The Role of Motivational and Affective Aspects:

Empirical Results and Future Directions

Christine KunzmannAndreas Schmidt

FZI Research Center for Information Technologies,

Karlsruhe

Prof

essio

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Fact

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Motivation is key for knowledge work

“Knowledge workers are those people who have taken responsibility for their work lives. They continually strive to understand the world around them and modify their work practices and behaviors to better meet their personal and organizational objectives. No one tells them what to do. They do not take No for an answer. They are self motivated.”

David Gurteen

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Emotions and affective aspects, too.

Anxiety

Stress

Joy

Frustration

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But so far, the perspective has been limited

e.g., incentive systems

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And what about emotions…

… they should not be part of professionallife, … should they?

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Research has been fragmented.

Knowledge Management

CSCW

HCIPsycholog

yHR

Development

Sensor engineering

Economics

Each with different ideas of man, research methodologies, …

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But there are promising approaches …

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Management & HR: Dan Pink - Drive

▪ Motivation 1.0• largely based on our biological drive• We eat to sate our hunger, we drink to slake our

thirst. ▪ Motivation 2.0

• rewards & punishments, carrots & sticks▪ Motivation 2.1

• flexible schedules, a little bit more autonomy, socially responsible businesses

▪ Motivation 3.0• Autonomy - desire to be self-directed• Mastery – desire to get better• Purpose – a reason for existing

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Enterprise 2.0

▪ Collaboration behavior and effects of social dynamics

▪ Identifying different personality types

▪ Web 2.0 and basic needs, e.g., Deci & Ryan:• experiencing autonomy• experiencing competence• experiencing social relatedness

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Leveraging bio-sensors

▪ Capture activity-level and stress level

▪ Reflect on emotional reactions

▪ Learn about decision behavior• physio-economics

Motivation in knowledge maturing processes

Research on Motivation in the MATURE IP

http://mature-ip.eu

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Why is motivation so difficult to address?

▪ There are plenty of models for human motivation in different fields

▪ They help to describe a given situation, but they are of little use for deciding what to do in a (socio-technical) learning support systems.• Frequently only focussed on the individual (psychology)• Or too narrow in their understanding of human needs

▪ Problem: motivation is a generic phenomenon, but can only be addressed in a context-specific way.

▪ Learn about the context▪ empirical studies▪ analysis

framework

▪ Develop context-specific solutions▪ participatory

developmentapproach

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Analysis framework

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Interview study: Motivational barriers

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unrelated Iaexpressing

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IIdistributing incommunities

IIIformalising

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phases of KMM

Fear of Disgrace

Loss of Power

Lack of Usability

No Interest

Low Awareness

Lack of Time

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Conclusions – what we‘ve learnt so far

▪ Addressing motivational aspects is challenging• multiple factors, individual differences• challenges of interdisciplinary work

▪ Understanding real-world contextes and target persons is most important• Either through immersion in workplace reality• Or captured in narratives

▪ Individual motivation deeply interlinked with team and organizational culture

How can we make technology more

awareof motivational

aspects?

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Development methodology

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▪Don‘t design for average users!

▪Leave room to users for finding their own way

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Challenges

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Challenges

▪ Incorporating motivational and affective aspects in (socio-technical) system design is currently more an art than an systematical engineering approach

▪ We need to move towards design patterns.

▪ This requires more investigation into existing systems, successes and failures.

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Andreas SchmidtDepartment Manager / Scientific Coordinator MATUREFZI Research Center for Information Technologies, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 10-14 Karlsruhe, GERMANY (http://fzi.de/ipe)andreas.schmidt@fzi.de, http://andreas.schmidt.name

Christine KunzmannFZI & Kompetenzorientierte PersonalentwicklungAnkerstr. 47, 75203 Königsbach-Stein, GERMANY, http://kompetenzen-gestalten.decontact@christine-kunzmann.de

Outlook & Contact

MATURE IP – http://mature-ip.euIdentifying and overcoming barriers to knowledgematuring in organizationshttp://mature-ip.eu/files/2009-11_Motivation.pdfhttp://mature-ip.eu/results/representative-study

Acknowledgements:

▪ Picture: poisson rouge sautant d'un aquarium © Simon Coste #543847 – fotolia.com

▪ Others from http://sxc.hu• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/319939_6613• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/143622_4281• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1156284_39977081• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1169790_27775290• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/1275937_97948668• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/462280_61402643• http://www.sxc.hu/photo/61022_7814