Global Bystander to Genocide: International Society and the Rwandan Genocide of 1994
The Rwandan Genocide 100 Days of Slaughter April 6, 1994-July 18, 1994 Source: David Simon, The...
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![Page 1: The Rwandan Genocide 100 Days of Slaughter April 6, 1994-July 18, 1994 Source: David Simon, The Teaching of Africa, PIER, Yale University, July 11, 2005.](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022110403/56649e7f5503460f94b8306f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Rwandan Genocide
100 Days of SlaughterApril 6, 1994-July 18, 1994
Source: David Simon, The Teaching of Africa, PIER, Yale University , July 11, 2005
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GenocideO The deliberate and systematic destruction
or extermination of a particular racial, political, or a cultural, religious group.
O The “goal” of a campaign of genocide is to annihilate (remove) a group based solely on race, culture, religion from the earth.
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Genocides in History- Irish Potato Famine 1846-1852 (1 million) Irish
died of starvation
- Native American genocide starting 1492 (1 million) people died of small-pox
- Armenian genocide 1915 (up to 1.8 million) killed in concentration camps
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- Holocaust (1945) 11 million Jews killed in death camps;
- Bosnian genocide 1990 (200,000) Bosnian Muslims and Serbs cleansed;
- Rwandan genocide 1994 (1 million) Tutsis killed by machetes;
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Brief History: A few hundred years ago:
- most people who lived in Rwanda were farmers- raised an occasional cattle and other smaller animals.
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Brief History
As the population grew:
•the power of a person was measured based on the number of their cattle;
•the amount of cattle owned directly tied to personal wealth;
•the rich and elite large scale herders began to consider themselves superior to ordinary people who owned little or no cattle.
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Brief History
•The word “Tutsi” (a person rich in cattle) referred to the elite group of people (about 15% of the population)
•The word “Hutu” (a follower or subordinate) came to refer to the mass of ordinary people (about 85% of the population).
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• Arrival of Germans and Belgians in the 1900s - wanted to control/rule Rwanda;
• Saw as simplest to continue the division;
The Belgians also:
• claimed the Tutsi “looked more European”;
• used this fact as evidence of their superiority;
• forced a Tutsi monopoly in government in the 1920s.
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In years (1920-1940s):
The Tutsi (the minority) grew more and more powerful:
- they were the only group in Rwanda to be allowed higher education; - they had special laws and rights.
OThe Hutu groups in Rwanda began to believe that the Tutsi were superior.
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The Belgians introduced identity cards:
-all Rwandans born would be registered as either Tutsi or Hutu at birth.
-15% were declared Tutsi, 85% were declared Hutu.
- the categories of Tutsi and Hutu in Rwanda were now rigid.
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1950s:• Belgians left Rwanda declaring it to be
independent.
• When leaving they: replaced about ½ of the Tutsi leadership with Hutus;
• The Hutus attacked some of the Tutsi who refused to leave power in Rwanda.
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1960s- both sides attacked each other in many battles.
- it was civil war in Rwanda and the surrounding regions.
- By 1967 20,000 Tutsi were killed by the Hutu majority and over 300,000 were forced to leave Rwanda (refugees).
- The overall population of Tutsi in Rwanda went from 15% to only 8% in the span of 30 years.
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1970sO Over a million Tutsi had fled Rwanda to
neighboring countries like Uganda and Burundi.
O The Tutsi located in Uganda finally created an organization to fight the Hutu in Rwanda.
O They were called the RPF or Rwandan Patriotic Front. Their goal was to overthrow the Hutu government in Rwanda.
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April 6, 1994• The Hutu president of Rwanda was shot down by a
surface-to-air missile;
• He was trying to end bloody clashes between Hutu and Tutsi with signing a peace treaty;
• However, the Hutu majority in Rwanda took this assassination as an opportunity to rid the nation of all Tutsi.
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The killings begin
OThe same night of the plane crash:
OThe Rwandan Armed Forces (FAR) and Hutu militia begin killing Tutsis and Hutu moderates
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The killings begin
ORoadblocks set up to capture Tutsis and Hutu moderates;
OMachetes - main weapon of choice for killings;
OHutu governmental radio encouraged the Tutsi to gather at churches, schools and stadiums – Why?
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InterahamweO Extremist Hutu Thugs – Roam streets of
Rwanda with death lists;O Did not like Rwandan presidents attempt to
make peace with RPF and Kigame.
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InterahamweO Armed groups of thugs;
O Generally young, disenfranchised, without a job, any direction or meaning in life;
O Hutu extremist killing groups – roamed city streets of Kigali and rounded up Tutsi’s;
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O “Kill them, kill them, kill them all; kill them big and kill them small! Kill the old and kill the young…a baby snake is still a snake, kill it too, let none escape! Kill them, kill them, kill them all”
O “These Tutsi snakes are hiding in grass and bushes…so make sure that you have your machetes ready to chop the snakes in half…the child of a snake is a snake so kill it too”
O Friends, neighbors, teachers chanting this phrase as the killings take place
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The role of the U.N.OForbidden to intervene
OOnly allowed to “monitor” the situation
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United Nations
O Told NOT use any force
O Unsure of accuracy of intelligence
O Did not believe that conflict would rise to level it did
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The killing of Belgian soldiers
O10 Belgian soldiers who work for the United NationsO Guarding the Hutu
prime minister at his home
O Hutu radicals kill him and the Belgian soldiers
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United NationsO Confronted with images on the news, they finally
agreed to send 5000 troops into Rwanda;
O There were delays and the troops never made it in time to stop the genocide;
O On July 4, 1994 the Rwandan Patriotic Front succeeded in protecting a number of Tutsi from the Hutu gangs. The genocide finally came to an end on July 18, 1994.
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Paul Kigame and RPF
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Why study RwandaO A unique case…?
O …Or one that’s all too common?
O International politics
O Classic parable of state-society relations
O Human interaction