Overviewof

Municipal Solid WasteCollection & Disposal

Manoj Chaurasia

Assistant Environment Engineer

U P POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

Think before you throw!

Water Pollution Air Pollution

Hazardous waste

Municipal solid waste

Noise Pollution

Bio-medical waste

E-Waste

ENVIRONMENT and POLLUTION

Rivers, ground water Ambient air quality

Open dumps in cities

Infectious waste

D.G. sets, Crackers

Toxic chemicals, Contamination

Discarded TV, Comp. parts

Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF),

Government of India

Establishes environmental policies, sets goals andfacilitate the implementation of such policies.

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

To set environmental standards for all parts of thecountry.

State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) andPollution Control Committees (PCCs)

Regulatory bodies set up for the implementation of thenorms to bring pollution under control in therespective states and union territories.

Governing Bodies in India

Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

…………

........... Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000

…………..

…….

Functions and responsibilities of CPCB, SPCBs &

PCCs are assigned under these Acts and Rules.

Environmental Acts and Rules

Municipal solid waste includes commercial and residential

wastes generated in a municipal & notified areas in either

solid or semi-solid form excluding ind. Hazardous waste but

including treated bio-medical wastes.

Various components of MSW are:

1) Inorganic part: Paper and card board

Glass

Metals(ferrous and non-ferrous)

Dust, dirt and sweepings

2) Organic part: Food waste

Vegetables and fruits peelings waste

Garden waste

MSW generated in urban areas is collected at the

source of generation(houses) in small bins and

segregation (separation of inorganics from organics)

is done by the rag-pickers in our country

Municipal Solid Waste : Introduction

Typical Composition of Indian MSW

Components Composition (% by weight)

Metal 0.2-2.5

Glass, ceramics 0.5-3.5

Food and Kitchen waste 40-65

Paper 1-10

Textiles 1-5

Plastics/rubber 1-5

Misc. combustibles 1-8

Misc incombustibles -

Inert 20-50

(Ref: Environmental studies: A practitioner’s approach, Arceivala & Asolekar, 2012)

Rapid urbanisation, change in lifestyles and rise in population

has resulted in generation of huge quantities of MSW.

The quantity of MSW generated is much higher than the

quantity collected, transported and disposed, leading to

pilling up of uncollected waste in streets, pub. places, drains.

THE OLD SYSTEM OF DUMPING SOLID WASTE IN LOW LYING

LAND

Slow decomposition over many years of unsegregated

(organics and inorganics) solid waste.

Rag pickers worked in filthy conditions.

Generated gases are given off to the atmosphere without

utilizing their calorific value. Methane considered as causing

global warming effect too

The insanitary methods adopted for disposal have proven

serious health concern.

Need to dispose municipal solid waste in most safe & scientific

manner

Need for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment

Responsibilities under MSW (M&H) Rules

S.

No.Agencies/Authorities Responsibilities

1. Municipal Authorities ---

2. Urban Development

Dept.

---

3. District

Magistrate/Collector

---

4. Central Pollution

Control Board (CPCB)

---

5. State Pollution

Control Board

(SPCB)

(i) Monitor the compliance of standards regarding

ground water, ambient air, leachate quality and

the compost quality including incineration stds

as specified under schedule II, III and IV.

(ii) Issuance of authorization to the operator of a

facility stipulating compliance criteria and stds.

(iii) Prepare and submit to the CPCB an annual

report with regard to the implementation of the

Rules.

Monitoring of Compliance of standards by

MSW facility

Ground

water

Hand pumps

at different

depths

Bore wells

Ambient air

CH4

NH3

SPM

SO2

Non-edible

perennial

vegetative

cover

Leachate

quality

BOD, COD,

Dissolve

organics

Collected &

treated before

discharge

nearby

Compost quality incl.

incineration std.

Final compost

parameters

Windrow base

Authorization to MSW Processing/Disposal

Facility

Reporting to MOEF & CPCB

Reporting to MOEF & CPCB

Reporting to MOEF & CPCB

MSW Treatment: Available technologies

Incineration

Refused-Derived Fuel (RDF)

Composting

Bio-methanisation

Recycling

Sanitary Landfill (SLF)

Municipal Waste Treatment Technologies

Incineration

Incineration is a direct burning of waste in the presence ofexcess air liberating heat energy, which can be utilized forproducing power.

Indian MSW contains high percentage of inerts and havinglow calorific value. Therefore, incineration becomesexpensive and has not preferred in India.

Refused- Derived Fuel (RDF)

The process of conversion of garbage into fuel pelletsinvolves primarily drying, separation of non combustible from garbage and further size reduction and pelletazation.

Bio-Methanation

Bio-methanation is to create methane gas from organicmatter present in the waste. Gas has fuel value.

Bio-metahnation plants developed by BARC, Mumbai arebeing successfully run in india for treating food and kitchenwastes.

