesia was ""'roclaimed on

Au .. gus·t 17, 1945, t wo days the Japanese nrl.litarJ forces had surren-

do rod to tno estern Alli<"'s . On a small piece of paper the of t;,e

tion was written simple nording:

re , t.he Int onesian peo...,le, hereby proclaim the independence of Indonesia. Al1 ntters .. (rtainin to the transfer o_· ,;o.1er, etc .

be out efficientl,y and b1 t he shortest ossible time. Djakarta On behalf of ti'e Indonesia:.'l poo le 17 Au. t f 1945 - (31 Iedj Hatta (signed)

139

flith t hese sir.1plc Tiords , honevcr, tiLe Indonesian Jevo-

l ution was started . A Nat ional .. for Independence ;'1hic:1 was li!:c

a flood could not be destroy-ln all bnrr ier.s £.11 its TJay.

The national consciousnes3 of tl1e masses , since forty years a r;o spread

ana tau2:ht by thr S . I. , showod its full strenrrth . The pcopla rs

was scnsatiolli'll! 8veryr1here the Japanese aut.aorities were ll0d to

transfer their authority. :Sunc Tomo, a "een( .. r al" the revolution

Surabaja , k .. l'lChVing tno spirit nhich imbued the people , issued ever"J nicr .. t a ":;'ignt onn via the J:'!'l_r1io, aJx1ayo concluding tho by

callillf 11J1.llahu Akbar" (Cod i s the Great,) t hree

One day after the independence , a cession of

the for Indonesia's Independence

1) t o ratify the Constitution of t.he J.cpublic o.::

2 ) tv elect Ir. Sukarno and .Jrs _ .. w1 Hatta respectively as President

and Vice- r resident of the _1epublic of Indonesia,

3) t:!:1at t be President ·.1ould be a ss i sted in his daily 1.1ork by a -ational

Committ ee .

... aking the ter.::porary Constitutio:l of the Rcput l i c o.L Tndoncsia

into conr;idoration1 one can easily notice that InJonesia in a seni-

sccularizeu. state. In thm _:reamblc this qualification i n clea::: ... fron tl1c

follcr.·IL""l"' sontonceo: c.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • the blessinGS oi' Co--J. Almighty, and rJoved by tl:c highest

i dealr: to lcac' a free national life, t :r e Indonesians hereby declare their ina.eoendence

:=urther . .. national is set forth in c. Con-stitt:tion of the Indonesian state ·nhieh is u renublic, resting u"Jon the Y"eo::'le 's fou."lded on ·t. .. '!e ".Jelic.: i..1 God. ...\1-rnip:hty, riel:toous noral humanity, the unity of Indonesia, a."ld a G.cnocracy l ed by the wise gui dance of the re) resentativos' Congress ensuring social justice for t ho whole Indonesian neonlc ..

The state-philosophy as evident f ro:·! this ::'reamblc has been tho

result of the I\1uslim l eaders in their str ivinG to put Islamic ?ri..'1cipl cs

in the Constitution Although the majority of t he

t hese :!uslin leaders have been always a minority in the ,ropa.ratory com-

mittees of Indonesian i."'ldepend.ence which have been alwaJs dominated. by t ho

secular nationalists . This fact, es pecially after is con-

sidcred as an injustice by t Le ;Iuslb :Nen in the study Com-

Di.ttec for t he .. .'reparation o ... Indonesian Independence , instituted by the

Japanese short before its collapse, out of 66

sixty-six represented the Muslims . An charter called ...

t he 1 'Jiagam ( o_' jakarta Charter) , signed by Indonesian leader s on

Jtt.'le 22, 19L.5 and f reed from any interference by t he declinin3 Ja--anc sc

authority, mentions that, in addition to the belief in .'\lnighty as the

first principle of the t here is "the obligation to carry out

the sharicat of Islam f or its professorsn # :'his phrc:we , 1cr, .:..s not

inclm.led in the "Teambl e of the Provisional Constitution of 1945, most

because of nationalist pressure. :his semi-secularized Constitut:on is

more or less a constrained "compromise 11 which have been t11c cause o • .' !!luch

dissat i sfaction a.11onr t :'1c Tho nature in clear

from the on : orm and ".:10vereignty of the and on .. clil:·ion:

The Sovereie-r!·t,y sha 1 be in t he oco,lo and shall be exercised by the ?ecole's

