The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

From Czar to Lenin to StalinFrom Czar to Lenin to Stalin

Czarist RuleCzarist Rule In the late 1800’s In the late 1800’s

Czars Alexander III Czars Alexander III and Nicholas II and Nicholas II wanted western wanted western industrialization industrialization while keeping while keeping French Revolution French Revolution ideals out of the ideals out of the country.country.

The government was The government was seen as corrupt.seen as corrupt.

The czars used The czars used secret police to secret police to repress reforms.repress reforms.

Peasant UnrestPeasant Unrest There was a ridged There was a ridged

social class system in social class system in Russia.Russia. Upper class landownersUpper class landowners PriestPriest Czar and NoblesCzar and Nobles PeasantsPeasants

Peasants werePeasants were PoorPoor Did not have enough foodDid not have enough food Could not own landCould not own land

Diversity and NationalismDiversity and Nationalism Russia contained Russia contained

many ethnic groupsmany ethnic groups All people were All people were

required to think and required to think and act as Russians.act as Russians.

Ethnic groups did not Ethnic groups did not want their culture want their culture taken away from taken away from them.them.

Nationalist movement Nationalist movement began.began.

Revolution of 1905Revolution of 1905 January 22, 1905 a January 22, 1905 a

peaceful march begins in peaceful march begins in hope of influencing the hope of influencing the czar on social reforms.czar on social reforms.

Nicholas II fears the Nicholas II fears the march and calls in his march and calls in his soldiers.soldiers.

The soldiers shot and The soldiers shot and killed many of the killed many of the marchers.marchers.

The people have no faith The people have no faith in the czarin the czar

Revolts begin across Revolts begin across Russia.Russia.

Czar Nicholas II is forced Czar Nicholas II is forced to make reforms.to make reforms.

Results of the 1905 Results of the 1905 RevolutionRevolution

Czar NicholasAnnounces

Reforms

Promises to grant more

Freedomsand

Rights

NicholasDissolves the

1st Dumafor

Criticizing him

The Dumamust approve

all Laws

Sets up anElected

Legislative body

the Duma

The Dumahas limited

Power

Class QuestionClass Question

While the Czar did make some reforms While the Czar did make some reforms why do you think he would not allow why do you think he would not allow participation of the people in government?participation of the people in government?

World War One/End of the World War One/End of the CzarCzar

Russia does poorly in World War OneRussia does poorly in World War One Many lose confidence in the military Many lose confidence in the military

leaders and the czar.leaders and the czar. The soldiers lack food, munitionsThe soldiers lack food, munitions Soldiers revolt or desertSoldiers revolt or desert Russia is not as industrialized as the westRussia is not as industrialized as the west

The March RevolutionThe March Revolution March 1917 the lack of March 1917 the lack of

food, fuel and housing food, fuel and housing causes rioters to march in causes rioters to march in the streets.the streets.

Soldiers called to stop the Soldiers called to stop the riots sympathize with the riots sympathize with the rioters.rioters.

The czar loses control over The czar loses control over his military.his military.

Czar Nicholas II abdicates Czar Nicholas II abdicates the throne.the throne.

The Romanov Dynasty The Romanov Dynasty comes to an endcomes to an end

Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky Alexander Kerensky a Alexander Kerensky a

member of the Duma member of the Duma sets up a provisional sets up a provisional governmentgovernment

The new government The new government wants to give equality wants to give equality to the peasants, to the peasants, workers and soldiers workers and soldiers (Enlightenment ideas (Enlightenment ideas that they did not have that they did not have under the Czar)under the Czar)

Alexander KerenskyAlexander Kerensky The Provisional government has The Provisional government has

problemsproblemsThey share power with local governments They share power with local governments

called soviets-It is hard for anyone to called soviets-It is hard for anyone to make decisionsmake decisions

The new provisional government wanted The new provisional government wanted to keep the war goingto keep the war goingThe government felt if it could continue the The government felt if it could continue the

war it could secure Russia’s boarders and war it could secure Russia’s boarders and create a stable Russia and a liberal democracycreate a stable Russia and a liberal democracy