Municipal Waste Treatment Technologies

Composting

Composting is a process that uses oxygen, bacteria, fungito breakdown organic matter for the purpose of making amaterial to be used for growing vegetation or as soilsupplement.

Recycling

Recycling consists of a series of activities that involvecollecting, sorting and processing or converting usedabandoned material into useful products.

Sanitary landfill (SLF)

SLF is the scientific dumping of MSW using an engineeredfacility that requires detailed planning and specifications,careful construction and efficient operation.

As per Gov. of India’s MSW rule, the non-biodegradable,inert waste is required to be sanitary landfilled.

Overview

of

Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Facility

(MSW TF)

General Facilities at MSW Site

Weighing facility for MSW loaded vehicles

Pre-shorting m/c

Pre- composting area

Semi-finished screening m/c

Composting shed

Finished screening m/c

Final compost area

Palletizer for RDF

Facility for eco-brick and plastic granules

Sanitary landfill with leachate treatment facility

Flow Diagram for a Typical Compost Based MSW Facility

Weighing

of MSW

Pre -

shorting

m/c

Pre-

composting

area

Semi-

finished

screening

m/c

Composting

shed

Finished

screening

m/c

Landfill area

Refused derived fuel

(RDF) through

pelletizer

Plastics for granule

making

Eco-bricks

Final

compost

area

Compost

for packing

Effluent

treatment

Pit for leachate

MSW Facility

CONSTRUCTION

of SECURED

LANDFILL

Landfill Excavation Starts

2mm ‘HDPE’ PIPES

LINER WELDING & TESTING

Geo Textile Layer

LANDFILL READY TO RECEIVED Hz. WASTE

Landfill Excavation Starts

MU

NIC

IPA

L W

AS

TE

LA

ND

FIL

L C

RO

SS

SE

CT

ION

(LIN

ER

SY

ST

EM

& C

OV

ER

SY

TE

M)

285 gsm GEOTEXTILE

DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

60 cm

45 cm

= 1.5mm HDPE Geo MembraneCLAY.

7-8mm Drainage

Composite

Vegetation

Sub Soil

HAZARDOUS WASTE]

SOIL COVER

GAS COLLECTION MEDIA

Top Soil

Vegetative Soil

GEO NET

Gas Vent

15 cm

45 cm

= 2mm HDPE Geo Membrane

Compacted Clay / Compacted Amended Soil

400 G.S.M Geo Textile

30 cm

285 gsm GEOTEXTILE 200mm Thick Filter Media (20mm Gravels)

100mm Thick SandLeachate Collection Pipe

LANDFILL

CAPPING

Status of MSW in Allahabad Region

Name of

Operator

Allahabad Waste

Processing Co. Ltd.-

SPML, Allahabad

A2Z Waste Management

Ltd. , Fatehpur

Project Cost 76.41 Crores 9.37 Crores

Site Area 67 Acres 18.58 Acres

Treatment

Capacity

600 TPD 100 TPD

MSW Available

for Treatment

300 TPD 25-30 TPD

Facility Composting, Landfill with

leachate treatment, RDF

Composting, Landfill

with leachate treatment,

RDF

Bottlenecks in MSW Treatment

Composting has gained wide acceptance as a key

component of integrated solid waste management system

Debate Continues:

What material should be composted ?

(organic waste separated at their source Vs mixed municipal solid waste)

Quantity of material diverted from landfills, the quality of

final compost, the impact on recycling and the cost

Bottlenecks in MSW Treatment

Many potential compost users are concerned about physical

and chemical contaminants in compost made from mixed

municipal solid waste.

Chemical contaminants which includes both toxic organic

chemicals (e.g. PCBs and dioxins) and heavy metals (e.g.

lead, mercury) pose a greater problem for this technology

Manual picking lines, size separation, magnetic metal

recovery, air classification and other mechanical approaches

are effective but rarely target the specific sources of

contaminants

Possible Solution: Source Segregation This method generally requires households to separate

their waste into three streams i.e. source segregation

method: 1) Recyclable (glass, plastic, metallic items)

2) Compostable (food, yard, non-recyclable

packaging and paper waste)

3) Material for disposal (diapers, pet waste and

sweepings)

A recent study (CPCB, 2006) has recommended that the

compost plant should be fed with only source segregated organic

waste to ensure heavy metals in the compost are within limits

Principal Challenge

The principal challenge is to generate a market for the finished

compost

Agriculture use requires transportation@ 20-100 tonne per

hectare per year. This can prove more expensive than chemical

fertilizers.

Farmers are attracted by chemical fertilizers and forget the soil

conditioning benefit of compost.

Finished Compost from MSW is a soil conditioner. No

solid waste disposal system makes profit for the local

body. We at least get a useful product out of wastes

and save our scarce resources

(Ref: Environmental studies: A practitioner’s approach, Arceivala & Asolekar, 2012)

Thank You