The st.2te is baseu upon t he faith in t:1c .nll- . racing Cod.. 11he the f'r of t> 1"\oo le to nrof"'Gs

t heir own and to f1.!li'ill their reli:-im .. s duti ec .... 67

In t his ce:r .• i - secularized nature of the Indonesian Constitution

can be easily traced. the influence and leracY of Isla"llic Nationo.lism as . .. expounded by the S . I. no1.rement

The first Cabinot o.:" the Re?uLlic o_ Indonesia v;as on a .. esi-

dential o/stc.:l, tintil to-day is considered t L.e best m by the

r usli.71l poli tical pa_-rties, es._tecic.lly t ,;.1e Msjum.i party, t he L:lrcest and

sii!gle _usl ;!11 political J.Jarcy fotu1de\i on J ovembe1" 7, 15'45 ai .. ter t he go-

vernnent by its decree on r ovem' e_· 3, 1945 ga't e a..."'l o ... "'orturity to the

people to forlr! political orea.n.lza ions. Thus tr.e .:iasjumi part.{ is quite

diffe ... "'e ... t from the Isla. ic federative body in r overnbcr 19L3

d1lr; '!!g the Japa11eso occupation period. ....ot: have only t ht: sa .e name, but

have quite d iff0r cnt a:Lw a:1d contents. In t he first Cab:L1et of the :.e-

publ:.c only tv1o ... leaders ueca.:ne .. 'lL'1isters , .. 1amely Abi1.'1lsno Tj o-

. ' t ,.. t• D ..., T If ' • • f • t • 1-:rosujoso, ex- presJ... en OJ. r:e . . .::> • as u..rn.st.e' o ..... o:::m.n1J..ca 1ons

ad :interilu, n.n ;achi d : as jim O- the :ra.11.. .:::tul Ula.ma, of ate .

As early a.s ·ovem!Jer 10, 1945, the :#nrxist socia.:!.ists (hear on

t l cy bccn.me coEITIUnists) L""\acle ar: unsuccessful attempt i u the All -1. onesia

Yout:1 Congress at "li'ta ·t,o drive all the 1 '11dcncsian youth to become

'Fem.UL.2. '3ocialis Indonesia' ( .. .'Jcialist Youth c: ... I ndonesia ) , 2-b, =e\.riat d

to 1 Fes:i.n.do' The -:riter· \7itrlessed t his failure , 11hich was t_ arl!-rs

lh2

t o the strong reaction o:f the - usli:n Youth a.:!d ·:,: o fact t hat .suc:4

at tempt as too pr mc!t 1re amidst t:.e atmosphe!'e of Jational Revoluti on.

'.:he partici pants o: t he conr·reGs, co· i.ng from Surabaj;; , back

home to defend t heir city when amidst, the discussion in cont:;rcss the

nCi/S t hat f i ::1ti.11g had out i..11 ·which 1-:-as attacked

by t::t") .. iti s'1 force s (incident of Bri.eadier :-encral ...la l laby) ?his

in troubled by the co:munists seemed to be an. alr;ays

reneat.ing event i:" t:1e historJ.r of Inc.:onesia .

Cn ::oveEbo!"' L. , the Cabi..11et was --han ,d i nto

a Cabinet , headed by <='utan o.i the In ::o-

cialist Party. This change o: i'or...n nas by t ho ·:asjumi

as a t ... a...'lsgress i on of the E'rovisional Constitution . According t o t ':e

::.1asjuo.i leadcl"S the Fresi dential SJ-t>t en u i t :! tr · : ... esident a t the 11cad of

the r;oVC!'!unent !'esponsible to t he !=eo:;-lc ' s : on :ress is ..J.o!'e in acco:- 'ance

t • .).. • j l • t •' f- • J.- ' f' .!. • L t· Wi n vne _s aDllC co.ncep 0- vne ..... Cau 0 vne S 1.1a e t, · an a :Tesident YJho ca..l'l

do ':O wrong.

In the secoe.d Cal.inct , only ] . - · lasjidi as :li."'listor of state

could be

of authoi·ity '\7as evidently incrcas:U1g t he dissatisf a ction of the :.:uslins .