Alexander KerenskyAlexander KerenskyThe soviets wanted out of the warThe soviets wanted out of the warThe soldiers and peasants who were The soldiers and peasants who were

represented by the soviets also wanted represented by the soviets also wanted out of the warout of the war

The provisional government while trying The provisional government while trying to make changes (for the better) to make changes (for the better) misjudged the climate of the people in misjudged the climate of the people in Russia and there hatred of the warRussia and there hatred of the war

The Provisional government was doomed The Provisional government was doomed to failto fail

The Bolshevik The Bolshevik RevolutionRevolution

Lenin Takes ControlLenin Takes Control

Marx and CommunismMarx and Communism Marx believed that for a Marx believed that for a

country to become country to become communist it must be communist it must be fully industrialized.fully industrialized.

Marx believed that only Marx believed that only then could the workers then could the workers rise up and overthrow the rise up and overthrow the capitalist/government.capitalist/government.

Marx further believed Marx further believed that once the government that once the government was in control of the was in control of the people it would be the people it would be the government of the government of the people.people.

Finally there would be no Finally there would be no need for the government.need for the government.

Problems with RussiaProblems with Russia Russia was not fully industrialized. The Russia was not fully industrialized. The

country was still agrarian.country was still agrarian. Most of the country was made up of Most of the country was made up of

peasants, not factory workers.peasants, not factory workers.

LeninLenin The soviets rallied The soviets rallied

around the socialist around the socialist party called Bolsheviksparty called Bolsheviks

Lenin the Marxist leader Lenin the Marxist leader of the Bolsheviks turned of the Bolsheviks turned towards the soldiers and towards the soldiers and peasants for supportpeasants for support

Lenin issued his April Lenin issued his April Theses which demanded Theses which demanded peace, land for the peace, land for the peasants and power to peasants and power to the soviets the soviets

““Peace, Land and Bread”Peace, Land and Bread”

Class Question Class Question

It is said that Lenin and the Bolsheviks did It is said that Lenin and the Bolsheviks did not start the revolution?not start the revolution?

Yes or no and explain whyYes or no and explain why

Lenin and Communism Lenin and Communism Lenin’s chief goal was to Lenin’s chief goal was to

create a classless society.create a classless society. Allowed for private Allowed for private

businesses and for peasants businesses and for peasants to hold land.to hold land.

Wanted to raise the Wanted to raise the standard of living.standard of living.

The only problem was that The only problem was that Russia was not Russia was not industrialized a key industrialized a key component to Marx’s component to Marx’s communism.communism.

Lenin further believed that Lenin further believed that only the upper educated only the upper educated could and should control the could and should control the government for the people.government for the people.

Lenin takes overLenin takes over By October 1917 By October 1917

the people of Russia the people of Russia stopped supporting stopped supporting the Provisional the Provisional government.government.

November 1917 the November 1917 the Bolsheviks led by Bolsheviks led by soldiers, sailors and soldiers, sailors and factory workers factory workers take over the take over the government.government.

The CommunistThe Communist The Communist as The Communist as

Lenin now calls the Lenin now calls the party do the party do the following;following; Distribute land to Distribute land to

the peasants.the peasants. Give workers Give workers

control of the control of the factories and factories and mines.mines.

Lenin’s RuleLenin’s Rule Lenin ends Russia’s involvement in World War Lenin ends Russia’s involvement in World War

One by signing the Brest-Litovsk Treaty.One by signing the Brest-Litovsk Treaty. Russia gives up large portions of land to Germany Russia gives up large portions of land to Germany

in western Russia to get out of the war.in western Russia to get out of the war. Russia was now out of the war which angered the Russia was now out of the war which angered the

alliesallies Because Russia dropped out of the war they would Because Russia dropped out of the war they would

not be allowed to attend the peace talks at the not be allowed to attend the peace talks at the Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles

The land that the Russian gave up to Germany was The land that the Russian gave up to Germany was turned over the allies who defeated Germany not turned over the allies who defeated Germany not RussiaRussia

Russia’s Civil WarRussia’s Civil WarFrom 1918 to 1921 Lenin’s Red From 1918 to 1921 Lenin’s Red

Army lead by Leon Trotsky, battled Army lead by Leon Trotsky, battled against the White Army which was against the White Army which was loyal to the czar.loyal to the czar.

