The Role of The Role of MedicinesMedicines

Lesson #1Lesson #1

Ch. 19Ch. 19

Pg. 524-529Pg. 524-529

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ObjectivesObjectives• Objective 1Objective 1:: Identify Identify

differences between differences between medicines and drugs.medicines and drugs.

• Objective 2Objective 2: : Describe Describe how medicines enter the how medicines enter the body.body.

• Objective 3Objective 3:: Review the Review the effects of medicines on effects of medicines on many different factors.many different factors.

Types of Types of MedicinesMedicines

• MedicinesMedicines: are drugs that : are drugs that are used to treat or prevent are used to treat or prevent diseases or other diseases or other conditions.conditions.

• DrugDrug: are substances other : are substances other than food that change than food that change structure or function of the structure or function of the body or mind.body or mind.

• Medicines that treat or Medicines that treat or prevent illness can be prevent illness can be classified into four broad classified into four broad categories: categories: • Medicines that help prevent diseaseMedicines that help prevent disease• Medicines that fight pathogensMedicines that fight pathogens• Medicines that relieve pain and Medicines that relieve pain and

other symptomsother symptoms• Medicines that manage chronic Medicines that manage chronic

conditions, help maintain or restore conditions, help maintain or restore health, and regulate body’s health, and regulate body’s systemssystems

PreventingPreventingDiseaseDisease

• VaccinesVaccines: is a : is a preparation that prevents a preparation that prevents a person from contracting a person from contracting a specific disease. These specific disease. These medicines contain medicines contain weakened or dead weakened or dead pathogens that cause the pathogens that cause the disease. Your body disease. Your body produces memory cells that produces memory cells that recall how to make these recall how to make these antibodies. Protection from antibodies. Protection from some vaccines fade over some vaccines fade over time. Ex. Tetanus shot.time. Ex. Tetanus shot.

• AntitoxinsAntitoxins: Prevent : Prevent disease. They are usually disease. They are usually produced by injecting produced by injecting animals with safe amounts animals with safe amounts of a specific toxin. This of a specific toxin. This stimulates the animals stimulates the animals immune system to produce immune system to produce antibodies. These antibodies. These antibodies are then used to antibodies are then used to make antitoxins.make antitoxins.

Fighting Fighting PathogensPathogens

• AntibioticsAntibiotics: Class of : Class of drug that destroy disease drug that destroy disease causing microorganisms causing microorganisms called bacteria. called bacteria.

• Antibiotics such as Antibiotics such as penicillin work either by penicillin work either by killing harmful bacteria in killing harmful bacteria in the body or by the body or by preventing bacteria from preventing bacteria from reproducing.reproducing.

• Bacteria can develop Bacteria can develop resistance in 2 ways:resistance in 2 ways:• When antibiotics are When antibiotics are

overusedoverused• When the patient does not When the patient does not

finish taking the full finish taking the full prescription. The may prescription. The may develop a resistance or develop a resistance or immunity to that immunity to that antibiotic. antibiotic.

Fighting Fighting PathogensPathogens

• VirusVirus: Are piece of genetic : Are piece of genetic material surrounded by a material surrounded by a protein coat. They protein coat. They penetrate a host cell to penetrate a host cell to reproduce, eventually reproduce, eventually killing the cell. Viruses killing the cell. Viruses usually run their course and usually run their course and eventually are killed by the eventually are killed by the immune systemimmune system

• Antiviral:Antiviral: medications medications often only suppress the often only suppress the virus; they don’t kill it.virus; they don’t kill it.

• Antifungals: can suppress or Antifungals: can suppress or kill fungus cells, such as kill fungus cells, such as athlete’s foot athlete’s foot

and ringworm.and ringworm.

Medicines Medicines that relieve that relieve painpain

• AnalgesicsAnalgesics: also know : also know as pain relieversas pain relievers

• Mild medicines: aspirinMild medicines: aspirin• Strong medicines: Strong medicines:

Narcotics such as Narcotics such as morphine and codeine.morphine and codeine.

• Aspirin is used to Aspirin is used to relieve pain an reduce relieve pain an reduce fever.fever.

• Other analgesics fight Other analgesics fight inflammation, swelling, inflammation, swelling, and fever. and fever.

Medicines that Medicines that relieve painrelieve pain

• Aspirin can be Aspirin can be dangerous. People dangerous. People under 20 should not be under 20 should not be given aspirin unless given aspirin unless directed by a doctor. directed by a doctor.

• Reye’s syndrome is a Reye’s syndrome is a potentially life potentially life threating illness of the threating illness of the brain & liver.brain & liver.

• Some people take Some people take ibuprofen which is ibuprofen which is recommended for recommended for children.children.

• Certain medication Certain medication (narcotics) can be (narcotics) can be addictiveaddictive

Managing Managing Chronic Chronic ConditionsConditions

• AntihistaminesAntihistamines: allergy : allergy medicinesmedicines

• InsulinInsulin: used to treat : used to treat diabetesdiabetes

• Zoloft & ProzacZoloft & Prozac: used to : used to treat depressiontreat depression

• ChemotherapyChemotherapy: Using : Using special drugs to shrink or special drugs to shrink or kill the cancer. The drugs kill the cancer. The drugs can be pills you take or can be pills you take or medicines given through an medicines given through an intravenous (IV) tube, or, intravenous (IV) tube, or, sometimes, both. (center sometimes, both. (center for disease control)for disease control)

• RadiationRadiation: destroys cancer : destroys cancer cells, or prevents them cells, or prevents them from growing, by directing from growing, by directing high-energy X-rays high-energy X-rays (radiation) at the cells. (radiation) at the cells. (center for disease control)(center for disease control)

• Many, many more!!Many, many more!!

Medicine Medicine InteractionsInteractions

• Side effectsSide effects: Reactions to : Reactions to medicine other than the one medicine other than the one intended.intended.

• Synergist effectSynergist effect: an : an interaction of two or more interaction of two or more medicines that results in a medicines that results in a greater effect than when the greater effect than when the medicines are taken alone.medicines are taken alone.

• Antagonistic interactionAntagonistic interaction: : When the effect of one When the effect of one medicine is canceled or medicine is canceled or reduced when taken with reduced when taken with another.another.

• Additive interactionAdditive interaction: When : When medicines work together in medicines work together in a positive way. Ex. An anti-a positive way. Ex. An anti-inflammatory and muscle inflammatory and muscle relaxer for joint pain.relaxer for joint pain.

Tolerance & Tolerance & WithdrawalWithdrawal

• ToleranceTolerance: a condition in : a condition in which the body becomes which the body becomes used to the effect of a used to the effect of a medicine. The body medicine. The body requires increasingly larger requires increasingly larger doses to receive the same doses to receive the same effect.effect.

• WithdrawalWithdrawal: When a : When a person stops using a person stops using a medicine which he/she has medicine which he/she has become physiologically become physiologically dependent. dependent.

• Symptoms include; Symptoms include; nervousness, insomnia, nervousness, insomnia, severe headaches, severe headaches, vomiting, chills, & cramps. vomiting, chills, & cramps. These go away over time.These go away over time.

DependenceDependence • Psychological Psychological dependencedependence: a person : a person believes that a drug is believes that a drug is needed in order to feel needed in order to feel good or function good or function normally.normally.

• Physiological Physiological dependencedependence: The user : The user has a chemical need for has a chemical need for the drug. The person the drug. The person may experience may experience different levels of different levels of withdrawals and in withdrawals and in some cases death.some cases death.