;.0 .::ar t he . .. :: · s :-eu13in'"'d lliritcd n...l'l 1 in a . .7i.TJ.istry

of -eligious .Affairs . It w.s also t he above-;'!lentionod H : ". sj.:..di \"'ho

was assiened to head t hi s n811 !Ji.rl.is vry and tl us became t ho _ i:-st r5..n · st. t r 68

of eli -ious A-?fai.!'s o the ,. _epublic, inaug-w: ate<i on · a1uary 3.: 19h6.

_he results of t rro olitica l stru le of the

ua.s jumi party u eal.:cned tt<. confidence of so_e ·u .... l:U leaders 1ere

. .. I. t. 1c· .dors disaasocia ted thoro-

1

' c Ja.dji

lJuOt'inO Llle un

3 ' -

4

iH . o· :-.: / 1

.... r:... ,--. ;. .,; i 4.r.tr- '.J- v - .J rJ.._"' ec. c.z i he st f as tho l·:re.:;eht wrl ter ti.t tn(fsse :n Indonesia. ,

_,l

For a.n t · on of

I Sec a epecLl c!,a-tJtur on the Constitution or .. in

li.lrn ... a.! (Or..fOl'\it • . /' • · ..... al iti,Ol"O : J Oill'W-:-O,pkins

S£-e this tbcais P• 32 10

r-y ,Tc: .. "'ry

anll tg : r • van ,3J"I.I.J..I.,;1 ' ucn

The .. t s C.lOS ' 0 C:X[Jla-1 \

ll

of the quoted versos \u e-x·llnoo are 1 use l in il !'el._tion of .. l.JJ .h.c co 1 •

:;; tlus t t- s.:s 1?• 66 . 12

13 is f .... n 1 ... · bJ .u

expu.in the view of Isl..a.m LVJ. r egard to the nature aJ.is, 1•

or .... _ .. t .o ot d .... mocr cy and. nation-

].1,5

J . Th . • otrus . lumber r ·was a . petherlands Indies 1 c::..v:il serv ::, '\?as in f u.tict:ion du .. inf., the of' the c. r . .:eo ·-lum-

bcrgern in 15 16

Th . l.U. •'

17 -{

TI.i d .. , 1 D

... P • 0_, ., .

. h. J.., 't • -..iCe "G :l.S vr BS:lS

19 Bl\Elbe:!.'·ger, o rt .

' a:!"e ·:at Is .,. 'J •• _, O.J.. • l , p 694-

p . ;; .

p • 380- 81 20

"Sarclmt Islam·' , in '!':""!I, Vol. V, Supple 1ent ,

P · 351.

21

22

( \4

2 ,-J >

lb . , J..L ' :). 331 .

See · h; c-. v --0 - ....

. 96

pp .. 100-102

., t:Je quotation i."1 t his l-}-. .,.. ..;<::' V. l

t .. ic t' . tlCGJ..S, -op . 50- r'l .

P· 1 .... .

, - lb.nr -e ' c':lrt ,.., \,) .. , - 11 in K-I, Vol. VI, , 'Pplement,

26 Ib . . 15$"" C" 1 t' . t• . :tct .. , p . a so .u ... . esl.s

27·--p . 70.

This _ r ol..luition ·1as ca:led ' ... ·-i Tlg' { ext.ernment) issued as e 1 - G ccisior:. t cf Janu 19 , l92h a..Yl ")u .... · 'ed in tho Java Cou.:: a.'!t of Janu.ary 24, l:o. 9 , a.... 1 nt.:.o:: d .. y -lutlbe!., :--er, a i.i . " -:....rekc.'t in EVI, 7ol. VI, Sup·'l o::t, 3.::'2

28 By Insu12.r nit:>-.. uas ._.e ... :t e i.U'lity of the 'Greater

Islands ' of J. .. rc.lipelago: Jav .... , na · · !!tan ( orneo) , S! •laTiesi (Celel cs) an l eut Irian ("".est - m; -·· e swallcr re. nJ.nip- islands y;ere lmor1 .. 1 , as _ar th or sent 11ritcr can recoll ect, as tl e 1 - llc: oJ nda _, 1do' a:::; d.:..stinct ro. tho al.'o ... ' ..rreator /-unda7 Islands'

10, 19 . :n.TI :tn o A. '

p . 352.

29

30

o m.c .L ' s , J ·ly ' a if e'·-:-t, -- un"

- ... (:4.. .. - ...... :

Blum er r, 1·t. u .. IslaJ_11 , in ..... , 0 _ U:>plenent,

) : Ibid. , P• 354 •

.:2 Ibid.