Areas like the Ukraine, Siberia Areas like the Ukraine, Siberia which were now part of the Soviet which were now part of the Soviet Union resented the new communist Union resented the new communist government and so started government and so started counterrevolutionary movementscounterrevolutionary movements

Lenin and The Communist Lenin and The Communist PartyParty

The Communist Party became The Communist Party became the only legal party in Russia.the only legal party in Russia. had all the power.had all the power. only members of the Communist Party could only members of the Communist Party could

run for office.run for office. used the secret police and military to enforce used the secret police and military to enforce

its control.its control. Russia was now a one party system of Russia was now a one party system of

government in which Lenin had all government in which Lenin had all control. control.

New Economic PolicyNew Economic PolicyOnce the soviets were out of World Once the soviets were out of World

war One they could concentrate on war One they could concentrate on domestic problemsdomestic problems

Lenin needed to industrialize the Lenin needed to industrialize the countrycountry

In the early 1920’s he instituted the In the early 1920’s he instituted the NEP (New Economic Policy)NEP (New Economic Policy)

New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy Under the NEP the government still Under the NEP the government still

controlled the banks, factories and foreign controlled the banks, factories and foreign trade.trade.

Some private businesses were now allowed Some private businesses were now allowed which helped the economy recover.which helped the economy recover.

Farmers were allowed to sell their grain Farmers were allowed to sell their grain for profitfor profit

The plan worked at increasing agricultural The plan worked at increasing agricultural production however industrial production production however industrial production was still slow because it lacked trained was still slow because it lacked trained workers to run the factoriesworkers to run the factories

Class QuestionClass Question

How did the NEP represent a compromise How did the NEP represent a compromise with capitalism?with capitalism?

Death of LeninDeath of Lenin In 1924 Lenin died.In 1924 Lenin died. The rule of the first The rule of the first

Communist leader Communist leader was over.was over.

The Rise of StalinThe Rise of Stalin Born into poverty.Born into poverty. Not well educated.Not well educated. Was seen a a crude Was seen a a crude

man. Was also cold, man. Was also cold, hard and cruelhard and cruel

Would use brutality Would use brutality and murder to enforce and murder to enforce his reign as dictator.his reign as dictator.

Stalin will become one Stalin will become one of the most brutal of the most brutal leaders in history.leaders in history.

Stalin Takes PowerStalin Takes Power In 1928 Stalin In 1928 Stalin

obtained control of obtained control of the government.the government.

Stalin turned the Stalin turned the Soviet Union into a Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.totalitarian state.

Stalin was the dictator Stalin was the dictator and controlled the one and controlled the one party system of party system of government.government.

Stalin as a TotalitarianStalin as a Totalitarian Totalitarian leaders Totalitarian leaders

centralize the centralize the government government

control every aspect of control every aspect of public and private lifepublic and private life

appear to provide a appear to provide a sense of directionsense of direction

limit values such as limit values such as freedom, dignity and freedom, dignity and individual worth.individual worth.

Uses fear and terror to Uses fear and terror to control the countrycontrol the country

Secret police to kill off Secret police to kill off political opponentspolitical opponents

The Great PurgeThe Great Purge In 1934 Stalin turn In 1934 Stalin turn

on anyone in the on anyone in the Communist party Communist party who threatened his who threatened his power.power.

These murders These murders peaked between peaked between 1936 and 19381936 and 1938

The Great PurgeThe Great Purge Bolsheviks who had help start the revolution Bolsheviks who had help start the revolution

were arrested, placed on “trial” and were arrested, placed on “trial” and executed.executed.

““Crimes against the state”Crimes against the state” All types of people were arrested for petty All types of people were arrested for petty

crimes and never seen againcrimes and never seen again Labor camps were established to punish Labor camps were established to punish

those who opposed himthose who opposed him By 1939 Stalin had complete and total By 1939 Stalin had complete and total

control of the government and the control of the government and the Communist Party.Communist Party.

Between 8 to 11 million people were Between 8 to 11 million people were murdered during the purges.murdered during the purges.

RussificationRussification Stalin was a strong Russian Nationalist.Stalin was a strong Russian Nationalist. He did away with individual cultures.He did away with individual cultures. Stalin promoted Stalin promoted

A common Russian history, language, culture.A common Russian history, language, culture. Appointed Russians to key posts in Gov’t and the secret Appointed Russians to key posts in Gov’t and the secret

police. police. Re-drew the boundaries of Russia to ensure non Re-drew the boundaries of Russia to ensure non

Russian republics would not become bigger then Russian republics would not become bigger then Russia.Russia.

The ruling class of Russia was to be Russian.The ruling class of Russia was to be Russian.

Stalin and PropagandaStalin and Propaganda The government used The government used

propaganda to propaganda to Encourage people to Encourage people to

accept the Communist accept the Communist ideas.ideas.

Glorify Stalin and the Glorify Stalin and the Communist.Communist.

Praise the Communist Praise the Communist reforms.reforms.

A Command EconomyA Command Economy In a command economy the In a command economy the

government makes all economic government makes all economic decisions.decisions.

The government controls all the The government controls all the farms, factories and businesses.farms, factories and businesses.

Stalin Pushes ForwardStalin Pushes ForwardStalin realized the only way for the Stalin realized the only way for the

Soviet Union to survive was through Soviet Union to survive was through rapid industrialization.rapid industrialization.

In 1928 Stalin began to modernize In 1928 Stalin began to modernize the Soviet Union.the Soviet Union.

Stalin saw the NEP as moving too Stalin saw the NEP as moving too slow and began to take over all slow and began to take over all industries in the Soviet Unionindustries in the Soviet Union

5 Year Plans5 Year Plans Stalin decided to Stalin decided to

break up the progress break up the progress of the country using 5-of the country using 5-Year Plans.Year Plans.

The plans would The plans would Strengthen the countryStrengthen the country Make the country self-Make the country self-

sufficientsufficient Lead to a true workers Lead to a true workers

society.society.

5 Year Plans5 Year Plans The first Five Year Plan in 1928, concentrated on The first Five Year Plan in 1928, concentrated on

the development of iron and steel, machine-tools, the development of iron and steel, machine-tools, electric power and transport. electric power and transport.

The workers high targets. The workers high targets. 115% increase in coal production 115% increase in coal production 200% increase in iron production200% increase in iron production 335% increase in electric power 335% increase in electric power Stalin claimed that if rapid industrialization did not take Stalin claimed that if rapid industrialization did not take

place, the Soviet Union would not be able to defend place, the Soviet Union would not be able to defend itself against the capitalist. itself against the capitalist.

5 Year Plans5 Year Plans Every factory had large display boards erected Every factory had large display boards erected

that showed the output of workers. that showed the output of workers. Those that failed to reach the required targets Those that failed to reach the required targets

were publicity criticized and humiliated. were publicity criticized and humiliated. Records were kept of workers' lateness, Records were kept of workers' lateness,

absenteeism and bad workmanship. If the absenteeism and bad workmanship. If the worker's record was poor, he was accused of worker's record was poor, he was accused of trying to sabotage the Five Year Plan and if trying to sabotage the Five Year Plan and if found guilty could be shot or sent to work as found guilty could be shot or sent to work as forced laborforced labor

5 Year Plans5 Year PlansStalin saidStalin said

““We are becoming a country of metal, a We are becoming a country of metal, a country of automobiles, a country of country of automobiles, a country of tractors. And when we have put the tractors. And when we have put the U.S.S.R. in a motor car and a farmer in U.S.S.R. in a motor car and a farmer in a tractor we shall see which countries a tractor we shall see which countries may then be classified as backwards may then be classified as backwards and which as advanced.”and which as advanced.”