33 '""r. id •

"), ...>·t

'11 ...L.!.. )

.J of Inforl!.ation of the ep. of op. ci!., P• 34 •

,.. . ......... 3 "'.

36

l t..mber eer 1 art . "Sar0kat I slam." , in E!.I, Vel. VI, upnle ent,

he T'! ., - T I (:l"' I • " l ... , I t 1 f' t . . . ' . ... _......__.... .... . ..... -c.. , , __ fJ" ......... •• ..., -v-c...:l. S C ! - ··a , J.S

a Co.!pound word oribinating f r om the words 'ind.,s' and 'nesos' . 'l'he 1 n ' - de .., ·i ., ' .. ·· r Y'! f' or" ") .. . ..,..s-r· , ; -m,e JY ·• er "' r

.I.-. .. ,.¥ ..... -""'"";.)..Lo...... )- _,.,."- v ... J ...., l,.., V V..J...U.J.: :.A. ....,..._.._ ...J V# .... ...,)

A. astian (1826-1905) to the:. isla.ncm r:hich are inhab.:. L_l by the nly ·1r 1'1' • '"J."n \ ...... , ll.. ·-..1. .;.n:!"> Jl l1.' J 'rl'o.J. .. O<='a

- .,;.., J •.• "' J _. .t""" _...;._. v .. ... ...I. ........ J..,J ...1. .. .... J:)v -.....>:; 1 ... .1. • ..._ 1 ... .., -- v._. J • •• tOJ J

a part of Ir .. do-China and adagascar . .Ln this sense it .1d.d .... cen tlsed since 1 8' . . . . -l. t ' +h t . t t - .... • l. .. J...., .... !. .. a .!.. a .!. "-' u.J '.JK r.J".rer u,. .lC... :J 0 .... r.\l. C.:.. "' •• e ... of the ... eth .... Ind.ies conside.ced as cne unity. l.i.1e .l .. ame has t hus ta:d a . ...... 1:. .:.. .!.:!.1 · ...... 1..: ... ..., • ..L '-' _ JI'.l...U'

Indischen J . J . & Sons, p • ..... ast·a."l .. 1t tv tu.'Va .:.n lJ)G, d.i't-r tav·n...) .. r .... .. . . u .v

entitled Indor esiel! die Inscl u...a.l · sc 1 n Arch.i;.!..;ls (Lei:-> zig, 18 ;J.- C); 1 ,/ 'l o '· 1siKlo.ped.:...... Vol. 1, 1, J.

3r( 11 ..... ; t !. j l .:.s 1 OC a le_; ·-Glutiv· or __.r1·1 i G ; Ctnally

\V".r 0 1 g, because t...J.:uci'J. i n .lJ.rab.ic 1t c c .. 1oos 1g o.L sc •. 1\...on us an a •b Ltr::tr r 1 o.c· sub.1.: .... si .L1 to o 1 ... '., arul trc.ltion r . 'ffiJ.c .:. ,.:) La.:o s 1 ow·s i r.Lsufficient _knowled!ie_o.l.' t e ab · c la.J1guaue • A u tter n e w.vuld be ' 'li ,.. , . ' . D.J ..> Ll • U r..u..- .... Wa."1 il •

Ju .l1.1 .. 1berger, _rt . 1vw.'e4at Isl 1" , _ 1 :..:J I , Vol. VI ,

P• 356. J)

3ee m-t 11SaJ:'dwt I,.;.) lam" , · n l I, cl. V, Sl:.p-1 _; 11.

P• 3/1.

· ncor ... used u.o

40 t P•

41 Bl · .b._r e.:a.t. sl..., n, .:.n ' ol. r 1

2 Tbe tei'.Gl 'hidjrah' used far ' poli ti ·al non-co-uperati.on' is

c t . .... _s d , . C Ually 1 n. t.;,ra i on 1 c.o..."'l n.J .;....;.t.l'\; ·-. ,:_t . t . a term for the 1migrati n ' of the 1 rophet from "kal-J. t o . M tnah. , ? "'+..J

'l'he present wr i ter duos not succeed in etting the date of ,.,his c: 0 s s .

tune lz, on.. cil:, , I r • L , .•

lL7

lol . II, pp.

is an abbre- iution of ... rtai ajc.J (.a.cty of Grea'tc1.· ::::.,. .... a f u nic.;:1 of th-.) rJtomo and ' crc-::.'tu.:m &u:c-sa IzKionco:._a ' ( ... · .].I ) in 1935 u i-.. J . ..... luv l er·, lN ...,:.·Jicht v:.:u1 de

e' er a:Lionalisticchc · i ll

Bandung! L ... Uivgeverij .. vru1 I{ocvc, '""1s5".3) , ·)r, .. 11.?- 16. l (; -Lj., ...

is a dally i n .Jj akarta, cc...::_t:::. .... by !h .iJ jU!laedi, a proinincnt. L) • I . '2."h<) word r :-:.Ja.ns av:!.ew , opi!1ion n •

47 .... llar a P . S . I . I. C:oice of t'1c P .S . I . I . ) i c a P . .3 . I . I . pc:"iodica.l . , ....,-

L!.\..< SGo on . cit. , ? • 116.

h9 I -

'. i·-;oho i s a "'usliu leader of the ruodern:!.::;t · c st e:. n- -di..lC:.:rtcd group . ·;e i.··as the onl y in the ( .:ooolo 1 s Cotl"'" cil), rc-

t' c voi.ce of the "''u::>l:i.Ls , nl1E:1 t·--o .... _ • had withdra-:·n f:-om the f'Go:plO I 6 : o\.UWil from 192h •

50 ali al- iaLa.i: is a promL""lcn"G · 1:..1 leauer , at headin":

.I.' T' .t . ... '"" l " t ' • +' .,. . . t q 'I v f'0 ....:cpar-vmerr., O.L .ro .... _cs 1.n v!le .un.S ry 0- . 0 e J! 1 UlrS .

1''1 / . Sec .luvier, o- cit. , p . 115.

52 I'oic.

53--Ibi d . ' p • 117 •

'Dnrul Isla I ( Ar • . ar al- Iclan) 1!iOa!1S "Abode of Isl amtf . By the is meant 11 Islami c S'l.iaten uy the .n i., in It ... Jonesia . ...:.,or a."'1 account

o .· . .tt set- J .A.O. van .. 'Thenar Ul- J.slau1 _o ...... w.on t • • - ! • • ,..., .. ':'> • I' • i .. 19. I •• 1 ? L p ,. in .ec-r.ern-· 'ava·, m _acuJ..c a_r .... , ,....v , 1.J • ,4-£- ....

55 -----------------Bcnua, op . cit. , p . 112 .

56 ILlc.

..... .. E'.ce t Lls th: sis n .. . ...

5e For t he aims of the Al- Isla.'l'!l CongresG see this ? · 99 .

r'q ".)J This date is accord:lt!g to n Sarekat Islan" , in

Vol .. v , pple .. :nent, p. 379 . ccor·"in · · op .. cit , ! , p . 129, t >is congress '\l.:lS in 1921. 1\cco!·.:lln,.,. to l t "econd Al - Isla.. on -:"ess was i n 1924, accordit: ·· to Am t '1is '\.as ii 1922.

60 lumber. r, ar-ti. " Sarc::a't Islam" , L11 Vol. V, Supplement ,

P• 380 .

61 '.I .o.<-: . Isl-- c "'!1 _,.,.,..-1 ..... ""-=r.. ( ov ...c. tu, •

B · '" 19eo ) l''f :u::uang, =-''" p ... u ...... 62

Jco 'P ,,;.... ,ro .. - .. ,.., ' u • "''-ll. , w ----63 -oid. , Vol. II, n. ?0.

Ib:.d" 65*". I· iJ.. , )p . 79-142.

66- --

T . 11", 7, _, pp. 1...

o;. cit., ry . 252, footnote no . 59. --ce nrc·v-i :;ioral Cons·::.itu-:,icn of c 1e Rc )U.·)lic of ..

Chanter 1, . .:'OR!:.i Ai J .'JCi'h .lliiG!!TY 0./ 1\ STilT , Article 1, sectior1 2; ..... t r · ,. T r ,,--( "'l • t · 1 t · 1 "' · - · ' .... I L.• t:na'1 ·or- .ll.. , i..uJ., -J. J4, , Ar o c:. , sec .ton ,.::., m .. 1 .... "1J.s(,r;;r O- mor-

1- • • ' L. ) ""' l' • I • .. i "'"'\r'lf"lf""r mat.:l.On u.!le l.C 0.1. ... naone::n..r., <.. ·..:.. , o . l .. t..: ... v.J.. . 63 ° -

Eenda, on . cit. , n . 290.