5 Year Plans5 Year Plans5 Year Plans were a success for the 5 Year Plans were a success for the

Soviet Union and made them a world Soviet Union and made them a world industrial power.industrial power.

Class QuestionClass Question

1929 not 1917 was a greater revolutionary 1929 not 1917 was a greater revolutionary year for the people of Russiayear for the people of Russia

Agree or disagree explain whyAgree or disagree explain why

CollectivizationCollectivizationFor the 5 Year Plans to work farmers For the 5 Year Plans to work farmers

needed to produce enough food for needed to produce enough food for the industrial workers.the industrial workers.

When Stalin felt the farmers were When Stalin felt the farmers were not producing the food he took over not producing the food he took over the farms.the farms.

CollectivesCollectives Stalin set up collective Stalin set up collective

farms. farms. This involved small This involved small

farmers joining forces to farmers joining forces to form large-scale units. form large-scale units. (Somewhat like (Somewhat like enclosures)enclosures)

Farmers could then afford Farmers could then afford the latest machinery and the latest machinery and share the farming. share the farming.

Stalin believed this policy Stalin believed this policy would lead to increased would lead to increased production. production.

Collective FarmsCollective Farms However, the However, the

peasants liked peasants liked farming their own farming their own land and were land and were reluctant to form reluctant to form themselves into themselves into state collectives state collectives

Collective FarmsCollective Farms Kulaks were Kulaks were

former peasants in former peasants in Russia who owned Russia who owned medium-sized medium-sized farms. farms.

Many Kulaks did Many Kulaks did not want to follow not want to follow Stalin’s policy of Stalin’s policy of collective farms.collective farms.

Russian GenocideRussian GenocideMany peasants resisted having to Many peasants resisted having to

farm for the government.farm for the government.Kulaks or wealthy farmers burned Kulaks or wealthy farmers burned

their crops and killed off their their crops and killed off their livestock to resist Stalin’s livestock to resist Stalin’s collectivization.collectivization.

Stalin’s Forced FamineStalin’s Forced Famine Some peasants continued Some peasants continued

to resist and only grew to resist and only grew enough crops for enough crops for themselves.themselves.

Stalin seized all these Stalin seized all these crops.crops.

Entire communities Entire communities starved.starved.

Areas like the Ukraine Areas like the Ukraine who were opposed to who were opposed to collectivization had five collectivization had five million people die of million people die of starvation.starvation.

CollectivesCollectivesCollective farming was never a real Collective farming was never a real

success in the Soviet Union and success in the Soviet Union and caused millions to be killed.caused millions to be killed.

Stalin’s LegacyStalin’s Legacy Used brutal tactics to enforce his Used brutal tactics to enforce his

totalitarian rule.totalitarian rule. Every aspect of life was controlled by the Every aspect of life was controlled by the

government.government. Five year plans increased industry but did Five year plans increased industry but did

little for the people.little for the people. Collectivization was a failure and caused Collectivization was a failure and caused

mass starvation.mass starvation. It is estimated that Stalin killed anywhere It is estimated that Stalin killed anywhere

from 20 to 40 million people during his rule.from 20 to 40 million people during his rule.

Class QuestionClass Question

If not for Stalin’s totalitarian rule there If not for Stalin’s totalitarian rule there would have never been solidarity in the would have never been solidarity in the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Agree or disagree explain whyAgree or disagree explain why

ClassworkClasswork Both Lenin and Stalin had similar and Both Lenin and Stalin had similar and

different ideas on how to achieve the different ideas on how to achieve the goals of the Communist Party.goals of the Communist Party.

Create a Venn Diagram how Lenin and Create a Venn Diagram how Lenin and Stalin tried or did achieve the goals of Stalin tried or did achieve the goals of the Communist Party in Russiathe Communist Party in Russia

How did both Lenin and Stalin compare How did both Lenin and Stalin compare to the ideals of Marx-were they way off to the ideals of Marx-were they way off or on the mark? Why or why not?or on the mark? Why or why not?