1)'

Indonc!Jinn natie>.t"1 .

bon.:l and

no ... .;.. + ht:\ ,..,.. ... "1--='.·n.:-. Ts 1-..... '"""' VV .-C4v v ""' _ ....... - -<.1..:..6"" as a l::.st n:o

creati c!1 und de--:elon-

in. fact t.at i t decided

th.;-... o ...... "' -

bo-:-] o" this al"lity is t he bali in Go..' ' :

tl·e state- "'"'hi lonophy of the J21· onnsi'lll ·:_,.i'!Utlic It ·'laS this bell:'f ii'1

:>ivinc Oril."rli.:-ct.cncc tl::J.t ·rave coura and to the IT.tdonesian

Thr: 3 . I . st&.:r·t ed in 190.5 D.c a. usl:bl to

v-el'":' .. - soon re•1 up to a !1at·onalist of self-- -

t ion be co. e t ''o t -·-"" pr·l r c; o f' .t. 'e ..,,.. I.'YLI - · • .:J - V.! -u..:..n.J.::. ..,_ _ .., - --.r

call of Go as voi cC'd by Isl am. This t1i c t o.tiona l i s:!:! has t he::·e:·ore

Greater T.n • and CVO!l the onl of

!ruslims.

it i'oll0Ned by t he l!!n.Sses the F'ed. by tho s.._1i.r .:.t Of bro·t\1r-> .. _'·l·<r J .. -.--r .. .P,c-J + .. .,ugh+. ,""!" - ..... , +' 4 .,., • i · 1 c' · ' · o"

I " .... v •.:.; - ..,_ - O,y u11C .J.-1\. gc:-:.ou.s CI!e. ·a ·c, - :tS ' -

- i1:Ji s and i.morovcd ,._, .. IsL-ntl --, at!d the risi..'rlg tide of ------ • VJ •

t ern) , the S . I . locwne:: a dcmocra-vic .. ent ;:' ic:! claiTI:ed a full- fledged

parlic:u 1ent for the I'act Indi es . Its cont .. i: this matter

t ._ d • T I. 0 ,.

0 0 t 4 0 .1..' • t• < 0 f 0 _71 Onl:::::>_ar.. • '.::as l.D ll! :'O· ... v11C a.emocra :.LC pa·Ct'CC!'11 0

i..'1 the sense. Thus this ··c1rv,;cracy is put as t he i'or.rth

pr:L1c:i.ple oi' the Pantja Silo. .

A bitr.er e·-:pe!'ienc€ ot· the , . I., ne.·t in bitterness to the op-

press; on by t he ..... utch colonial rovc:t·tu-n.8n::., -r:as co .. lfau.nist

The idooloeical atliacks by t he . orar.xists caur;ed the ehorgence of Tjokro-

aminoto' s doetrine oi' Islamic Jccialisl ... , 1hicl: called for relieious so-

a matter for .... 1s consideration (..uuanc Indonesiano. It has

an elcnent of I:1doncsian 'l'herafore it becor:1 ·c t : G

fifth and l<:lst ori!1ciole of tl e otatc-philocophJ, P..3.mcly Soclal Just..:..cc. -

o.t pre.3cnt .. sidont of the of Indo:l&Jsia, is as he l · .,.,self

calla - the 11di{?' -:-er11 in search of .c Indonesii:Ll state- : .-tlosophy. It

.1as oto as e:r of the S. I . that had ·i7e!l the tools for this

"dis:rcri nPn to .. Juka ...... no .. kf this s -philof:op:J.y been C.ur, out., the r:.- o

nen foun' ation of the Indoncsiru1 Gtat.e can l.a:1_d do;m .. ..Io.<J thG no11ly

elected ,...onstitue:rc of is mcctjJlf, to ""i. c foi·m -tc

11hich i s still t o be c!'eeted

mieht e.nd. main to strcnf;thcn -this fotmr:1t:!..oY1 hy an .:.ntcr-

prc·cation and co t 1mt the h ild:Ln , .. ba.st:.?d it Y::l.ll be sol :.d and

heal thy, -i:.u: home ().rid protcci;icn t.o tl1c i:rres of

- e .. c ... CG. , race ::n cult.ure .

?he S"lculc.J• nationalists al.Jo utmost to fl; , ril

int.cll•·c-:.u.:t2. rol0 o!' sflcula: : zi n"' and modtJrnis.L. ... the nation and

unity .. ::itn .. ruali:--n mn.socc and tl:c o-' the Ar-

'I'hc co ll!nunists aro .for u.."1cicrstnnd.ablc- rcaso!lS busily at t.em:>tine

to make Indonesia fully soculal':!.zed, te:r.. ·-L!G tmn.trds Go·_ :m:.icm,

( C.-Q\ls Om ::.notence) •

• 1 ... , - 1.4.

Cll. :intcrrw.l tlJC L"1donc::;.:..x1 ration. ur::o:.,.tu-

na.tcly t he caw t1,e t he sec:ular nat1on3.lists

end t be c;ormroni stc been not 17ithout blood .. r::ood actually

it 1ould bo L' these nat.:..onalicts could co- orerate: ··1 i th the IsL-:mi sts,

since t! n l a.t0er have sho-;·:.1 abl e to cc-·o er."t .·:::.th t: e

, nd t.he • .eGt , due to t ox.:.stonce of bond of the

belief i n Cod ' s

l35

pri!lciples for t ho done sian socioty. In the Nineteenth

of the P. S.I. I . t hese Jere presenl.:.ed in a paper entitled Islamic Culture

and Custom. In a o ular and easy \Vay T jokroaminoto e:rolained the meaning

of .rt, eli ·on and Philosopey as elcmen-lis constitutin Culture, describing

the role of Islam as a basis for and source of Culture. As for the duty

of the Tjokroaminoto stated:

We should and must take care of Ottr Islamic ulture '"l i th

itc t.rue bases, endeavour to strengthen it and t o (rive it to progress, and wit h might and main to bring it into imr: .. ony '\'lith moderq thou hts and ideas, in accordance \lit h the procress of l;ime t63

In to achiove success in the cultural

endeavour, Tjol.:rQ.;:t.....ri.noto pointed out guiding

11 To Culture can live and Durvive successive periods,

a) il. it is contrary to ·t,he of life and prot:ress, and to t he

hutnan · nd of the nation concerned,

b) 1f it does not or if care is not taken t hat it be rose ed

and s read,

c) i 1 a circwnst ance Ylhcn it las not the ca. acity to express or to

snO\:r itself'.

2) In order to be able to live continuously and survive t he future, each 64

culture should show itself L"l concrete fonr..s, in a cer mony or symbol.

The Nineteenth Na t,ional Congress also d Tjokroam:i..'loto t o

make a eneral Re tion for the us lim unity. Thi s t ask 1as ac-

conrolishcd on ebr uary h, 1934. ·-he p t ose of making this ener al

152

Althouch in political m..T0tcrs there has been if it

comes to mai."'ltaining Cod 's oovcre i r;nty and I slam the JfusliTUs are united.

Herei n lies the stron[%h of the 'uolirns as proved in t he history of the

S . I . and a.gnin ooca.u-:c eviuent in tho recent delibe!'::tions and decisions

of the Constituent Assembly. .All l!uoli-:1 parties have uc:reed t o mai.11to.in

!shn the bnois of the Indonesian state, so t >at the prcse;:1t Cabinet

a.nc.!. r rosidont Sul-arno na·ve unanimously azreea rtto to the 1945

Constitution11 and to. rccoc;nizo tho n Jjukarta Cha.rtern , r:l·ic:1

ncan that the desire of the to have a systen of

Cabinet and the obliijation of co.rryinr; out the of Islam by tL.e

Husl:ims can possibly be fulfilled . By oo doing the future Indoncsla.L state

wi ll be developing in hareony with t he toac!1ings o:: Ish"'il, nnd co- operation

·with tho democratlc can be mo.intained and mcrcased . That is why the

Musl:L·;1S call, in accordance wi t h the call enjoined by God in the ·

rtur •un:

SAY: 0 Pr:orLl: 0-. T:m COME TO AP AGREE!!E."T BE-

T .EE:· US AIW YOU: THAT WE SHALL WORSHIP BUT GOD l

153

DI BLJ.OGRA?!IY

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